Nutrition ch5-8

It is not considered risky for a person to take large amounts of one particular amino acid. T/F

False If a person consumes a large amount of one particular amino acid, absorption of another amino acid that shares the same transport system will be deficient. Thus, taking a high dose amino acid supplement may interfere with the absorption of another amino acid from your diet.

Current intake recommendations for fat intake come from both the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and the American Heart Association. From the list below, select all current fat intake recommendations Limit unsaturated fat to less than 10 percent of calories Avoid all food products that contain cholesterol The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20-35 percent of overall calories Saturated fat should be limited to less than 300 milligrams per day Keep trans fat intake as low as possible

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20-35 percent of overall calories Keep trans fat intake as low as possible

Current intake recommendations for fat intake come from both the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and the American Heart Association. From the list below, select all current fat intake recommendations.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20-35 percent of overall calories Keep trans fat intake as low as possible

One possible consequence of eating too little protein in your diet is that your body cannot make as many antibodies as it needs and therefore your immune response is weakened and your risk of infection and illness increases. T/F

True

Short-chain fatty acids are more soluble in water than longer chains. T/F

True

Vegan is the most limiting form of vegetarianism T/F

True

When dietary protein is inadequate, body protein is broken down faster to replenish the amino acid pool, which can lead to a loss of essential body tissue. T/F

True

Butter is more saturated, having a double carbon bond. Oil is more unsaturated, having a single bond between its carbon atoms, making the oil more liquid. T/F

False Correction: Butter is more saturated, having only a single carbon bond. Oil is more unsaturated, having bonds between its carbon atoms that are double bonds, making the oil more liquid.

The body absorbs more lycopene, the healthful phytochemical in tomatoes, if the tomatoes are served without oil or salad dressing compared to if the tomato is eaten by itself. T/F

False Correction: Dietary fat from the oil or salad dressing carry fat-soluble substances, such as lycopene, through the digestive process, improving intestinal absorption.

When one or more bonds between carbon atoms is a double bone (C=C)

Unsaturated fatty acid

Essential fatty acids are precursors to hormone-like substances called eicosanoids. T/F

True

Essential fatty acids deficiencies are extremely rare. T/F

True

Lipoproteins are an example of protein's transport function, since they package proteins with lipids so that lipid particles can be carried in the blood. T/F

True

Select each of the following ways in which fatty acids may differ from one another.

In chain length In the amount of energy they provide In degree of saturation In how water-soluble they are

Irritability, restlessness, fatigue, apathy, malaise, sleep disruption, nausea/vomiting, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, staggering gait, and hypoglycemia

Pantothenic acid

Adding hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fatty acid will make the texture of that fatty acid more solid. T/F

True

Of the following foods, which is the best source of Vitamin K? 1 cup strawberries 3 oz chicken 3 cups spinach 1 large egg

3 cups spinach

Calculate the recommended protein intake for an adult woman who weighs 130 pounds.

47g

Calculate the recommended protein intake for an adult man who weighs 190 pounds.

69g Pounds divided by 2.2 Multiply by .8 = grams

Breakdown of an amino acid yields an amino group (-NH2). This NH2 molecule is unstable and is quickly converted to ___, which is toxic to cells and is therefore expelled into the bloodstream as a waste product and is carried to the __, where the amino group and an ammonia group react with carbon dioxide through a series of reactions known collectively as the urea cycle to produce urea and ___.

Ammonia; liver; water

Which of the following is NOT a function of dietary fat? Dissolve and transport micronutrients Contribute to flavor, odor, and texture of food Carry fat-soluble substances through the digestive process, improving intestinal absorption and bioavailability Become stored as glycogen for use during aerobic activity

Become stored as glycogen for use during aerobic activity

Hair loss, rash, neurologic disorders, and delay of growth and development

Biotin

What is the consequence of inadequate energy intake as it relates to protein synthesis, or how our body uses protein for energy production.

Body burns dietary protein for energy

What is the consequence of inadequate energy intake as it relates to protein synthesis, or how our body uses protein for energy production.

Body burns dietary protein for energy Adequate protein intake spares dietary and body proteins so they can be used for protein synthesis. Without adequate energy intake, the body burns dietary protein for energy rather than using it to make body proteins. Protein deficiency can occur even in people who eat seemingly adequate amounts of protein if the protein they eat is of poor quality or cannot be absorbed.

Vitamin A deficiency is rare in North America and Western Europe, however it is the leading cause of _____ worldwide.

Childhood blindness

During protein synthesis, if an ___ amino acid is missing, the body may break its own protein down to supply the missing amino acid. If the missing amino acid is unavailable, protein synthesis halts, and the partially completed protein is broken down into individual ____ for use elsewhere in the body.

