Nutrition ch. 8-13

Breakfast: Instant oatmeal sweetened with brown sugar Mashed banana 8 oz. fortified juice Lunch: Macaroni with butter 8 oz. fortified juice Snack: Goldfish crackers 12 oz. fortified juice Dinner: White bread without crusts and with butter 12 oz. fortified juice What would indicate that the 3-year-old girl following this diet has a potential feeding problem?

1. lack of variety 2. bland food choices 2. excessive fluid intake

Signs that indicate feeding problems in toddlers include:

1. low interest in eating. 2. long mealtimes (>30 minutes). 3. preferring liquids over solids. 4. refusing foods.

Catch-up growth and weight gain are typically emphasized with very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) babies; this can sometimes result in:

1. overfeeding. 2. gastrointestinal discomfort

Studies have shown that restricting a young child's access to palatable food may:

1. promote desirability of that particular food. 2. encourage them to over eat foods and have negative feelings

What foods could you suggest to increase variety and still make it easy for her to eat?

1. pureed pears or peaches 2. macaroni made with milk and cheese 2. peanut butter 4.fortified juice smoothie

Small for gestational age (SGA) means:

1. small for dates. 2. birth weight is <10th percentile for gestational age.

A child that is allergic to milk protein also may have a high risk of developing an allergy to:

1. soy 2. oranges

The addition of folate into our food supply has helped reduce the incidence of _____.

1. spina bifida 2. anencephaly

There are many nutritional concerns in infants with special health care needs. Feeding problems may result from the disruption of the delivery of nutrients due to:

1. structure or functioning of the mouth or oral cavity. 2. instructions that were too complicated for parents to follow. 3. appetite being suppressed by medications or constipation. 4. inappropriate food choices or methods of preparation.

Recommendations to relieve colic include:

1. swaddling the baby. 2. bathing or otherwise calming the infant. 3. evaluating and improving positioning of the baby for eating. 4. ensuring that the baby is burped often

After observing several family meals, you notice that the parents continually praise their children for cleaning their plates. They are:

1. unconsciously rewarding the children for eating. 2. altering the children's ability to self regulate food intake.

Refinements in the usual methods of measurement and interpretation of growth are needed in conditions known to influence growth and development. These include:

1. using specialized growth charts for specific diagnoses. 2. using indicators of body composition, such as body fat measures. 3. special attention to indicators of brain growth, such as measuring head circumference. 4. looking for biochemical indicators of tissue stores of nutrients.

Dietary management of celiac disease requires the elimination of:

1. what 2. rye 3. barley

Foods that should not be served to children less than two years of age because of their potential as choking hazards include:

1. whole grapes. 2. hot dogs. 3. peanuts or popcorn. 4. hard candy.

The DRI for protein in infants that do not have special conditions that impair growth or digestion is _____.

1.52 g protein/kg body weight

Recommended protein intake for infants from the ages of 6 to 12 months is:

1.6 g/kg body weight.

What percentage of her total caloric intake does protein contribute?

10%

The AVERAGE caloric need of infants in the first six months of life is _____ per kg of body weight, based on growth in breast-fed infants.

108 calories

The RDA for iron for children ages 4-8 years is _____.

10mg/day

According to NHANES III data, children aged _____ have the highest rates of daily television viewing.

11 through 13

The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends that a pre-term baby have an energy intake range of _____ Calories/per kg.

110 to 135 calories/ per kg

The recommended age for weaning an infant from the breast or bottle to a cup is from _____ months.

12 to 24 months

Based on food consumption data from the NHANES III survey, what is the mean dietary fiber intake of males between the ages of 6 and 11 years of age?

14.1 g/day

Estimate the energy needs of a four-year-old, female toddler weighing 35 lb (16 kg) who is physically active.

1500 kcalories

A 5-year-old boy is brought in for a nutrition assessment and health check. He weighs 50 lb (22.7 kg), and is 45 in (114 cm) tall. Based on the above information, this boy has a BMI of:

17.4

How many Calories would the American Academy of Pediatrics initially recommend for a 1.5-kg infant that was born at 33 weeks gestation?

180 kcal/ day

Temper tantrums generally peak between _____.

2 to 4 years of age

Symptoms such as diarrhea and digestive problems associated with celiac disease usually develop by

2 years of age

A dose-response relationship has been detected between the prevalence of obesity and time spent viewing television. For each additional hour of television viewed in the 12- to 17-year-old group, the prevalence of obesity increased by

2%

Generally, a diagnosis of FTT is suspected in children with chronic illnesses when their growth declines more than _____ percentiles and they are near or below the lowest percentiles.

2%

True food allergies are estimated to occur in _____ of children.

2% to 8%

What daily weight gain goal would the dietitian set for the first three months?

20 to 30 g/day

Approximately _____ of children ages 6 through 11 years of age are obese, with BMIs for age greater than or equal to the 95th percentile

20%

The BMI for a boy who is 9 years old, weighs 90 lb (40.9 kg), and is 53 in (134 cm) tall is:

22.7

Following discharge from the hospital, Rebecca showed signs of fatigue during feeding. The dietitian then recommended a higher-calorie formula. How many Calories/ounce would the new formula most likely contain?

24 calories

What is the recommended adequate intake of total fiber for children between the ages of 4 and 8?

