Nutrition - CH 12 & 13
What is the ionic state of FERROUS iron?
+2
What is the ionic state of FERRIC iron?
+3
How much sodium is contained in fast food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5g?
1,000mg
The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin approximates
1.5 to 2.5 liters
What fraction of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron?
1/10
What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
10
Approximately how much iron would be provided by a balanced diet supplying 2000 kcalories?
12mg
Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed?
18
What is the appropriate water intake for a 65kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcal?
2,500 to 3,250 ml
To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be limited to under
2,500mg
How much calcium would by typically absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000mg?
250mg
What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
3/4
At what age do adults begin to lose bone mass?
30-40
If a person's body has a total of 5 grams of iron, how many grams would be found in the hemoglobin?
4
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?
4 months
What is the tolerable upper intake level for iron?
45mg
Approximately how many people in the US are afflicted with osteoporosis?
50 million
The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about
50%
Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134 lb person?
80
When calculating the amount of iron that can be absorbed from a meal, all of the following factors are of major importance except
EDTA content
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?
dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Which of the following describes a way to make a electrolyte solution?
dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
distilled water
Which of the following individuals would most likely need an iron supplement?
elderly female
What is the function of MFP factor?
enhances iron absorption
Which of the following compounds provides a major storage reservoir for iron?
ferritin
Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
foods containing vitamin c
Which of the following is a feature of water?
generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
Which of the following is characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?
habitual consumers of caffeine lose no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
Which of the following foods provides iron in the most abundant form?
hamburger
Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
helps maintain gastric acidity
Which of the following is known as an iron-overload protein?
hemosiderin
What is another term for hypertension?
high blood pressure
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?
higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
Where is interstitial water found?
between cells
Which of the following characteristics are shared by iron and zinc?
both are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells by may than be lost by normal villus cell renewal process
All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium except
both are found in abundance in dairy products
In the US, iron is currently added to which of the following foods?
breads and cereals
Which of the following shoes the highest bioavailability for calcium?
broccoli
Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
hypertension
Signs of iron toxicity include all of the following except
hypochromic anemia
What is the most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously?
absorption of iron is reduced
What is the function of renin
activates angiotensin
Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
acts a principal intracellular electrolytes
The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's
age
All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except
calcium form milk
Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium?
calcium gluconate
ions that carry a positive charge are called
cations
Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?
children
Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplement?
constipation
All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis except
consuming a high-protein diet
Common side effects of taking a high dose calcium supplement include all of the following except
increased iron absorption
Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount of ingested that day?
intake and excretion are equal
Calcium-binding protein acts on the
intestines
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?
involved in energy exchange
Low levels of blood hemoglobin most likely indicated a deficiency of
iron
Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency?
iron stores decline as accessed by serum ferritin
Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infection?
iron-rich blood favors growth of bacteria
Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
it has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
Which of the following is a feature of iron absorption?
it is higher in people with iron deficiency
Which of the following feature of the disorder hereditary hemochromatosis?
it is most common genetic disorder in the US
What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?
kidneys
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
lactose
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
lactose in the diet
Which of the following is feature of potassium?
liberal intake may correct hypertension
Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with
meat
How would the body respond typically to loss of blood from hemorrhage?
more transferrin is produced to allow absorption and transport of more iron
Which of the following is characteristic of iron utilization?
most of the body's iron is recycled
Which of the following is an early symptom of potassium deficiency?
muscle weakness
What is the oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells?
myoglobin
What is the major intracellular anion?
phosphate
Which of the following minerals in least likely to by deficient in anyone's diet?
phosphorus
What component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health?
phytochemicals
What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?
pica
What is the major cause of iron deficiency?
poor nutrition
All of the following are features of potassium nutrition except
processed foods are a major source
Sulfur is present in practically all
proteins
Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
retention of sodium
After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
sex
What is the major extracellular cation?
sodium
Which of the following is present in highest concentrations in soft water?
sodium
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
source of energy
Which of the following is a function of trabecular bone?
storage site for calcium
All of the following are known to have a high sulfur content except
teeth
Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
the amount in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers?
the intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food
Why is taking vitamin c ineffective at enhancing iron absorption from standard iron supplements?
the iron in the supplement is already in the ferrous form
All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissue?
transferrin
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?
transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
vitamin c
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
water
Which of the following is a feature of water and health?
water intoxication is rare but can result in death
The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except
DNA content of red blood cells
Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?
average intakes form food are below recommendations
A person with high blood levels of hepcidin responds by
decreasing iron absorption
What type of anemia results from iron deficiency?
microcytic hypochromic
Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes
milk
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?
when a food is burned, the ash contains all the minerals