Nutrition 5&6

Name 4 non-digestible carbs

cellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages

Name sources of Polyunsaturated Fats.

corn; soybean oils; safflower oil; fatty fish

What CAN'T you do to meet dietary needs without aggravating lactose intolerance symptoms?

drink milk on an empty stomach

What CAN you do to meet dietary needs without aggravating lactose intolerance symptoms?

eat aged cheese and yogurt, drink low-lactose milk, drink calcium-fortified soy milk, take lactose pills before eating

When your body releases ________, glycogen is increasingly broken down in the liver and the blood sugar is raised.

epinephrin

Low carb intake will result in metabolized ketone bodies as

fat

Used bile salts are eliminated in _______.

feces

Soluble or insoluble fiber: whole-grain bread, brown rice

insoluble

What does the pancreas release to shuttle blood sugar to cells?

insulin

The major type of diabetes is characterized by what?

insulin resistance

Because fiber increases fecal size and softness, _______.

it promotes colon health

What structure stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?

Adipose cell

Name 3 digestible carbs

Amylose, Amylopectin, glycogen

What is the process of plaque buildup in arteries called?

Atherosclerosis

Fiber binds to this resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels

Bile

What breaks disaccharides into glucose and galactose

Lactose

What breaks disaccharides into 2 molecules of glucose?

Maltase

Amylase breaks down starches into

Maltose

Cal/gram in carbs

4

Describe the digestion of starch in the large intestine

bacteria ferments some soluble fiber

Name two sources of saturated fats.

beef; butter; cream; coconut oil; palm oil

Indigestible polysaccharide

fiber

To fulfill dietary guidelines regarding fatty acids, diets should emphasize the consumption of _______.

fish, nuts, vegetable oils

What allows cells to take in glucose?

insulin

Place the steps of triglyceride digestion and absorption in the correct order. 1. Bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles. 2. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed through villi and then reformed into triglycerides. 3. Large fat droples enter the small intestine after a meal. 4. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

1. Fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. 2. Bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles. 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. 4. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed through villi and then reformed into triglycerides.

Cal/gram fat

9

This fatty acid is used to make bile and certain hormones as well has has a multi-ringed lipid that is a major component of cell membranes.

Cholesterol

This lipoprotein carries absorbed lipids away from the intestinal tract.

Chylomicron

Lipoproteins with the highest cholesterol content

Chylomicrons

What is caused by consuming a diet high in refined carbs?

Dental Carries

What are the two essential fatty acids?

linoleic and linolenic

When there is a lack of recycled bile salts, the ______ uses _____ from the bloodstream to make new bile.

liver; cholesterol

People gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from _______ and the non-nutrient _______ exceeds their energy needs.

macronutrients, alcohol

What are the primary sources of added sugars in the American diet?

regular soft drinks

According to the Dietary Guidelines, people should limit their intake of _______ to less that 10% of their total calories and keep _______ intakes as low as possible.

saturated fatty acids, trans fat & cholesterol

Soluble or insoluble fiber: oatmeal, citrus fruit, apples, carrots, beans

soluble

Name 3 disaccharide simple sugars

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Describe the digestion of starch in the stomach

The digestion of starch stops

Cholesterol is used to synthesize what vitamin?

Vitamin D

List 4 functions of lipids

-essential fatty acids must be supplied by food, -subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and keeps the body warm, -phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes, -cholesterol is used to make certain hormones

Place these in order: a. If inflammation occurs, the smooth lining is damaged b. a healthy artery allows blood to flow freely though it c. cholesterol-containing plaque builds up d. blood clots form that can block blood flow

1 = b 2 = a 3 = c 4 = d

Saturated Fatty acids have this number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

0

Richardo has a lipid profile indicating his total cholesterol level is 185 mg/dl, his blood triglyceride level is 198 mg/dl, and his HDL cholesterol level was 32 mg/dl. Based on this information, Richardo should do what to reduce his risk of CVD?

1. Reduce refined carbs and sweets intake 2. stop smoking cigarettes 3. lose excess body fat

AMDR for lipids

20-35%

Liver uses cholesterol to synthesize this

Bile

The liver recycles the bile salts to make new _____.

Bile

This organ cannot use fats or proteins and thus requires carbs

Brain

Describe the digestion of starch in the mouth

Enzymes digest some starch

An optimal lipid profile has high levels of HDL cholesterol and low levels of LDL cholesterol. What are heart healthy ways to raise HDL cholesterol?

Exercise regularly and lose excess body fat.

T or F: Blood triglyceride levels of 130 mg/dL is a known CVD risk factor.

False

T or F: Eleveated C-reactive protein levels (CRP) are not a known CVD risk factor.

False

True or False: Because animals store glycogen in muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of it.

False

True or False: Vegetable oil has cholesterol.

False: All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.

Excess carbs are converted into what and stored in adipocytes?

Fat

Ketone bodies result from the partial breakdown of _______.

Fat

What does your pancreas release to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose?