25 g/day

The general fiber recommendation for 5-year-old children is _____/day.

25 grams

According to the DRIs, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is _____ of energy for children 4 to 18 years of age.

25-35%

Using the standard rule of thumb, a toddler who is 3 years old would require what serving size of food?

3 tablespoons

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for fat are _____ for children 1 to 3 years and _____ for children 4 to 18 years old.

30% to 40% ( child 1 to 3 years) 25% to 35% ( child 4 to 18 years)

The smallest living newborns who weigh 501-600 grams (1 pound 2 ounces to 1 pound 5 ounces) have a _____ chance of survival at birth.

31%

On average, toddlers gain 8 oz/month and preschoolers gain _____ lb/year.

4.4

Jane gets _____% of her energy from fat.

40

The average gestation for a full-term infant is _____ weeks, while an infant born at <_____ weeks is considered pre-term.

40 weeks is full term and less than 37 weeks is considered pre-term

Approximately what proportion of children have an "easy" temperament?

40%

The overall U.S. infant mortality rate decreased by _____ between 1980 and 2008.

45%

The daily protein requirement for a 12-year-old girl weighing 105 pounds (48 kg) based on the DRIs would be:

45.6g

Middle childhood refers to children from the ages of

5 to 10 years for boys and girls

It is estimated that _____ of school-age children have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

5 to 8%

Approximately _____ of children between the ages of two and five years old consume soft drinks.

50%

A newborn girl weighs 8 pounds at birth. Plot her weight on the provided growth chart and indicate which of the following % tiles she falls into.

50th percentile

Infants need a high-fat diet compared to older people; therefore, up to _____ of calories from fat may be recommended.

55%

Infants who are _____ month(s) and older are better able to let parents know their needs and temperament.

6 months old

Which statement made by a mother indicates a need for education about how to keep her infant safe and promote healthy development?

"I've started my baby in a structured exercise program to make sure he stays fit."

Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighed 1200 g (2.6 lb), and was SGA. Her head circumference was 30 cm (< 5th percentile). The mother was not interested in breastfeeding. A dietitian evaluated Rebecca and established appropriate growth and development goals for weight, length, head circumference, and body fat stores. A high-calorie formula (22 kcal/oz) was also initiated. Which statement best describes body fat storage changes expected in Rebecca?

Fat stores will increase in 3 months.

Which of the following statements about fat is NOT true?

Fats are easier to absorb for infants with VLBW or ELBW.

The black circles plotted on the CDC growth chart above report weight changes for Rebecca, a 9 ½-year-old female with cerebral palsy. She had multiple bronchitis/pneumonia episodes during the past 1 ½ years. What information can be interpreted from the growth chart?

She was unable to increase energy intake to compensate for the increases caused by her illnesses

Ketones

Small two-carbon chemicals generated by the breakdown of fatty acids for energy

Which of the following would NOT be a cue an infant might give when signaling that he/she is hungry and ready to eat

Spitting out food on the floor

In order to participate in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), schools must meet five major requirements. Which of the following would NOT be one of those requirements?

The programs must be for profit WOULD BE: a. Lunches must be based on nutritional standards b. The programs must be accountable d. Children who are unable to pay must receive lunches for free or at a reduced price e. Schools must participate in the commodity program

Diplegia is a condition that is characterized by:

damage to the part of the brain controlling movement of the legs, interfering with muscle control and ambulation.

Infant mortality includes _____.

deaths that occur within the first year of life

The following are secondary effects of cerebral palsy EXCEPT _____.

dehydration

Middle childhood

describes children between the ages of 5 and 10 years

MyPlate tips for an active preschooler include all the following EXCEPT:

drink whole milk

Healthy toddlers are likely to develop diarrhea from _____.

drinking to much fruit juice

Factors that determine energy needs in children with special health care needs are _____.

energy needs at rest, frequency of illnesses, and physical activity

The answer that pertained to the maple urine syrup disease was chosen because,

excluding valine, isoleucine, and leucine prevents toxic byproduct buildup.

A 4 year old male toddler weighting 35 lbs at one egg breakfast and drank 4 oz milk; at lunch he ate a 1 oz slice of cheese, apple sauce and an oz glass of milk. This toddler has NOT met the current RDAs for protein

false

A child with PKU will only have to follow a special diet until adolescence, after which she or he will be able to consume a "normal" diet.

false

An infant that is unable to swallow and is having gastrointestinal problems should not be given enteral feedings.

false

As children age, more time is spent eating family dinner together.

false

Because of the normal food jags experienced by toddlers, all toddlers need to take vitamins and minerals supplements

false

Because the infant mortality rate has declined, the number of infant's also requiring nutrition services has declined

false

Body mass index (BMI) is constant throughout childhood.

false

Breast milk would most likely NOT be recommended for a preterm infant.

false

Children ages 6 - 12 can safely deprive themselves of water in order to participate in wrestling.

false

Children ages 6 to 12 can safely deprive themselves of water in order to participate in wrestling.

false

Children can self regulate caloric intake as well as select and consume a balanced diet because they have an inborn mechanism to guide them

false

Children with cystic fibrosis cannot live active, fulfilling lives.

false

Children with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have both high and low blood sugars.

false

Cow's milk is an equal alternative to human milk

false

Data from a national survey indicates that the toddler who receives vitamins and minerals are those who benefit the most

false

Dietary fiber recommendation s are the same for infants as they are for toddlers and children.

