Nutrition Chapter 1, NUTRITION CHAPTER 2, NUTRITION CHAPTER 3, Nutrition chapter 4, Diet and Nutrition Ch.7, Diet and Nutrition Ch. 8, Diet and Nutrition Ch 9, Diet and Nutrition Ch. 10, Diet and Nutrition Ch 11, Diet and Nutrition Ch. 12, Diet and N...

30. Iodine has a role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate.

True

7. Most Americans consume almost double the sodium recommended as the Adequate Intake (AI).

True

8. Most all protein foods are good sources of zinc.

True

8. The disease pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and, in severe cases, dementia. a. True b. False

True

9. The Vitamins C, D, and K are all actively involved in bone health and maintenance. a. True b. False

True

Complex carbohydrates are derived exclusively from plant.

True

T/F Extremely low income can put a person at risk for undernutrition.

True

T/F The Okinawans have a lower prevalence of chronic diseases than most other cultures in the world.

True

T/F The diet of Okinawan elders is 80 percent plant-based and is high in soy.

True

Which vitamins are fat-soluble? a. A, D, E, and K b. A, B, C, and D c. B, C, and K d. B, C, and D e. C, E, and K

A

33. People from which ethnic background tend to have the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

British

47. How do body cells keep the right amount of water inside themselves?

By pumping ions across their membranes

. Bile empties from the gall bladder into the ____. a. pancreas b. liver c. duodenum d. hepatic duct e. jejunum

C

26. What type of nutrient is starch?

Complex carbohydrate

66. Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach

Which substance is a major mineral? a. Chromium b. Copper c. Manganese d. Zinc e. Magnesium

E

28. What is the condition in which the body is unable or has difficulty digesting dairy products?

Lactose intolerance

49. What is the main risk factor linked to hypertension?

Obesity

34. Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

Peas

36. _______ gives bones and teeth their rigidity and is part of the genetic makeup of every cell in the body.

Phosphorus

61. Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?

Salt

43. How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly?

Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received.

65. Which food would not be a good source of sulfur?

Spinach

79. Which food would enhance iron absorption from the intestinal tract when eaten with a food rich in nonheme iron?

Strawberries

44. When milling whole wheat flour, what components of the wheat kernel are retained?

The endosperm, germ, and bran

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 31. Brodie's doctor wants his blood pressure to be reduced because his systolic pressure is too high. What does systolic pressure measure?

The force exerted by the heart as it contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

27. Water is essential for life and is the body's most needed nutrient.

True

28. Research suggests that diet may play a role in initiating cancer, speeding its development, or preventing cancer. a. True b. TrueFalse

True

63. Which is not a nutrient or compound that impairs iron absorption?

Vitamin C

69. _____ is the most needed nutrient by the body and is indispensable to life.

Water

19. Maggie is shopping for a loaf of bread and takes time to review the terms on the label. Which term describes bread that is made using the most nutritious flour?

Whole grain

67. What item is a good food source of copper?

Whole grains

34. From a health perspective, fruits are better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar because they ____.

also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals

10. Mad cow disease was first diagnosed in cattle in the United States in 1986. a. True b. False

b

54. Fluoride deficiency is best known to cause ____.

dental decay

16. High intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol can result in ____.

diarrhea

75. The term "contamination iron" refers to the ____.

dietary iron obtained when cooking in iron cookware

52. Eating too many foods with added sugars usually means getting too many ____.

empty calories

69. A refined grain product that is enriched is still lacking some ____ that was lost during processing.

fiber

58. The DASH eating pattern was designed to prevent _______.

hypertension

41. Cretinism is severe mental and physical retardation of an infant due to a lack of ______ while the mother was pregnant.

iodine

50. The only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrates is ______.

milk

39. Sucrose is composed of ______.

one glucose and one fructose unit

38. The most reliable source of fluoride is ____.

public water

22. The greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet is ____.

regular soft drinks

51. The chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the pink packet is _____, which the chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the blue packet is ______.

saccharin; aspartame

38. Foods with a low glycemic index number are digested slowly which may increase ______.

satiety

77. Consuming two cups of milk provides _____ of calcium.

600

Digestion begins in the esophagus. a. True b. False

B

22. Research has proven that the common cold can be prevented by increasing intake of Vitamin C. a. True b. False

False

71. Which strategy will help Sam manage his diabetes?

Eating a healthful diet

What problem is most responsible for Sam's type 2 diabetes?

The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas.

33. The replacement of red blood cells depends most heavily on ____. a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. niacin d. folate e. vitamin B6

d

14. Being physically fit means being free of disease. a. True b. False

b

55. ______ is caused by an iodine deficiency.

c. Goiter

31. Who probably expended the most calories during her or his workout? a. Joan, who weighs 130 pounds and ran 2 miles in 17 minutes b. Bernice, who weighs 130 pounds and walked 3 miles in 45 minutes c. Jason, who weighs 170 pounds and ran 3 miles in 30 minutes d. Boris, who weighs 200 pounds and walked 3 miles in 1 hour e. Alexis, who weighs 140 pounds and rode her bicycle 3 miles in 20 minutes

d

63. A general principle that can help in choosing carbohydrates (and foods in general) is to choose foods that are __________.

whole-food and plant-based

32. Gertrude has a young son named Ben, and wants to know how to make sure he grows strong bones. Ben's pediatrician advises her to include calcium-rich foods in his daily diet so he can attain a high bone mass. Why is this so important?

. Bone mass is the main factor influencing bone health.

