Nutrition Ch. 4-5

Polysaccharides

Chains of monosaccharides strung together. Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.

Glucagon

hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels

70-100 mg/dl

normal blood glucose level (To provide energy to the cells To keep blood glucose in the normal range )

added sugar

same as its regular form, although it has less nutrients.

Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose. A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Saccharides

sugars. 4 types

Gluconeogenesis

the making of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source such as amino acids or glycerol.Glucagon also assists in the breakdown of proteins and the uptake of amino acids by the liver, which creates glucose from amino acids ?--> (down) BG→ ^glucagon→ ^BG

carbs

typically sweeter

Insulin Secretion

when blood glucose levels increase after a meal, the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin from the beta cells into the bloodstream. Meal→ ^BG→ ^Insulin→ Glucose (down)

Germ

Contains healthy fats and vitamins

Endosperm

Contains most of the CHO & protein in the grain

Fiber

May reduce the risk of: Colon cancer Can enhance weight loss Slows movement through GI tract Promotes the feeling of fullness Eat more fiber, less sugar Helps prevent hemorrhoids and diverticulosis Itis means inflamed, seeds get stuck in the diverticula, pain, maybe surgery (common when people age)

Low Fiber Diet

Less fiber is present to bind to bile, so less bile is excreted in the feces. more cholesterol (from bile) is reabsorbed and returned to the blood stream The main cause of associated with diverticular disease.

Fiber and Blood Cholesterol

Liver synthesizes bile using cholesterol Bile is stored in the gallbladder Bile is secreted

Uncontrolled Diabetes

(chronic hyperglycemia) Damages blood vessel, leading to Damaged capillaries Infections Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy) Blood vessel damage Nerves Kidney Eyes Increase the risk of cardiovascular disease Kidney damage (nephropathy) 25% of diabetics will have a minor injury that turns to a ulcer 50% of ulcers require hospitalization 20% result in hospitalization Foot damage increases risk of death in the next week in the next 10 years 100,000 limbs lost each year ti diabetes Blindness Amputation Seizures Death

Monosaccharides

3 types of ______. basic sugars.

Galactose

A type of monosaccharide, Does not occur alone in food typically part of lactose in food When we break down lactose we get galactose in our body

Glucose

A type of monosaccharide, principle carb found in blood, most abundant carb, produced by plants in photosynthesis, the preferred source of energy for the brain,

Fructose

A type of monosaccharide, sweetest natural sugar. Found in fruit and high fructose corn syrup.

Type 1

Accounts for ~5% of all cases of diabetes Has a genetic link Autoimmune disease Body thinks part of the pancreas is foreign and begins attacking cells to no longer make insulin Most frequently diagnosed in adolescents Body does not produce enough insulin How does this effect BG levels Numbers stay elevated May lead to ketoacidosis→ coma→ death Glucose is not getting into cells body makes ketos to fuel the brain and so body continues to make more and they are acidic and effect acidity of the blood

Glycogen

Animals (including humans) store glucose as a polysaccharide in the form of glycogen Stored in the liver and muscles Not found in food and therefor not a source of dietary carbohydrate

Ketones

Brain can use _______ for energy Excessive ketones can result in high blood acidity and ketoacidosis High blod acidity damages body tissues Blood kept between pH of 7.35-7.45

Type 2

Develops progressively over time Body cells become insensitive or unresponsive to insulin (insulin resistance) More insulin needed to do the same job High demand on the pancreas Eventually the pancreas may become unable to produce any insulin Obesity is most common trigger 80-90% of those with type 2 are overweight or obese obesity→ fat deposition in tissues→ insulin resistance→ diabetes Visceral fat is deeply set around organs and creates different cells and hormones that it releases, makes a body more insulin resistant

> 126 mg/dl

Diagnosis of diabetes

100-125 mg/dl

Diagnosis of pre-diabetes

Soluble Fiber

Dissolves in water Viscous-jelly like Easily digested (fermented) by bacteria in the colon Found in citrus fruits, berries, oats, and beans Lowers the risk for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes Lowers the blood cholesterol and manages blood glucose levels Used to thicken and stabilize foods

Gestational

During Pregnancy Up to 10% of us pregnancies Cause is unknown. Placental horomones Inefficient insulin production or insulin resistance during pregnancy Risk Factors: Obese Age 35+ Native American, African American, Hispanic, ethnicities Symptoms: Similar to those of pregnancy Frequent urination Gatije Increased thirst and appetite, Id BG is controlled, no issues for mom and baby If BG is uncontrolled Risk or delivering a large baby (macrosomia) Child at risk for overweight later in life Preeclampsia High blood pressure Condition resolves after birth occurs 40-60% incidence of type 2 over next 5-10 years

High Fiber Diet

Fiber binds to bile and both are excreted in the feces Less cholesterol is reabsorbed from the remaining bile Blood levels of cholesterol are reduced

Functional Fiber

Fiber extracted from plants and added to foods and supplements Cellulose, guar gum, pectin, psyllium

Sucrose

Fructose+Glucose= (table sugar)

Lactose

Galactose+Glucose=

Insoluble fiber

Generally does not dissolve in water Not fermented by bacteria in colon Found in: Whole grains (e.g. wheat, rye, brown rice) Many vegetables Promote regular bowel movements, alleviate constipation, and reduce risk for diverticulosis

Glycogenolysis

Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the body and transported to the cells for energy

Maltose

Glucose+Glucose= (used in beers)

diabetes

Inability to regulate blood glucose levels

Glucose Storage

Insulin also stimulates the storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles (glycogenesis) and is stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue (lipogenesis)

Cellular Uptake

Insulin travels to the tissues. There, it stimulates glucose transporters within cells to travel

Bran

Outside layer, high in fiber and vitamins and minerals

Starch

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of _______ Our cells cannot use complex ______ molecules as they exist in plants. We must break down starch to glucose Grains, legumes, and tubers are good sources of dietary starch tubers=potatoes

ketones

Sufficient energy intake from carbohydrates prevents production of ________ as an alternate energy source

Dietary Fiber

The non-digestible parts of plants Also classified by solubility

Glucagon Secretion

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon from the alpha cells into the bloodstream

bran and germ

When we process grains we take away the ____ and ____