false

Early onset of a disease is less likely to impact growth than later onset in conditions such as seizures.

false

Healthy newborns typically reach 90% by 6 months

false

Infants who are breastfeeding cannot develop lactose intolerance

false

Neonatal mortality rate differences between races and ethnicities are primarily related to genetic differences.

false

Nutrient requirements are known for all children with special health care needs due to advances in science.

false

Nutritional claims about herbal remedies for chronic illnesses are ALWAYS supported by scientific evidence.

false

Nutritional supplements provided through gastronomy feedings must be paid for by school lunch programs.

false

Sizes of commercial, jarred baby food are determined by age appropriate portion size.

false

Slow growth is ALWAYS a symptom of inadequate nutrition.

false

The American Academy of Pediatrics and The European Society for Gastroenterology recommend the SAME level of energy intake for pre-term infants.

false

The dietary guidelines to consume 20-35% of calories from fat and reduce cholesterol intake are recommended for infant growth and development.

false

The preschool aged child eat the same amount at breakfast each day

false

Treatment for overweight and obese children should focus on attaining an ideal body weight

false

Treatment for overweight and obese children should focus on attaining an ideal body weight.

false

Type 2 diabetes is more common in very young children than type 1 diabetes.

false

Undernutrition does not influence cognitive development over time because cognition is 100% genetically programmed

false

An infant with repaired spina bifida or Down syndrome requires:

fewer calories than a healthy full-term infant.

Which of the following conditions CANNOT be screened for shortly after birth?

food alergies

Competitive foods

foods sold to children in food service areas during meal times that are not part of the federal meal program

Nutrition intervention for cystic fibrosis includes all of the following EXCEPT:

gastrostomy feedings at night for all children with cystic fibrosis DOES INCLUDE: a. monitoring growth. b. assessing dietary intake d. increasing protein and calories. e. including pancreatic enzymes with meals and snacks.

Equations for estimating energy requirements are based on:

gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity

Primary components included in nutrition evaluations of children with special health care needs include _____.

growth, nutrient content of diet, and how the child is fed

what is an unsafe food to give to one-year-old infants.

gummy bears

Which food may NOT be appropriate to serve a child with sickle-cell disease also receiving a blood transfusion containing iron?

hamburger with tomatoes

What does this boy's BMI mean?

he is overweight

The development of motor control starts with:

head and trunk control, then lower legs.

There are several reasons why a baby that is born preterm may be hard to feed. These include all of the following EXCEPT:

high tolerance of volume.

The FIRST step in correcting failure to thrive (FTT) is:

increasing calorie and protein intakes.

A psychostimulant is a medication given to children with _____.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

What do Rebecca's two weight plots at six years (38.5 lbs) and at seven years (44 lbs) indicate?

b. The nutrition goals outlining calorie intake are adequate to meet her needs d. She experienced a normal growth spurt described as adiposity rebound.

Children with hyperlipidemias require further dietary restrictions to help lower LDL-cholesterol. This would include all of the following treatment recommendations EXCEPT:

increasing trans fats as substitutes for saturated fats a. restriction of dietary cholesterol to 200 mg/day b. increasing soluble fiber c. weight management e. encouraging physical activity

Infants that did not survive in the past are now being saved. This includes all of the following groups EXCEPT:

incredibly-low-birth-weight infants.

In-depth nutrition assessments make sure nutrition is not limiting an infant's growth and development and are typically needed by three main groups of infants, which include all of the following EXCEPT:

infants born between 37 and 42 weeks

Treatment for an anaphylactic reaction to a food is:

injection with epinephrine

A 4-month-old exclusively breast-fed infant who has not begun eating other foods should receive which supplements.

iron

If a woman breastfeeding a preterm infant needs to provide additional calories and nutrients to her infant, she can have human milk fortifier added. This adds all of the following nutrients EXCEPT _____.

iron

Newborn health status is assessed by a number of indicators of growth and development taken right after birth, which include all of the following EXCEPT:

knee to ankle length.

Which of the following nutrition problems is the LEAST common among young children?

lead poisioning

Which of the following would NOT be one of the factors accounting for the range of calories an infant needs

length

A child with cerebral palsy in a wheelchair will likely require _____ energy than/as a child with cerebral palsy that is able to walk.

less

Studies show that children of parents who impose authoritarian methods of control on their eating are:

less likely to be responsive to energy density

Good feeding practices to limit baby bottle caries and ear infections related to baby bottles include all of the following EXCEPT:

letting the baby have juice in a bottle throughout the day as desired.

The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are α-linolenic acid and _____ acid.

linoleic

In preterm births, which organ is stressed, reducing an infant's ability to digest protein?

liver

Which of the following WOULD be allowed on a diet for PKU?

low protein corn bread

When measuring growth in infants, you should do all the following EXCEPT _____ to avoid measurement errors

make sure the infant has a diaper on to keep surfaces clean

The most significant predictor of childhood obesity has been found to be

maternal obesity

Many families experience difficulties when their child requires nutritional supplementation with a gastrostomy due to all of the following EXCEPT:

meal time is an important time for families to bond ARE b. the stress and emotional aspects of formula feeding. c. the financial aspects of paying for formulas. d. insurance coverage or lack of. e. All of the above would be difficulties for families.