21. Potassium deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.

. False

26. The trace minerals are needed in minute amounts in the body, so deficiencies rarely ever occur.

. False

11. Fresh and canned vegetables vary in zinc content, depending on the soil in which they are grown.

. True

15. Pregnancy and lactation decrease the calcium reserves in bones whenever calcium intake is inadequate.

. True

16. Vitamins are organic compounds whereas minerals are inorganic compounds.

. True

By the time the digested mixture reaches the end of the small intestine, little is left but water, indigestible residue, and ____. a. minerals b. glucose c. amino acids d. vitamins e. fat

A

Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted in bile. a. True b. False

A

Chyme must touch the walls of the small intestine to be absorbed at the proper places. a. True b. False

A

Dietary recommendations for sugar are to consume ______ of total calories from added sugars. a. less than 10 percent b. between 10 to 15 percent c. less than 20 percent d. less than 25 percent e. no more than 25 percent

A

Food entering the stomach from the esophagus triggers peristalsis in the stomach. a. True b. False

A

Helen is ordering a pizza for her family. Which topping(s) would be the best choice as a good low-calorie selection? a. Green peppers, mushrooms, and onions b. Pepperoni c. Sausage d. Extra cheese e. Canadian bacon

A

How can one prevent hemorrhoids from developing or recurring? a. Eating more fiber and drinking more water b. Taking 10-minute baths in warm water several times a day c. Avoiding gas-producing foods (as determined by trial and error) d. Applying over-the-counter hemorrhoid cream to the affected area e. Taking a small dose of laxatives on a daily basis

A

Hunger is controlled by involuntary mechanisms. a. True b. False

A

In the typical Mexican diet, which food would provide the most phytochemicals? a. Salsa b. Tortilla shells c. Chorizo d. Vegetable oil e. Rice

A

Jerry signs up for a scientific study in which he will follow a special diet that may lower his high blood cholesterol level. This is a(n) ____. a. intervention study b. placebo study c. epidemiological study d. survey study e. experimental study

A

62. The _____is the arm of the U.S. government responsible for monitoring municipal water supplies. a. USDA b. FDA c. EPA d. OSHA e. NIH

C

63. Which nutrient is not supplied by drinking a glass of milk? a. Riboflavin b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin C d. Protein e. Potassium

C

Once food is mixed into a semi-liquid blend in the stomach, it is called _____. a. chyme b. gastric secretions c. bolus d. indigestible residue e. partially digested food

A

The physiological need for food is also known as _______. a. hunger b. craving c. satiety d. appetite e. food perception

A

Beans and legumes fall in two food groups, grains and proteins. a. True b. False

B

Bile salts play a role in absorption of __________. a. water-soluble vitamins b. fat-soluble vitamins c. minerals d. water e. fiber

B

Chinese food served in American Chinese restaurants usually is very similar to food eaten by rural Chinese people in China. a. True b. False

B

Constipation is defined as not having a bowel movement daily. a. True b. False

B

Essential nutrients are synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. a. True b. False

B

Heartburn is caused by which due to which sphincter muscles opening up and releasing acidic contents into the esophagus. a. Ileocecal valve b. Lower esophageal sphincter c. Upper esophageal sphincter d. Pyloric sphincter e. Rectum

B

Revisions to the Nutrition Facts panel made by the FDA in 2016 require Vitamin D as the only vitamin to be listed. a. True b. False

B

Spencer's energy requirement is 2,400 calories. What is his DV for protein? a. 40 grams b. 60 grams c. 80 grams d. 160 grams e. 360 grams

B

39. What type of packaging will retain the nutrients in orange juice best? a. A gable-top carton b. An opaque container c. A plastic jug d. A glass bottle e. A frozen concentrate

C

68. __________ cup(s) of coffee a day are associated with health benefits and little indication of health risks. a. One-half to one b. One to two c. Two to three d. Three to four e. No amount of coffee is really healthy

C

A slice of pizza contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 14 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. How many total calories would the slice of pie provide? a. 184 calories b. 224 calories c. 254 calories d. 322 calories e. 414 calories

C

According to MyPlate guidelines, which food portion exceeds the equivalent of 1 ounce from the protein foods group? a. One egg b. One-fourth cup cooked dry beans c. Three tablespoons peanut butter d. One-half cup split pea soup e. 1 ounce cooked poultry

C

According to MyPlate, which food would be considered a less nutrient-dense choice that should be limited in the diet? a. Salmon b. Peanut butter c. Cheddar cheese d. Vegetable oils e. 1 percent milk

C

According to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), ____ to ____ percent of the calories in a balanced diet come from fat. a. 2; 15 b. 15; 25 c. 10; 35 d. 20; 35 e. 50; 65

C

According to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), _________ of the calories in a balanced diet should be obtained from protein. a. less than 10 percent b. 5 to 15 percent c. 10 to 35 percent d. 35 to 45 percent e. 45 to 65 percent

C

All nutrients leaving the digestive system by way of the blood are taken to the ____. a. pancreas b. large intestine c. liver d. gallbladder e. stomach

C

Amino acids cannot be altered or used in the liver to form ____. a. glucose b. fat c. insoluble fiber d. another amino acid e. lipoprotein

C

Approximately how long does it take for a meal to empty from the stomach? a. One hour b. Two hours c. Four hours d. Six hours e. Eight hours

C

Bill is trying to eat healthier now that he is going to college. He takes a nutrition class and determines that his salt intake is very high from a diet analysis. Which characteristic of a healthy diet is Bill violating? a. Adequacy b. Balance c. Moderation d. Variety e. Calorie control

C

Carly is concerned about a family history of high blood pressure. Which item listed on the food label is she likely to check? a. Vitamin C b. Iron c. Sodium d. Zinc e. fiber

C

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _______. a. stomach b. esophagus c. mouth d. small intestine e. pancreas