Essential; amino acid

A fatty acid in which the carbon chain contains two or more double bonds can be a monounsaturated fatty acid. T/F

False

Amino acids are not similar in size, shape, or composition, but are similar in pH and electrical T/F

False

Compared to low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins are made up of about the same amounts of protein, cholesterol and phospholipids. T/F

False

Just as glucose is the basic building block of carbohydrates, peptide are the basic building blocks of protein. T/F

False

Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition resulting from chronic inadequate consumption of protein and energy that is characterized by wasting of muscle, fat, and other body tissue. T/F

False

Overall, our bodies absorb only about 50 percent of dietary cholesterol, and that proportion raises as cholesterol intake increases. T/F

False

Protease is an enzyme that breakdown protein into fatty acids and amino acids. T/F

False

Protein is a part of every cell in the human body. If you eat more protein than your body needs, it turns to usable energy, but excrete all excess. T/F

False

The body does not make cholesterol; we rely on cholesterol from foods we eat. T/F

False

Anemia, atherosclerosis development, neural tube defects, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neuropsychiatric disorders

Folate

Select the those values that are/is NOT low in a poorly planned vegetarian diet. Calcium Folate Zinc Vitamin B 12 Vitamin D Vitamin A Omega-3 fatty acids

Folate Vitamin A

Select the those values that are/is NOT low in a poorly planned vegetarian diet.

Folate Vitamin A

Which of the following are NOT functions of triglycerides?

Food emulsifier Hormone functions Satiety value Calories reserve

Which of the following are NOT functions of triglycerides? Energy source Insulation and protection Sensory qualities Food emulsifier Hormone functions Satiety value Micronutrient carrier Calorie reserve

Food emulsifier Hormone functions Satiety value Calorie reserve

Chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body but act on cells in other parts of the body are called:

Hormones

Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of some of the following risk factors. Select each of these risk factors.

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) Hypertriglyceridemia (high blood triglycerides) Low serum HDL cholesterol levels Hypertension (high blood pressure) Excess abdominal fat

Trans fatty acids are associated with:

Increasing blood cholesterol levels

Side effects of too little body fat is NOT one of the following: Cool temperatures are intolerable Irritability and moodiness are more common Children stop growing Skin deteriorates from pressure sores or from fatty acid deficiency Women stop menstruating

Irritability and moodiness are more common

A protein deficiency resulting in swelling of the body tissue, usually in the feet and legs is known as:

Kwashiorkor

Include milk and eggs in their diets

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians

Select each of the following ways in which fatty acids may differ from one another.

Length Degree of saturation

The amino acid present in the smallest amount relative to biological needs is called the:

Limiting amino acid

Although diets high in protein have been suggested to contribute to kidney problems, osteoporosis, heart disease, and cancer, the Food and Nutrition Board believes the evidence to support these links was not strong enough to set a UL for protein. T/F

True

The name of the major enzyme responsible for the breakdown of lipoproteins and triglycerides in the blood is:

Lipoprotein lipase

The shorter the carbon chain of the fatty acid, the more ____ the fatty acid becomes.

Liquid

Our bodies use protein for various functions such as replacing skin cells, producing antibodies to fight infections, and assisting in the essential body processes of:

Maintaining water balance Transport nutrients Muscle contractions

Which of the following conditions does NOT decrease the amount of vitamin E in foods? (Select all that apply.) Exposure to light Cooking Storage Heat Mixing with foods that contain acid Combining with foods that contain calcium Processing

Mixing with foods that contain acid Combining with foods that contain calcium

A fatty acid with one double bond

Monosaturated fatty acid

A severely ill person would likely have which of the following nitrogen balances?

Negative

Redness around the neck, dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea

Niacin

Nutritional areas of concern for vegetarian children does NOT include: Providing an adequate iron intake Obtaining sufficient vitamin d and calcium Having food in an appropriate form and combination to ensure that nutrients can be digested and absorbed by all children Providing sufficient energy and nutrients for normal growth Identifying adequate sources of vitamin b12 to prevent deficiencies Ensuring a plentiful supply of short chain fatty acids from nonmeat sources, such as seeds and nuts and fortified foods None of the above

None of the above

Nutritional areas of concern for vegetarian children does NOT include: Providing an adequate iron intake Obtaining sufficient vitamin D and calcium Having food in an appropriate form and combination to ensure that nutrients can be digested and absorbed by all children Providing sufficient energy and nutrients for normal growth Identifying adequate sources of vitamin B12 to prevent deficiencies Ensuring a plentiful supply of short chain fatty acids from nonmeat sources, such as seeds and nuts and fortified foods None of the above

None of the above

A fatty acid with two or more double bonds

Polysaturated fatty acid

Which protein quality assessment is used to determine the protein quality of most foods?

Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

The constant recycling of proteins in the body is known as:

Protein turnover

A shiny, smooth, and inflamed tongue, painful mouth, and cracks at the corners of the mouth

Riboflavin

When the bonds between the carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain are single bonds (C-C)

Saturated fatty acid

Which is NOT a considered complementary protein combinations

Spaghetti and marinara (tomato) sauce

Digestion of protein begins in

Stomach

As chylomicrons circulate through the blood, they gradually give up their triglycerides T/F

True

Put these steps in order to correctly sequence the digestion and absorption of lipids.

Ther release of lingual lipase to digest lipids The bile and pancreatic lipase breakdown triglycerides micelles Intestinal cells absorb glycerol and short and medium-chain fatty acids into the intestinal (microvilli) membrane Intestinal cells package fatty substances into chylomicrons that travel by way of the lymph system to the bloodstream. Triglycerides attach to cells to use as fuel or store for later use

Which of the following best describes nonessential amino acid?

They are amino acids that your body makes under normal circumstances, but when one had certain deficiencies and disorders, the body can no longer produce them and they must be obtained from the diet.

Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Thiamin

A high serum HDL level indicates a healthier cholesterol value than a high serum LDL level. T/F

True

Eat no animal food

Vegan

Eliminate animal products to various degrees

Vegetarian

Which of the following are vitamins oil soluble?

Vitamin A E D and K (fat-soluble)

Anemia, brain abnormalities and spinal cord degeneration, neurological symptoms including tingling and numbness in the extremities, abnormal gait, and cognitive changes

Vitamin B12

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, seborrheic dermatitis, depression, confusion, and convulsions

Vitamin B6

Connective tissue breakdown, inflammation/bleeding of the gums and joints, fatigue/weakness, hemorrhage, bone pain and fracture, diarrhea, and depression

Vitamin C

Which vitamin is primarily responsible for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

Negative nitrogen balance occurs in: Growing children Lactating mother Pregnant women Surgery patient

a surgery patient

Vitamin D is primarily stored in the:

adipose tissue

Which of the following best describes nonessential amino acid?

amino acid that can be made by humans and so is not essential to the human diet

The role of enzymes in the small intestine during protein digestion is to split proteins into:

amino acids and small peptides

Vitamin E is primarily stored in the:

body fat

Your body generally absorbs about 20 to 40 percent of the carotenoids you eat. This proportion ______ as the amount of carotenoids you eat increases.

decreases

What happens when nutrients that are lost during processing are replaced back into the food?

enrichment

Vitamin A's best known effects are in:

eyes

10 to 15 minutes of daily sunshine will provide the human body with an adequate supply of Vitamin C. T/F

false

Eating a large amount of foods with carotenoids, will not cause your skin pigment to acquire an orange tinge or color. T/F

false

Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and for skin elasticity. T/F

false

Excess intake of fat-soluble vitamins will not cause adverse effects than excess intake of water-soluble vitamins. T/F

false Explanation: In general, excess fat-soluble vitamins, which tend to be stored in the body, are more likely to causes adverse effects than water-soluble vitamins. The kidneys filter out excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins and excrete them in urine. In general, excess fat-soluble vitamins tend to be stored in the body, where amounts can accumulate.

Vitamin D is considered both a vitamin and a(n):

hormone

In the stomach, ___denatures a protein to unfold it. This makes the amino acid chain more accessible to the action of ___.

hydrochloric acid; enzymes

Vitamin A and K is primarily stored in the:

liver

Adipose tissue contains about 90 percent of the vitamin E in our bodies, and the rest is found in virtually every cell membrane in every tissue T/F

true

Animal products tend to have a fairly constant vitamin level, but the vitamin content of fruit and vegetables may vary depending on factors such as sunlight, moisture, and growing conditions. T/F

true

Because of possible vitamin A toxicity, pregnant women should be wary of retinol-containing supplements and avoid retinoid-containing medications. T/F

true

Examples of conditional nutrients include inositol, carnitine, taurine, and lipoic acid. T/F

true

A deficiency of folate or Vitamin B12 stop RBC precursors in the bone marrow from forming new DNA, causing these precursor cells to continue to grow, and become large cells resulting in megaloblastic anemia. T/F

true Explanation: When red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow cannot form new DNA, they cannot divide normally. These precursor cells continue to grow, and become large, fragile, immature cells called megaloblasts. Megaloblasts displace RBC, resulting in megaloblastic anemia.

An example of a good complementary food combination is:

whole-wheat bagel and peanut butter