The recommendation for very low-birth-weight or extremely low-birth-weight infants who are breastfeeding but have limited pancreatic enzyme production is to supplement them with _____.

medium chain fatty acid

All of the following foods are found in a diet for children with phenylketonuria EXCEPT _____.

milk

If a dietitian observed a low serum ferritin value in a school-aged child, which food would be least important for promoting better iron absorption?

milk

A child who has Down syndrome would have a poorer health outcome associated with

mismatching his energy needs with food intake, thus leading to excessive weight gain.

Is she eating more, less, or the recommended amount of protein compared to the DRI for a girl her age?

more

Toddlers with breathing problems need _____ calories than/as typical toddlers.

more

Growth rates among infants that have the lung condition bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are slower due to all of the following EXCEPT

more muscle mass.

Spinal muscular atrophy is a condition in which _____.

muscle control declines as a result of nerve loss, causing death in childhood

Many children with cerebral palsy may have constipation because:

muscle coordination problems affect the gastrointestinal tract and may cause slowing.

Does the above diet have an adequate amount of calories for a 9-month-old infant?

no

Is this within the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for fat for a child her age?

no

Will Rebecca be able to sit in a high chair and maintain a stable feeding position at 6 months—the same physical development expected from a term infant?

no

Type 1 diabetes is related to immune function and results in virtually _____.

no insulin production

Which of the following treatments has been found to be effective in treating children with Down syndrome?

none (no treatment has been found)

Recommendations for introducing a baby to food on a spoon include all of the following EXCEPT:

offer a large variety of foods for him/her to choose from

Health consequences of obesity occur with increased frequency in obese children, and include all of the following EXCEPT:

osteoporosis

A body mass index (BMI) in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old was:

overweight

A child with a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than the 85th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile, is:

overweight

Which of the following foods should be excluded from the diets of children with celiac disease?

pasta

Parents are encouraged to do all of the following in order to increase physical activity in their children, EXCEPT:

plan every vacation around an activity while traveling DOES INCLUDE a. set a good example by being physically active themselves. b. encourage children to be physically active at home. d. limit television watching and video games. e. join children in physical activities.

Failure to thrive (FTT) may result from a complex interplay of medical and environmental factors that include all of the following EXCEPT:

pre term birth and hight birth weight

The term "school-age" is also used to describe:

preadolescence

Characteristics of food choices by an autistic child might include all of the following EXCEPT

preferring to eat solid foods rather than drink liquids

There is overlap between the two sets of growth charts health care professionals use for children between the ages of 24 and 36 months. If a child's recumbent length is measured, than the _____ is the appropriate chart to use. If the child is over 2 years old and measured standing, the _____ is the correct choice.

birth to 36 month growth chart; 2 to 20 year old growth chart

Specific nutrition assessment for children with cerebral palsy begins with

body compositions indexes such as fat stores

Some generalities relating to children's physical activity patterns have been noted and include all of the following statements EXCEPT

boys are less active than girls DOES INCLUDE: b. Physical activity decreases with age. c. Seasons affect activity levels. d. Physical education in schools has decreased. e. Climate may affect activity levels.

To lessen the risk of food allergies in infants, you can:

breastfeed your infant.

Which of the following conditions results in increased calorie needs?

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Differences in preterm and term infant feeding include:

preterm infants may have oral hypersensitivity.

When energy generated from carbohydrate and fat consumption is sufficient to meet a newborn's need, protein will be used for growth instead. This process is called:

protein sparing.

A gavage feeding is one that:

provides slow feedings from the mouth or nose into the stomach through a tube.

An infant with a suspected protein intolerance may be:

put on a hydrolyzed formula because the protein is broken down.

10 mg/day

recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron for children aged 4 through 8

5 mg/day

recommended daily allowance (RDA) for zinc for children aged 4 through 8

What are the proposed mechanisms by which television viewing contributes to obesity?

reduced energy expenditure AND increased intake while watching televison

The three leading causes of infant mortality in 2009 included all of the following EXCEPT:

respiratory distress syndrome

A disorder where head growth is reduced starting in the toddler years is called _____.

rett syndrome

Children with special health care needs have a wide range of nutritional needs and more variability than other children based on all the following factors EXCEPT:

routine illness is less likely to result in hospitalization or resurgence of symptoms

Traditional food-based menu-planning approach

schools must plan menus with specific component and quantity requirements by offering five food items from four food components

Target behaviors in the prevention of overweight or obesity from birth would include all of the following EXCEPT:

skipping breakfast every day

All of the following are food preferences of toddlers EXCEPT _____.

sour foods

An example of a central nervous system congenital anomaly is:

spina bifida.

The American Academy of pediatrics (AAP) advocates for the elimination of sweetened beverages in school and suggests replacing them with all of the following EXCEPT:

sports beverages

Stature means _____.

standing height

For a confirmation of celiac disease, a physician will

test the blood for antibodies to gluten

Investigators have defined three temperamental clusters of children's behavior. They include

the "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" child.

All of the following would be examples of feeding problems in high-risk infants over 6 months of age EXCEPT

the baby constantly puts non-food objects in her mouth

"Adiposity rebound" can be defined as

the normal increase in BMI which occurs after BMI declines and reaches its lowest point.