C

Cultural norms help determine food choices by ____. a. imparting an innate preference for sweet tastes b. dictating nutrition guidelines for the government c. influencing beliefs about which plants and animals should be eaten as food d. controlling the physiological need for food e. encouraging the acceptance of all types of foods

C

Entry of chyme into the small intestine is controlled by the _________. a. sphincter of Oddi b. cardiac sphincter c. pyloric sphincter d. lower esophageal spincter e. ileocecal valve

C

What term refers to nutrients that the body must obtain from food? a. Building-block nutrients b. Indispensable nutrients c. Essential nutrients d. Basic nutrients e. Macronutrients

C

Where do most Americans obtain nutrition information? a. Doctors b. Family/friends c. Television d. Magazines e. The internet

C

Where in the digestive process does bile aid with digestion? a. In the mouth b. In the stomach c. In the small intestine d. In the rectum e. In the appendix

C

Which characteristics most accurately depict our ancestors' diets and lifestyles? a. They drank more milk than we do and were more active. b. They ate less fiber than we do and were less active. c. They ate less saturated fat than we do and were more active. d. They ate more fruits and vegetables than we do and were less active. e. They ate proportionately less meat than we do and were more active.

C

Which choice exceeds the equivalent of one teaspoon from the oils group? a. One tablespoon low-fat mayonnaise b. Two tablespoons light salad dressing c. 1 ounce peanuts d. One teaspoon soft margarine e. One teaspoon vegetable oil

C

Which food recommendation would you expect the dietitian to give? a. Consume two cups per day of whole milk or its equivalent. b. Consume more refined grains. c. Eat fresh fruit as snacks. d. Choose foods with more saturated fat and less with monounsaturated fat. e. Have a cookie every day as a treat.

C

. Excess glucose in the body can be stored as ____. a. insulin b. amino acids c. lipoproteins d. fat and glycogen e. cholesterol and glucagon

D

33. The largest percentage of a person's water output leaves the body through ____. a. feces b. the skin as perspiration c. the lungs as breath exhaled d. the kidneys as urine e. the scalp and hair

D

35. The herb _____ is often found in energy drinks and is chemically equivalent to caffeine. a. glutamic acid b. ginkgo biloba c. yohimbe d. guarana e. HFCS

D

70. Even when consumed in moderate amounts, alcohol may still increase the risk of ____ in women. a. cardiovascular disease b. diverticulitis c. hypertension d. breast cancer e. hyperlipidemia

D

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas? a. Secreting enzymes that break down proteins b. Secreting bicarbonate c. Secreting amylase d. Secreting insulin e. Secreting bile

D

What is the circular muscle surrounding the lower end of the small intestine that controls the exodus of small intestine contents? a. Pylorus b. Gastric sphincter c. Lower esophageal sphincter d. Ileocecal valve e. External sphincter

D

What secretion is responsible for neutralizing acid from the stomach in the small intestine? a. Mucus b. Cholecystokinin c. Intrinsic factor d. Bicarbonate e. Bile

D

What substance neutralizes the acidic chyme once it enters the small intestine? a. Amylase b. Pepsin c. Bile d. Bicarbonate e. Glycogen

D

Which activity demonstrates making a food choice based on sustainability issues in relation to food consumption? a. Purchasing fresh strawberries when they are out of season b. Buying bananas grown in Costa Rica c. Shopping when you are not hungry d. Purchasing corn from the farmer in your neighborhood e. Buying only items that are very nutritious

D

Which of the following are now voluntary nutrients that a manufacturer may include on the Nutrition Facts panel? a. Vitamins D and E b. Folate and niacin c. Riboflavin and vitamin C d. Vitamins A and C e. Vitamins C and E

D

Which substances are included in the six classes of nutrients? a. Water, alcohol, and fats b. Alcohol, proteins, and carbohydrates c. Antioxidants, sugar, and vitamins d. Water, carbohydrates, and fats e. Alcohol, minerals, and vitamins

D

65. Sam is interested in eating more whole grains. Which lunch option should he avoid because it lacks a whole-grain component?

Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips

58. In the process of refining wheat into white flour, what part of the kernel is retained?

Endosperm.

10. It is all right for pregnant women to have beer, but not to consume hard liquor such as scotch or vodka. a. True b. False

FALSE

12. Most caffeine in the United States is consumed in carbonated soft drinks. a. True b. False

FALSE

14. Native Americans have lower rates of liver damage due to alcohol consumption than other ethnic groups. a. True b. False

FALSE

15. Bottled water is pure and free from contaminants. a. True b. False

FALSE

16. Milk chocolate is thought to positively influence cardiovascular health more than dark chocolate. a. True b. False

FALSE

17. Apple juice, consumed daily, may protect against urinary tract infections. a. True b. False

FALSE

6. The nutritional composition of milk is very similar across mammal species. a. True b. False

FALSE

7. Pink and white grapefruit juice contain equal amounts and types of phytochemicals. a. True b. False

FALSE

9. Energy drinks, such as Red Bull, are not permitted to contain herbs. a. True b. False

FALSE

10. Of the two forms of iron found in foods, nonheme iron is more reliably absorbed than is heme iron.

False

13. All forms of table salt sold are iodized.

False

14. Water-soluble vitamins are more stable during preparation and cooking than fat-soluble vitamins. a. True b. False

False

15. When purchasing a vitamin and mineral supplement, look for one that contains at least 150 percent of the Daily Value for each nutrient. a. True b. False

False

16. Risk factors for colon cancer include a high fiber intake and low red meat intake. a. True b. False

False

19. Vitamin supplements can help reduce stress, decrease fatigue, and increase energy. a. True b. False

False

20. Multi-vitamin tablet overdoses are one of the top causes of accidental death in youngsters. a. True b. False

False

21. Human population studies overwhelmingly confirm the association between breast cancer and dietary fat intake. a. True b. False