Glucagon

Small particles with low protein content that carry cholesterol to liver

HDL

This lipoprotein transports cholesterol from cells to the liver.

HDL

Because fiber increases satiety, it also _______.

Helps promote weight loss

Excess glucose in the blood causes what to be secreted from the pancreas?

Insulin

What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

Insulin

Bad cholesterol that is large and fluffy is called

LDL

Oxidized forms of this lipoprotein contribute to buildup of arterial plaques

LDL

This lipoprotein carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells.

LDL

What causes the inability to digest milk?

Lactase

What are the most important disaccharides?

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

What is not a major site of fat absorption in the fat digesting process?

Large intestine

Soybean oil is a rich source of what fatty acid type?

Polyunsaturated Fat

What is the enzyme responsible for digesting triglycerides?

Lipase

After bile salts are absorbed, the used bile salts enter the ____.

Liver

Glucagon acts on what organ to release glucose?

Liver

What organ produces bile during fat digestion?

Liver

Canola Oil, avocados, and olive oil are what types of fats?

Monounsaturated Fat

Carb digestion occurs here

Mouth

Name two sources of monounsaturated fat.

Olive oil; peanut butter; avocados; canola

These fatty acids are alpha-linolic acids and are needed to make DHA and EPA.

Omega-3 fatty acid

These fatty acids consist of Linoleic acid and are needed to make AA.

Omega-6 fatty acid

This lipoprotein contains damaged LDL that transports cholesterol into arterial lining.

Oxidized LDL

Cellular membranes are comprised of

Phospholipids

Low blood glucose levels due to excess secretion after a high carb meal is called

Reactive hypoglycemia

Describe the digestion of starch in the liver

Receives glucose by the hepatic portal vein

At this point, only 5% of ingested fat remains to be excreted in the feces.

Rectum

What enzyme breaks down starches in the mouth?

Salivary Amylase

These fatty acids are the primary type of fatty acid in beef and butter fat and can be described as each carbon atom iin this fatty acid's carbon chain has two hydrogens.

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acids that contain all the hydrogen they can hold are called

Saturated fatty acids

Glucose is absorbed where?

Small intestine

Lipids are primarily digested in this organ

Small intestine

Used bile salts are absorbed in the ______.

Small intestine

What is the primary site of fat digestion and absorption?

Small intestine

If _____ is present in chyme, it can interfere with the recycling of used bile salts.

Soluble fiber

What type of fiber is in oats, beans, and fruit?

Soluble fiber

Describe the digestion of starch in the small intestine

Starch is digested and component monosaccharides are absorbed

What breaks disaccharides into glucose and fructose??

Sucrase

Disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose?

Sucrose

What is the primary source of added sugar?

Sugar-sweetened beverages

What does the stomach do during fat digestion?

The salivary lipase digests a small amount of fat.

Describe the digestion of starch in the rectum

There are few carbs left

Type of fat that increases HDL and lowers LDL

Trans Fat

These fatty acids contain partially-hydrogenated unsaturated fatty acids and contain a double bond that has its hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the molecule.

Trans fatty acid

T or F: Smoking and inactivity are known CVD risk factors

True

T or F: Total blood cholesterol equalling 176 mg/dL are not a known CVD risk factor

True

T or F: Total cholesterol compared to HDL cholesterol ratio equalling 3:1 is not a known CVD risk factor?

True

True or false: HDL cholesterol levels that equal 31 mg/dL are a known CVD risk factor.

True

If one would like to increase their intake of EPA and DHA, what food is the best source?

Tuna

Pancreas does not make/release insulin

Type 1 diabetes

Approximately 5% of diabetes cases are _______, formerly called _______.

Type 1, juvenile-onset diabetes

Cells do not respond to insulin

Type 2 diabetes

The majority of Americans with diabetes have _______ formerly called _______.

Type 2, adult-onset diabetes

An autoimmune disorder characterized by insulin deficiency

Type I Diabetes

This lipoprotein contains about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides.

VLDL

Added sugars are a form of _______.

refined carbs

What begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth?

amylase

A healthy snack that is not a rich source of added sugars is ______, peanuts, or plain yogurt.

fresh fruit

What monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to get the disaccharide sucrose?

fructose

Name 3 monosaccharide simple sugars

fructose, glucose, galactose

What monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to get the disaccharide lactose?

galactose

The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called what?

gestational diabetes

Blood sugar is called

glucose

Body converts some of the monosaccharide _______ into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy.

glucose

What monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to get the disaccharide maltose?

glucose

Glucose is stored as a component of this complex carb in humans

glycogen

Large waist, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL are symptoms of what?

metabolic syndrome

What are glucose, galactose, and fructose?

monosaccharides

The less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from _______.

no pancreatic insulin

Replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with what?

plain water

All complex carbs are made up of these, which mean many sugars

polysaccharides

The primary role of glucose is to ________ for cellular metabolism.

provide energy

Because fiber reduces cholesterol, it _______.

reduces the risk of CVD