A measure of diet quality is provided by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). According to the most recent data, the average HEI score for children ages 6 to 11 was 54.7 out of 100, indicating:

their diets needed improvement.

Eligibility for early intervention services for a child with special health needs is based on all the following EXCEPT:

they are born preterm by at least 8 weeks

Preschool age is a good time to teach children about foods, food selection, and preparation because

they want to be helpful and please parents and caregivers.

An example of sensorimotor development is _____.

thumb sucking

A possible cause of failure to thrive in infants is:

too much water being added when mixing the infant formula.

When an infant reaches toddler age (1 year), her weight is _____ from her birth weight.

tripled

A decrease in appetite is a normal part of growth and development for toddlers and preschool age children

true

Children between the ages of 3 and 5 given energy preload beverages before having lunch consumed fewer calories at lunch

true

Fats and proteins may have a protective effect on tooth enamel.

true

In pediatrics, the goal is to strive for BMI for age percentile on the normal range and not a specific BMI range as in adults

true

Infants who were born preterm or have chronic health problems tend to be more irritable than term infants.

true

Infants with Down syndrome love to suck and have things in their mouth; therefore, it is easy to overfeed them.

true

It is appropriate to expect children with special health care needs to become more independent in making food choices.

true

Mealtime behavior and eating problems occur along with other behavioral and sensory problems in infants with autism.

true

Nutrition, eating, and feeding problems can be addressed in an Individualized Education Plan and nutrition supplements may be purchased by the school if it is part of the education intervention.

true

Older children are not as responsive to energy density as younger children.

true

Older children are not as responsive to internal controls regarding energy density as younger children

true

Organs and systems in infants continue to increase in size and complexity after birth.

true

Potential consequences of a weight-loss program in childhood are slowed linear growth and the beginnings of an eating disorder

true

Potential consequences of a weight-loss program in childhood are the beginnings of an eating disorder.

true

Scoliosis is a secondary condition that can interfere with accurate measurement of height.

true

Snacks provide important nutrients in toddlers and preschool children diet

true

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition of breastfeeding for the first year of life is optimal nutrition in infancy

true

The CDC 2000 Growth Charts are a good place to start to assess growth of children with special health care needs.

true

Three year old children have an innate ability to control calorie intake

true

Type 1 diabetes requires that families and children master a carbohydrate counting system

true

Type 1 diabetes requires that families and children master a carbohydrate counting system.

true

Energy and protein needs for children with cystic fibrosis are _____ those of healthy children.

two to four times greater than

Athetosis is defined as _____.

uncontrolled movements of the large muscle groups due to central nervous system damage

Infants often have conditions that reflect the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract, which include all of the following EXCEPT:

urinary tract infections.

Meal preparation activities appropriate for a two year old would include all of the following EXCEPT:

using an egg beater

Which of the following nutrients has been implicated in fetal-origin errors?

vitamin A

If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he/she would need a _____ supplement.

vitamin D

What is one of the signs associated with inadequate growth?

weight remaining stable over 3 months

Does this diet have an adequate amount of protein for a 9-month-old infant?

yes

Mary is in fourth grade and has chosen the following foods for her lunch today: 8 oz. non-fat milk; 1 apple; 1 2-oz. hamburger patty & bun; 1 piece lettuce; 1 cup fruit yogurt. Does this meet the minimum requirements for lunch?

yes

Galactosemia may impact a child's intake of:

calcium

What nutrient would be of most concern considering her dislike of milk?

calcium

In general, children ages 1-5 tend to consume more than enough of most nutrients in their diets EXCEPT _____.

calcium and zinc

Which of the following foods would be LEAST LIKELY to invite bacterial contamination?

canned peaches

The process of breaking down body protein to generate energy is known as:

catabolism.

Phenylketonuria is an inherited condition _____.

caused by a deficiency of the enzyme known as phenylalanine hydroxylase

Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which _____.

chromosome 7 is genetically changed, causing pulmonary complications

Nutrient-standard menu-planning approach

computer-based menu planning system that analyzes the specific nutrient content of men

The DiGeorge syndrome is a _____.

condition in which chromosome 22 has a small deletion

Pouring rights

contracts between schools and soft drink companies whereby the schools receive a percentage of the profits from sales

Typical food allergies do NOT include adverse reactions to

corn

Which of the following foods would be an inappropriate choice to feed a child with cerebral palsy who tires quickly at meal time?

corn on the cob

The infant formula that is most commonly given if a woman does NOT breastfeed is:

cow's milk-based formula.

Fat-soluble vitamin supplements are recommended for children with _____ due to poor intestinal absorption of these nutrients.

cystic fibrosis

The consistent definition that must be met in order to qualify as having a disability in any state is whether a child has the ability to walk independently.

False

The recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit juice intake to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day does NOT apply to children with special needs.

False

Which of the following would NOT be a health topic covered by the School Health Index (SHI) for Physical Activity, Healthy Eating and a Tobacco-free Lifestyle?

Family Planning

Which of the following would be considered a cue of readiness for weaning?

Disinterest in breast or bottle feeding

Chronic conditions without specialty growth charts include all of the following EXCEPT:

Down Syndrome

Children with _____ would always be interpreted as overweight on standard growth charts because they have altered muscle size and/or short statures.