False

23. Since zinc is stored in the liver, it can be replenished by consuming good sources only occasionally.

False

23. Vitamin A is water soluble and found in the non-fat part of the milk. a. True b. False

False

25. Vitamin K and B6 play key roles in the formation of healthy red blood cells. a. True b. False

False

26. A deficiency in Vitamin B12 is due to inadequate intake of the vitamin. a. True b. False

False

27. Excessive sun exposure can cause vitamin D toxicity. a. True b. False

False

28. Engaging in weight-bearing exercises can increase the risk for osteoporosis.

False

29. A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins. a. True b. False

False

29. The chief mineral in bones and teeth is phosphorus.

False

4. Consuming foods high in vitamin C reduces the amount of iron that the body absorbs.

False

4. Vegetables in the cruciferous family include carrots, sweet potatoes, and corn. a. True b. False

False

5. All public water in the United States is fluoridated.

False

5. Taken regularly, vitamin supplements are the best way to obtain balanced nutrition. a. True b. False

False

6. Iron deficiencies are more common in men than women.

False

6. Some of the vitamins serve as sources of energy. a. True b. False

False

7. Beta-carotene found in many animal sources is a precursor to vitamin A. a. True b. False

False

9. Choose a calcium supplement derived from dolomite, oyster shell, or bone meal when selecting a calcium supplement.

False

Adding foods sweetened with sugar substitutes to the diet will ensure successful weight loss.

False

Babies develop the ability to digest lactose when they are about six to nine months old.

False

Fat is used efficiently as fuel by the brain and nerves.

False

Foods rich in complex carbohydrates should be avoided when trying to lose weight.

False

T/F As a consequence of an abundant food supply, Americans experience some of the lowest rates of degenerative diseases in the world.

False

T/F Because the U.S. media is closely regulated, nutritional information disseminated by the media is highly reliable.

False

T/F Diet is the sole culprit in causing chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.

False

T/F Even when people are served more food, they tend to eat the same amount.

False

T/F Meals eaten at fast food restaurants commonly contain similar amount of calories, fiber, and saturated fat to meals prepared at home.

False

T/F Nutrient deficiency diseases are one of the leading causes of death in America.

False

T/F Risk of lifestyle-related chronic diseases is purely hereditary.

False

T/F The act of eating is fairly straightforward in that its primary benefit is linked to the physical need for food

False

T/F The amount spent by the food industry advertising food, beverage, and fast food is nearly equal to the amount spent by the government in promoting its campaign to encourage people of all ages to increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables.

False

T/F The key to disease prevention and optimal health is eating certain foods and avoiding other foods.

False

T/F The social and cultural groups to which a person belongs have a little effect on food choices.

False

53. Diverticulosis is closely associated with a lack of ______ in the diet.

Fiber

66. Which of the following is not usually a recommendation for someone with Sam's condition?

Follow a high-protein diet

36. Jasmine is too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. Which snack would you recommend?

Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola

33. Which component gives fruits their naturally sweet taste?

Fructose

42. What term in the ingredients list indicates added sugars in the product?

Fruit juice concentrate

30. Which hormone raises levels of glucose in the blood by signaling to the liver to break down glycogen stores?

Glucagon

15. What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Glycogen

82. Michael is trying to eat less sodium by preparing more meals at home. Which of the following meals would be a good choice?

Grilled chicken, brown rice, and sautéed green beans

84. _______ control(s) the water balance between body cells and their environment.

Minerals

11. Dark chocolate, in moderation, may positively influence cardiovascular health. a. True b. False

TRUE

13. The concentrations of calcium, sodium, and magnesium are what distinguish hard versus soft water. a. True b. False

TRUE

18. Tea is rich in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and caffeine. a. True b. False

TRUE

20. Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable. a. True b. False

TRUE

21. The more colorful a juice is, the more nutritious the juice usually is. a. True b. False

TRUE

22. Orange juice is the most nutrient-dense juice consumed in the United States. a. True b. False

TRUE

23. Drinking alcohol at a rate of one drink per hour allows the liver adequate time to metabolize the alcohol completely. a. True b. False

TRUE

24. Heavy alcohol use, especially when combined with smoking, appears to increase the risk of throat and neck cancers. a. True b. False

TRUE

25. Many studies have shown a positive correlation between moderate alcohol consumption and decreasing incidence of heart disease. a. True b. False

TRUE

26. Examples of standard servings are a 5-ounce glass of wine, a 12-fl oz beer, and 1 ½ fl oz of an 8-proof distilled liquor. a. True b. False

TRUE

4. Soft water contains a higher concentration of sodium than hard water. a. True b. False

TRUE

5. Cryptosporidium is a parasite in water that is highly resistant to chlorine and other disinfectants. a. True b. False

TRUE

8. Pancreatitis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are all common consequences of heavy drinking. a. True b. False

TRUE

80. Which is not a body function that copper is involved in?

Taste perception

46. Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using it?

The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans.

29. Sharon weighs 145 pounds and has tried to lose 15 pounds since 10th grade. She loses the weight without too much effort but then over the next few months she returns to her original weight. This would support which obesity theory? a. Set-point b. Fat cell c. Leptin d. External cue e. Behavioral

a

20. The DASH diet is a good eating plan to reduce risk of hypertension, as well as heart disease and diabetes.

True

22. Aside from malnutrition, blood loss is the primary reason for iron deficiency.

True

24. Excluding an entire food group may lead to vitamin deficiencies over time. a. True b. False

True

24. Rinsing canned beans reduce sodium content of the beans.

True

25. The only trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant in the body is selenium.

True

Insoluble fibers help to lower blood cholesterol levels.

True

T/F Cutting back on intake of meat and poultry is a viable option for reducing fat in the diet and trimming food budgets

True

The protein in a meal stimulates glucagon secretion, which opposes insulin and prevents it from storing glucose.

True

54. Jack is trying to choose foods that contain whole grains. Which whole grain ingredient is present in waffle #1 that is not found in waffle #2?

Whole wheat flour

39. Which description is a sure way to tell that you have high blood pressure?

You have it measured and it is rated as elevated.

10. An example of functional fitness training would be tai chi. a. True b. False

a

10. Cow's milk is considered to be a suitable form of nutrition after an infant is 1-year old. a. True b. False

a

10. Underweight individuals should reduce activity only if their health is in danger due to the underweight condition. a. True b. False

a

11. High blood pressure can often be normalized by weight loss. a. True b. False

a

11. Some people fear that naturally occurring cross-pollination between genetically engineered plants with nearby weeds may spread traits from plants to weeds, producing superweeds. a. True b. False

a

12. Childhood obesity and hypertension are linked to the development of atherosclerosis and heart disease in adulthood. a. True b. False

a

12. Of two individuals with the same BMI, it is possible for one to have too little body fat and one to have too much body fat. a. True b. False

a

12. Through thousands of years, human genes have adapted to support physically active lifestyles. a. True b. False

a

13. A major outbreak of foodborne illness due to E. coli that led to 500 reported cases of the illness and three deaths in the 1980s was linked to undercooked, contaminated hamburgers. a. True b. False

a

13. An appropriate reward for sticking to a weight-loss diet would be buying a new shirt. a. True b. False

a

13. Waiting to stretch until after your warm-up makes muscles easier to stretch because it allows blood to flow into the muscles. a. True b. False

a

14. Schools participating in the National School Lunch and/or School Breakfast programs are required to develop a school wellness policy to promote a healthy lifestyle in their students. a. True b. False

a

15. After the age of one, a child's growth rate slows up. a. True b. False

a

15. Large initial changes in a person's scale weight is often temporary and due to large losses of fluid. a. True b. False

a

15. The new Physical Fitness Guidelines for Americans stresses that the total amount of activity carried out each week is more important than the level of the activity. a. True b. False

a

16. DDT is banned from use not just in the United States but internationally as well. a. True b. False

a

16. Older persons who have problems with the activities of daily living (ADL) are more likely to be at risk for malnutrition. a. True b. False

a

16. When an athlete "hits the wall," it means they have run out of glycogen stores. a. True b. False

a

17. Effective obesity interventions for children tend to include a decrease in the amount of "screen time". a. True b. False

a

17. Food safety today refers to a food supply that is free of foodborne pathogens as well as one that is safe from bioterrorism. a. True b. False

a

17. The condition in which someone binges on all types of foods and then purges by vomiting is called bulimia nervosa. a. True b. False

a

18. It is recommended that parents introduce new foods at the beginning of a meal when the child is hungry. a. True b. False

a

18. Premature skeletal maturation is a potential health risk for adolescents who use anabolic steroids. a. True b. False

a

19. A result of the anaerobic pathway only partially breaking down carbohydrates is a build-up of lactic acid. a. True b. False

a

19. Breast milk contains powerful agents that protect against bacterial infection. a. True b. False

a

19. Obesity is defined by the amount of body fat rather than one's body weight. a. True b. False

a

19. The radura symbol on a food signifies that the food has been irradiated. a. True b. False

a

3. During high-intensity training, the body requires more carbohydrate for fuel than it does during moderate-intensity work. a. True b. False

a

3. In proportion to size, babies need more than twice as much of many nutrients when compared to adults. a. True b. False

a

3. Small, local farms that are efficient in production are recommended in developing countries rather than incorporating industrial technology. a. True b. False

a

30. Iron in the diet is present in the form of heme iron found in foods from animal sources, in nonheme iron found in some plant foods, and in foods that have been iron-enriched or fortified. a. True b. False

a

30. Within 2 hours of eating, Erik developed the following symptoms: sudden onset of severe nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. Which microbial pathogen is likely to have caused Erik's symptoms? a. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria b. Clostridium botulinum c. Campylobacter jejuni d. Shigella bacteria e. Listeria monocytogenes

a

34. The _______ theory claims that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls. a. set-point theory b. external cue theory c. internal cue theory d. fat cell theory e. evolutionary preset theory

a

34. ______ can lead to a deficiency in vitamin K. a. Taking antibiotics b. Not eating dairy foods c. Eating few fruits and vegetables d. A lack of intrinsic factor e. A lack of vitamin E

a

36. Repeatedly losing and regaining weight without engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise is unhealthy primarily because ____. a. this can change body composition b. this can cause depression anxiety c. body fat is lost and regained equally d. lean muscle tissue is lost and regained e. damage can occur to vital organs as lean tissue is spared

a

20. A diet high in complex carbohydrates is the best choice to ensure full glycogen stores. a. True b. False

a

20. A more healthful, nondiet approach to weight loss is to measure success by the strides made in adopting good eating and exercise habits rather than weight on the scale. a. True b. False

a

21. Increased independence in life's later years is a potential benefit of physical activity. a. True b. False

a

22. Endurance athletes are more prone to developing mild iron deficiency. a. True b. False

a

22. Food additives can be used to improve the texture and appearance of a product. a. True b. False

a

22. Improved life expectancy has resulted from better prenatal and postnatal care and more effective means of combating disease in older adults. a. True b. False

a

23. Alterations in taste and smell sensitivities may result in changes of food preferences during pregnancy. a. True b. False

a

24. The Institute of Medicine's Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention recommends making schools a national focus point for obesity. a. True b. False