Down syndrome and spina bifida

Neuromuscular

Pertaining to the central nervous system's control of muscle coordination

Neurobehavioral

Pertains to control of behavior by the nervous system

Children with chronic conditions may have more difficulty meeting the DRI for vitamins and minerals as a result of:

a. feeding difficulties. b. prescribed medications and their side effects. c. dietary restrictions. d. refusing foods. e. all of the above

Adequate nutrition, especially eating breakfast, has been associated with:

a. improved academic performance. b. reduced tardiness and absences from school

According to Ellyn Satter, which of the following would be considered a common mistake that a parent might make when feeding a toddler?

1. Parents don't allow the child to determine how much or whether they want to eat. 2. Parents allow the child to determine what food to eat and where the food is eaten. 3. Parents don't provide appropriate eating environments at home and elsewhere.

Which of the following is a warning sign indicating growth problems?

1. Plateau in head circumference gain for more than one month 2. Lack of height gain 3. Plateau in weight gain for more than one month 4. Drop in weight without regain within a few weeks

Which of the following conditions is associated with a lower calorie need?

1. Prader-Willi Syndrome 2. Down syndrome 3. Spina bifida

Preterm birth has been correlated with lifetime impacts on which of the following?

1. School performance 2. Drop-out rates 3. Adult chronic diseases

What are the dietary recommendations for toddlers with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

1. Small, frequent meals 2. Concentrated sources of calories, such as commercially prepared supplements

John, a first-born, had a low birthweight. He grew steadily in length and continued to gain weight, remaining at the 10th percentile on the CDC growth charts, until age 3. Between ages 3 and 4, his weight declined without any presenting illnesses. Why would it be difficult to diagnose FTT?

1. Typical growth and development for a healthy child includes a decline in appetite and weight at this age. 2. His growth pattern indicated that for the majority of his life he was developing appropriately.

Which of the following statements best describes motor development in infants?

1. Voluntary control of muscles starts from the head and moves down to the legs. 2. Voluntary muscle control develops with central muscles first and then moves out to hand muscles.

Which of the following federally funded programs may benefit young children?

1. WIC 2. Head Start 3. SNAP 4. WIC's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

Which of the following is a program in which nutrition care may be accessed for children with special needs?

1. WIC 2. head start 3. early prevention programs

Nutritional concerns in ADHD include:

a. medication side effects that decrease appetite. b. maintaining growth while still being medicated. c. mealtime behavior. d. all of the above

Parents can influence the eating behaviors of toddlers in which of the following ways?

1. What they bring into the house and have available to eat 2. How they prepare food and when they serve it 3. Their attitudes and behaviors around food

Nutritional consequences of spastic quadriplegia include:

a. slow weight gain. b. difficulty with feeding and eating. c. changes in body composition.

The mother of a 9-month-old vegetarian infant weighing 19 pounds provided the following diet history for her son. Breakfast: 1/4 cup oatmeal made with water; 1/2 banana; 4 oz. apple juice Lunch: Rice cake with 1 t. peanut butter; 1/2 c. applesauce; 4 oz. soy formula Dinner: 1/4 cup mashed potatoes made with water; 1/4 cup lentil beans; 1/4 c. yam; 4 cherry tomatoes cut; 4 oz. soy formula Snacks: 15 goldfish crackers and 1/4 c. canned fruit at 10 am; rice cake with 1/4 c. canned pears at 3 pm Total calories = ~750 Protein = 21 grams

1. calcium. 2. vitamin B12. 3. vitamin D. 4. iron.

If a child tires out easily while eating a piece of fruit and will not eat anything else, what can be done to increase her intake?

1. change to pureed fruit or a fruit sauce 2. soft cooked vegetables 3. add protein to soups or noodles 4. try nutritional supplements like pediasure

Lactose intolerance is:

1. characterized by cramps, nausea, and pain. 2. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase.

Which of the following foods would you need to have a closer look at to ensure its safety for consumption by someone with celiac disease?

1. cherry pie filling 2.oat cereal

Protein sparing is best defined as:

1. eating enough carbohydrate so that protein can be used for growth. 2. eating enough fat so that protein can be used for growth.

Nutrition concerns with infants that have Down syndrome include:

1. feeding difficulties related to weak muscles in the face and overall. 2. high risk of the child becoming overweight. 3. constipation.

The major contributors to the increase in childhood weight problems are thought to include:

1. high energy, high fat diet 2. sedentary lifestyles

A male infant can get too much protein when

1. his motor skills are developed. 2. he consumes more formula than recommended for age.

The initial nutrition problems resulting from VLBW and ELBW include:

1. inability to nurse like a full-term infant. 2. for most, a requirement for respiratory support to breathe.

Breathing problems in children:

1. increase nutritional needs. 2. lower interest in eating. 3. slow growth rate.

The typical diet prescribed for children who are underweight with a chronic condition may be modified by

1. increasing fat calories 2. changing texture 3. increasing portions 4. customizing to the individual child

Characteristics of preschool age children include:

1. increasing language skills. 2. expanding ability to control behavior. 3. increasing autonomy. 4. experiencing broader social circumstances.