a

25. Amenorrhea is cessation of the menstrual period often associated with an energy deficit in a female athlete. a. True b. False

a

25. Low weight gain during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of having a low-birthweight baby. a. True b. False

a

26. A continued desire for new knowledge and new experiences is one of the characteristics associated with good physical and mental health in later years. a. True b. False

a

27. Bathing, dressing, and feeding oneself are examples of activities of daily living self-care activities. a. True b. False

a

28. A pregnant woman's nutrient needs are higher than usual, but her energy needs are not increased during the first trimester. a. True b. False

a

28. The flexibility of the body depends on its degree of elasticity. a. True b. False

a

29. Protein breakdown dominates during heavy exercise, while muscle growth escalates after exercise. a. True b. False

a

23. Pear-shaped people are at a greater risk for developing diabetes, hypertension, elevated levels of blood cholesterol, and heart disease than apple-shaped people. a. True b. False

b

23. The GRAS list is established by the Environmental Protection Agency. a. True b. False

b

24. Canned foods have an infinite shelf-life. a. True b. False

b

24. Obesity prevention is critical during childhood since this is when fat cells increase in size. a. True b. False

b

24. The body's glycogen stores in the liver provide the primary source of glucose to muscles during physical activity. a. True b. False

b

25. A low sense of self-esteem is usually only seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa. a. True b. False

b

25. Effects of undernutrition contribute to just under 10 percent of deaths worldwide for children under 5 years of age. a. True b. False

b

26. Hitting a plateau 3 weeks into a new eating plan for weight loss is a sign that energy intake is too high. a. True b. False

b

26. More than 50 percent of athletes use a vitamin or mineral supplement due to the documented evidence that doing so improves performance. a. True b. False

b

27. The modern industrialized human is closely "programmed" to require and burn nearly the same of calories per day as the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer. a. True b. False

b

27. When protein is stored in the form of fat, it can be converted back into protein later through a process known as protein synthesis. a. True b. False

b

28. The incidence of obesity is declining in the United States. a. True b. False

b

28. Which of the following foods is best known to transmit hepatitis? a. Poultry b. Seafood c. Legumes d. Raw vegetables e. Grains

b

29. During pregnancy, absorption of both calcium and iron decreases dramatically. a. True b. False

b

30. Exercising at the maximum heart rate (MHR) is only recommended for highly trained professional athletes. a. True b. False

b

31. A muscle will _____ when a person stops using a muscle for a period of time due to injury, illness, or neglect. a. hypertrophy b. atrophy c. intensify d. overload e. elasticize

b

39. When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, the body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid ____. a. lysine b. tryptophan c. phenylalanine d. valine e. tyrosine

b

4. Surgery is now one of the most common and successful methods used for weight control. a. True b. False

b

43. What is the recommended minimum amount of time for washing hands with warm water and soap before preparing or eating food? a. 10 to 15 seconds b. 20 seconds c. 1/2 to 1 minute d. 1 to 2 minutes e. 2 to 3 minutes

b

55. The more fit a muscle is, the ____ it can burn for energy when oxygen is present. a. less fat b. more fat c. more glycogen d. more protein e. more lactic acid

b

68. Milk is sold in protective cardboard or opaque plastic containers rather than in transparent glass bottles to minimize the loss of ____. a. vitamin B12 b. riboflavin c. niacin d. vitamin D e. vitamin E

b

69. Approximately how many people in the United States are killed by foodborne illness each year? a. 1,000 b. 3,000 c. 5,000 d. 7,000 e. 9,000

b

75. What is the life expectancy in the United States? a. 72 (males), 78 years (females) b. 76 (males), 81 years (females) c. 78 (males), 76 years (females) d. 78 (males), 89 years (females) e. 90 (males), 72 years (females)

b

76. Skin becomes less able to synthesize ____ as aging progresses. a. vitamin A b. vitamin D c. vitamin K d. vitamin B12 e. vitamin E

b

77. A measurement that correlates strongly with body fat content but does not identify the location of body fat is ______. a. body mass total b. body mass index c. body mass tables d. chart weights e. height-weight-ratio

b

77. It is recommended that athletes consume at least _____ of protein at each meal to satisfy the need for 1.0 to 2.0g/kg of protein per day. a. 10 g b. 20 g c. 25 g d. 30 g e. 40 g

b

77. Testing for gestational diabetes is usually done ______. a. 16 to 20 weeks b. 24 to 28 weeks c. 26 to 30 weeks d. 30 to 34 weeks e. 36 to 40 weeks

b

8. Drinking sports beverages for continuous activities that last 30 to 60 minutes may enhance energy status. a. True b. False

b

8. Eating undercooked or raw egg puts a person at risk for contracting hepatitis. a. True b. False

b

8. The fiber recommendation for the older adult population is 7 to 14 grams per day. a. True b. False

b

81. Which food added to an infant's diet would help prevent iron-deficiency anemia? a. Orange juice b. Enriched cereal c. Bananas d. Yellow fruits e. Bread

b

82. If a female athlete has irregular menstrual periods, what long-term complication could develop as a result? a. Diabetes b. Osteoporosis c. Obesity d. Hypertension e. Hypertrophy

b

82. More than 70 percent of all older adults can be expected to have ____. a. cancer b. hypertension c. diabetes d. arthritis e. heart disease

b

83. Long-duration, low-intensity exercise demands energy mostly from stored ____. a. sugar b. fat c. protein d. carbohydrates e. vitamins

b

84. Which vitamins work with vitamin K and vitamin B6 to maintain blood health? a. Vitamins folate and D b. Folate and B12 c. Niacin and B6 d. Vitamins D and E e. Vitamins C and E

b

86. What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness? a. Vitamin K b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin D d. Biotin e. Niacin

b

89. What percentage of U.S. adults meet muscle strength and aerobic activity guidelines? a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 e. 50

b

9. A child who is overweight should be allowed as much food as desired since proper growth requires adequate nutrition. a. True b. False

b

9. Basal metabolic rate is the only component of energy expenditure which an individual has voluntary control over. a. True b. False

b

27. Women who are pregnant should pay special attention to avoid soft unpasteurized cheese and milk products to avoid foodborne illness from _____. a. Perfringens food poisoning b. Shigellosis c. Listeriosis d. Hepatitis e. Botulism

c

29. Foodborne illness from _______ is most commonly transmitted by improperly canned foods. a. Listeriosis b. Salmonellosis c. Botulism d. Campylobacteriosis e. Shigellosis

c

31. Choline is ____. a. found only in animal foods b. created by the body when intake is lacking c. a conditionally essential nutrient d. needed for release of energy from fats and carbohydrates e. a common deficiency in American diets

c

31. Which statement concerning herbal remedies is accurate? a. Herbal products are safe because they come from plants. b. Composition of herbal products are closely regulated by the FDA. c. Herbal components become more concentrated when they are made into supplements. d. They are safe for pregnant women and children because they are natural. e. An herbal overdose results when toxins accumulate in the kidneys.

c

57. Mary is trying to lose weight and realizes that if she reduces her calorie intake by only 200 calories per day below her energy needs, she will lose about ____ pounds in one year. a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 35 e. 0

c

57. Muscles respond to the overload of exercise by gaining ____. a. strength and fat b. size and oxygen c. strength and endurance d. glucose and carbon dioxide e. flexibility and glycogen

c

65. The person who wishes to gain weight often has to ____. a. stop all activity b. eat lots of fats c. eat more frequently d. take vitamin pills e. focus primarily on high-carbohydrate foods

c

36. Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby's diet? a. Vitamin C and iron b. Vitamin A and zinc c. Vitamin B12 and fluoride d. Vitamin E and magnesium e. Sodium and manganese

a

37. Folic acid is added to ____ in order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. a. grain products b. milk and dairy foods c. frozen and canned vegetables d. ground beef e. fruit juices

a

37. The type of activity that relates to endurance and cardiovascular fitness is termed ____. a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. flexibility d. fast-twitch activity e. metabolic

a

37. What is the name of the largest U.S. national food recovery program? a. Feeding America b. Goodwill Food Assistance c. Salvation Army Ready-to-Eat Meals d. Food Salvage and Rescue Organization e. We CAN

a

38. _______ refers to when muscles increase in size. a. Hypertrophy b. Atrophy c. Hypotrophy d. Isotrophy e. Auxotrophy

a

4. Foodborne illnesses are thought to be underreported due to many people attributing the symptoms to the flu rather than food consumption. a. True b. False

a

4. One of the effects of cardiovascular conditioning is an increase in total blood volume. a. True b. False

a

4. Television viewing has been shown to be a contributing factor in childhood obesity. a. True b. False

a

41. The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) ____. a. antioxidant b. peroxide c. free radical d. coenzyme e. enzyme

a

44. What are the body's primary fuels used during exercise? a. Glucose and fatty acids b. Protein and fatty acids c. Protein and glucose d. Vitamins and glucose e. Glucose and B-complex vitamins

a

6. The nervous system will use fat for fuel when in a state of fasting or carbohydrate deprivation. a. True b. False

a

11. Adults age 65 years and older typically have lower quality diets compared to younger and middle-aged adults. a. True b. False

b

7. As a benefit of exercise, active people may have resting pulse rates of 50 or even lower. a. True b. False

a

7. Honey can be a cause of botulism. a. True b. False

a

7. Inactivity is a major contributor to obesity in America in both adults and children. a. True b. False

a

70. All women of child-bearing age are advised to get adequate folate to prevent cases of ____. a. neural tube defects b. rickets c. scurvy d. morning sickness e. insomnia

a

71. Which substance is promoted for quick weight loss by stimulating secretion of human growth hormone? a. Arginine b. DHEA c. Caffeine d. Bee pollen e. Carnitine

a

74. A general function of vitamin C is its action as a(n) ____. a. antioxidant b. antiviral agent c. anti-cancer agent d. anti-anxiety agent e. free radical

a

11. Muscle strength is a muscle's power to keep going for long periods. a. True b. False

b

12. Food irradiation is opposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the loss of nutrients in food it causes. a. True b. False

b

13. Most doctors recommend that pregnant women take a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement every day in addition to eating a healthy diet. a. True b. False

b

14. The FDA requires that foods developed using genetic engineering specify this on the food label. a. True b. False

b

14. The most accurate way to find out how much you should weigh is to look up your ideal weight in the ideal weight tables. a. True b. False

b

15. Integrated pest management involves increased application of pesticides to maximize crop yields. a. True b. False

b

16. Once you have identified a of behaviors you would like to change, you should try to change several at once to make incorporating the changes into your lifestyle easier. a. True b. False

b

17. The term "fitness" describes a physical activity goal for seasoned athletes. a. True b. False

b

18. A BMI of 30.0 or greater is defined as overweight. a. True b. False

b

18. Use of ethylene oxide is thought to be a safer method of sterilizing products such as cotton swabs, tampons, and teething rings compared to irradiation. a. True b. False

b

20. Food insecurity was once viewed as a problem of poverty, but it now more frequently viewed as a problem of overpopulation and inadequate food production. a. True b. False

b

20. The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia is higher in non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white children compared to Mexican-American children. a. True b. False

b

21. For most people, the body's ordinary metabolic activities account for a smaller part of energy expenditure than do muscular activities. a. True b. False

b

21. It is important to assess the intake of all the sources of nutrients to be sure that overall consumption meets or exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) of the Dietary Reference Intakes. a. True b. False

b

21. Lead usually poisons a person quickly leading to sudden death after initial ingestion or exposure. a. True b. False

b

22. The best time to try to change a behavior is when things are changing in your life, such as during a divorce or a move to another state. a. True b. False

b

23. Muscle protein synthesis occurs during heavy exercise. a. True b. False

b

18. All of the following are health benefits associated with intake of insoluble fiber except ___.

slows glucose absorption

23. Which carbohydrate type is mismatched with a major food source for that type?

starch—strawberries

85. Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus play a major role in ____.