Overweight and obesity are common in Down syndrome children because they have lower caloric needs due to:

1. kow muscle mass 2. lower mobility 3. short stature

Treatment for diabetes includes regulating

a. the timing of meals. b. the composition of meals. c. the amount of exercise. d. insulin or oral medications. e. all of the above

Soft drinks in excess are not recommended for school-age children because:

a. they provide empty calories. b. they promote tooth decay. c. they are not a good fluid choice. d. all of the above

Examples of conditions that have HIGH protein needs are:

a. wound healing. b. cystic fibrosis.

A premature infant has been on a respirator since birth. He is now 6 months old and ready to start solids, although he does not like it when a spoon is placed in his mouth. What might be the cause of this?

1. He dislikes the spoon because he is associating it with discomfort. 2. A critical period for mouth exploration has been missed due to the respirator.

In which of the following cases would EXTRA calories be needed for a child?

1. Infections 2. Fever 3. Difficulty breathing 4. Recovery from surgery

If an intrauterine insult occurs early in gestation, what would be a likely result?

1. Lower body weight 2. Smaller brain size 3. Shorter length for age

At what age do early intervention programs occur?

0 to 36 months

The DRI for fluoride in infants < 6 months of age is _____.

0.1 mg

Based on the DRIs, the recommended protein intake for boys and girls between the ages of 4 and 13 is _____ body weight/day.

0.95g/kg

One "rule of thumb" regarding portion sizes for toddlers is: a. Serve them as you would serve yourself and let them decide how much they would like to eat.

1 tablespoon of food per school age

Behavioral disorders that impact nutritional status include:

1. ASD 2. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Measurements that are used to track a child's growth over time include:

1. BMI 2. Weight 3. Head circumference 4. Height

Treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in the United States includes which of the following?

1. Counseling of parents about diets to include lean meats, fortified cereals, and fruit juices with vitamin C 2. Dietary counseling to have children ages 1-5 drink no more than 24 oz milk/day

It is recommended that children engage in at least _____ minutes of physical activity every day.

60

A 3-month-old infant was taking 30 ounces/day of a standard formula. How many Calories did the infant consume each day?

600 calories

Based on your answer to question #11, a 5-month-old infant would require approximately _____ total Calories per day based on a weight of 6 kg.

648

What is the gestation-adjusted age for a 9-month-old infant born preterm (32 weeks)?

7 months

What percentage of children with developmental delays have feeding problems?

70%

A 7-month-old infant weighing 16 lbs needs approximately _____ Calories/day.

715 calories

In 2006, approximately _____% of U.S. children lived in extreme poverty.

8

Approximately how many exposures to a new food might it take for a toddler to accept the flavor or taste?

8 to 10

Children with phenylketonuria have to replace approximately _____ of protein intake from foods with a mixture of amino acids from which phenylalanine has been removed.

80%

Of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes, what percentage are overweight or obese when diagnosed?

85

At what age range do babies begin to wean from the bottle to the cup?

9 to 10 months

Preadolescence is generally defined as ages

9 to 11 for girls/10 to 12 for boys.

It is estimated that up to _____ of children with disabilities have some type of nutritional

90%

After plotting his BMI, you see this puts him in the _____ %tile.

90th

Which of the following is NOT appropriate for toddlers/preschoolers?

>9 oz per day of soft drinks

Which of the following statements about the 504 Accommodation of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is untrue?

A child with a peanut allergy CANNOT be served any birthday treats at school.

_____ has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of seizures in children.

A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet

An infant is diagnosed with maple syrup urine disease and requires a special infant formula. Which of the following would be the best choice?

A mixture of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats, without the amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine

One of the most positive influences a parent can have on their child's eating habits would be:

acting as a role model

The prevalence of iron deficiency is highest in what two groups of children?

African American and Mexican American

800 mg/day

adequate intake (AI) for calcium for children aged 4 through 8

Interventions are required to ensure adequate growth and development when feeding problems are identified in infancy. Which of the following would NOT be one of these interventions?

Assessing growth less frequently

25 g/day

adequate intake (AI) for fiber for children aged 4 through 8

Which of the following foods would NOT be appropriate for a baby with galactosemia?

Breast milk

Scoliosis

Condition in which vertebral bones in the back show a side to side curve

Beginning at age 3, the DRI equations for estimating a child's energy requirements are based on a child's:

age, height, weight, activity level, and gender.

Which nutrient is extremely limited in ketogenic diets?

Carbohydrate

The incidence of cystic fibrosis is highest among:

Caucasians

If weight loss was needed, what would you recommend for him?

Changing unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and promoting healthy ones

Which of the following children would NOT be at risk for a nutrient deficiency?

Children who consume a variety of basic foods

Psychostimulant

Classification of medication that acts on the brain to improve mental/emotional behavior

Secondary condition

Common consequence of a condition, which may or may not be preventable over time

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Condition in which joints become enlarged and painful

Spinal muscular atrophy

Condition in which muscle control declines over time as a result of nerve loss

Based on your answer to #35, this baby is:

appropriate for gestational age (AGA).

Recommendations for toddlers whose parents are vegetarian include all of the following EXCEPT

Encourage toddlers to eat bran muffins when serving fruits and vegetables.

A gluten-free diet is recommended for autistic children.

False

Food allergies are always a direct result of asthma.

False

If a child is allergic to eggs, it is not necessary to avoid a food that has eggs in it as long as it has been cooked

False

Nutritional supplements provided through gastrostomy feedings must be paid for by school lunch programs.

False

Over-the-counter products can never be used in children with special health care needs.

False

Which of the following foods would be the best choice for a parent trying to increase fiber in her/his child's diet?

Fresh fruits, vegetables, and legumes

Which of the following is NOT one of the infant growth charts developed by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (part of the CDC)?

Head circumference for weight

An infant with what special condition requires less energy than a healthy infant?

Infant with Down's syndrome

Vitamins and minerals with added carbohydrates are NOT allowed on what type of diet?

Ketogenic diet

If a food allergy is suspected, what information is NOT needed?

Laboratory tests to confirm specific allergies during infancy

Which of the following would be important information to provide to parents of a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Less interference with appetite and growth is likely if the child does not take medications during school holidays

Who is NOT mentioned in the Recommendations for School Health Programs Promoting Healthy Eating?

Manufacturers of bottled or canned beverages (fruit juices, pop, sport drinks)

What is the most appropriate nutrition intervention for a special needs infant who has gastroesophageal reflux and swallowing difficulty?

Mix baby rice cereal with standard formula

Which of the following programs would NOT be a source of nutrition services or finances to help pay for nutritional services for preterm infants or those with special health care needs?

National Council on Pediatric Affairs (NCPA)

Plot the BMI you calculated from the previous question on the CDC growth chart above. What is the classification for this child's weight status?

Obese

What is the appropriate response for parents of a child with cystic fibrosis who has recurrent illnesses?

Offer foods the child wishes to eat

Which of the following foods would be MOST likely to promote dental caries?

Raisins AND gummy bears

Galactosemia

Rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism

Which of the following would NOT be considered a Healthy People 2010 Objective for the Nation?

Reduce the proportion of persons aged 2 years and older who consume at least two daily servings of fruit WOULD BE: -Reduce overweight or obesity in children (ages 6 to 11 years c. Increase the proportion of trips made by walking d. Increase the proportion of persons aged 2 years and older who consume 2400 mg or less of sodium daily e. Increase the proportion of trips made by bicycling

Which of the following foods would be the best breakfast choice for a child on a ketogenic diet?

Scrambled eggs with bacon and cheese

Three months following an infant's birth, her mother returned to the community health care clinic and reported that Rebecca was "not as tired as she used to be when drinking her bottle." What additional information would reinforce the mom's report that the infant's feeding behaviors have improved?

The amount of time between feedings had increased since the last visit

At a daycare center, a small chocolate candy bar was given to only the three year olds who ate everything at mealtime. Choose the best description of the feeding relationship problem between the daycare center staff and three year olds.

The daycare center staff has inappropriately used coercion to control food intake.

What is the importance of taking pancreatic enzymes when a child has cystic fibrosis?

These are the enzymes that help digest foods and when they are missing, food is malabsorbed

Postictal state

Time after a seizure of altered consciousness appearing as a deep sleep

A component of nutrition assessment in children with special health care needs is to assess the need for added vitamins and minerals.

True

Chronic condition and disability mean the same thing in referring to toddlers and preschoolers.

True

Genetic syndromes can affect growth rate.

True

Some children have asthma as a result of food allergies.

True

Athetosis

Uncontrolled movements of the large muscle groups

Protein needs for children with special health care needs are _____ as those for other children.

Variable, depending on the chronic health care condition

Rickets is a deficiency disease that is caused by insufficient amounts of which vitamin?

Vitamin D

What would be the next recommended course of action for this young boy?

Weight maintenance or gradual weight loss of no more than 1 pound per week

Children that qualify for early intervention services include all of the following EXCEPT

a four year old preschooler with autism

Rett syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by:

a genetic change on the X chromosome resulting in severe neurological delays.

The appropriate resource that could be used to measure Rebecca's growth velocity would be _____.

a growth chart specifically made for preterm births

A child with diarrhea and an allergy to lactose would most likely be given:

a lactose-free formula (Similac Sensitive).

HEI

a measure of diet quality based on the Dietary Guidelines

If a child's condition is known to change the rate of weight or height gain, which of the following signs would indicate a need for attention?

a. A plateau in weight b. A pattern of gain and then weight loss c. Not regaining weight after an illness d. A pattern of unexplained and unintentional weight loss e. All of the above

The "physical environment" can be conducive to a healthy lifestyle in which of the following ways?

a. By providing safe parks for children to play in b. By providing bike paths c. By providing sidewalks d. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible predictor of childhood overweight?

a. Home environment b. Maternal obesity c. Low family income d. Lower cognitive stimulation e. All of the above are considered to be possible influences

The mother of a child with cerebral palsy bought vitamin and mineral supplements containing two times the recommended amounts for healthy children after hearing that her child's growth was slowed but going well. What is important information for her to learn?

a. Slowed growth is common in children with cerebral palsy. b. There are no specific vitamins or minerals known to correct cerebral palsy. c. Excess vitamins and minerals can be harmful to other organs not affected by cerebral palsy. d. Hope for a cure is not wrong and her child is a "child first," which means he/she has growing opportunities similar to those of other children. e. All of the above

The developmental stage of "concrete operations" is characterized

a. being able to focus on several aspects of a situation at the same time. b. being able to have more rational cause/effect reasoning. c. being able to classify, reclassify, and generalize. d. the ability to see another's point of view. e. all of the above