the distribution of water inside and outside body cells

44. Cortical bone is ____.

the thick, ivory-like outer portion of bone

42. Selenium is required for the production of the active form of ____ and also functions as a(n) ____.

thyroid hormone; antioxidant

40. Retarded growth and sexual development in a child may be due to a ________.

zinc deficiency

66. Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the ____. a. stomach b. arms and chest c. hips and thighs d. neck e. shoulders

c

66. Vitamin ____ is important for collagen formation to ensure joint integrity. a. K b. D c. C d. A e. E

c

80. Muscles typically have enough glycogen to fuel _____ hours of activity. a. 1/2 to 1 b. 1 to 2 c. 1 ½ to 2 d. 4 to 5 e. 5 to 51/2

c

70. Which of these foods would enhance the absorption of iron? a. Whole-grain pasta b. Skim milk c. Olive oil d. Walnuts e. Oranges

e

74. Twins raised by adoptive parents tend to have body shapes similar to their biological parents. This supports which theory of obesity? a. External cue b. Fat cell c. Behavioral d. Social influence e. Genetics

e

75. Foodborne illness would have the greatest impact on which individual? a. Sue, a 25-year-old school teacher b. Mary, a 12-year-old middle schooler with severe food allergies c. John, an 45-year-old computer expert d. Juan, a 34-year-old architect recovering from a cold e. Callie, a 27-year-old pregnant graduate student

e

24. Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of ____ when ____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells.

fat; glucose

57. Complex carbohydrates are found primarily in ____.

grains and vegetables

14. In general, changing one's diet by substituting complex carbohydrates in place of refined foods with added sugars typically results in a diet that is ________.

higher in fiber

55. Individuals who consume diets rich in whole-grains have improved insulin sensitivity and are ________.

less likely to develop metabolic syndrome

45. The ______ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen.

liver

48. Eating more higher fiber foods is usually associated with _______.

lower intakes of added sugars

32. To feel energetic and alert throughout the day an individual should _______.

make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range

45. The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as a. muscle fitness. b. muscle endurance. c. cardiopulmonary adaptation. d. cardiorespiratory conditioning. e. aerobic fitness.

d

45. A diet which overemphasizes ____ is likely to lead to a(n) ____ deficiency in children.

milk; iron

61. If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, the body will break down ____ to provide glucose for the brain.

muscle

67. The _____ secretes glucagon and insulin in response to changing blood glucose levels.

pancreas

62. Two natural compounds found in food that inhibit mineral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are ____.

phytates and oxalates

71. The loss of ________ from dehydration that may occur as a result of fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting may lead to sudden death likely due to heart failure.

potassium

53. Most sodium in the typical U.S. diet comes from _________ .

processed foods

41. Jack decides to purchase waffle #1 and eats three of the waffles for breakfast. Approximately, what amounts of total fat and total carbohydrates did the waffles contribute to his meal?

8 grams fat and 46 grams carbohydrates

. 27. The health benefits of tea appear to be dose-dependent meaning that __________. a. drinking more tea provides the greatest effect b. drinking tea in moderation provides the greatest effect c. there are different consumption recommendations for males and females d. consumption should be limited to one cup per day e. tea should not be consumed if alcohol has been consumed

A

According to MyPlate, one egg is equivalent to 1 ounce of cooked lean meat. a. True b. False

A

76. Sharon is an 18-year-old college student who drinks soda at lunch, at dinner, and with snacks. You notice that she rarely drinks milk and suggest that she start because the calcium recommendation for someone 9 to 18 years of age is ____.

1,000 mg per day

81. Sodium intake should be limited to ______ or less for those who are age 51 and older and those of any age who are African American or have high blood pressure.

1,500 mg

27. If Steven needs 2400 calories per day to maintain his weight, what is the recommended maximum upper limit of added sugars he should consume each day?

240 calories

47. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what is the minimum amount of whole-grains that should be consumed if an individual's recommended grain intake each day is 6 ounces?

3 ounces

72. Peak bone mass is reached at approximately ____ years of age.

30

68. Fletcher's dietary analysis reveals that he is deriving 30% of calories from simple sugars, and he decides to try to cut back. Which item from his food record should Fletcher omit?

32 fl oz root beer

28. What percentage of calories from fat does one serving of cereal #1 (without milk) have?

39%

. According to the current assessment of research studies, what disease risk is reduced by a diet rich in fiber from fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains? a. Diabetes mellitus type 1 b. Diverticular disease c. Alzheimer's disease d. Sickle-cell anemia e. Osteoporosis

A

. Joy decides to use the smart shopping tips she learned in her college nutrition course. What practice should she avoid while shopping? a. Shopping when she is hungry b. Buying fresh foods in season c. Reading the ingredients to compare similar products d. Checking the store's sales circular for items on her shopping list e. Shopping the perimeter of the grocery store

A

. The goal during digestion is to break carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids down into smaller units, including ____. a. amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose b. glycerol, protein, and glucose c. fatty acids, amino acids, and pepsin d. amino acids, fiber, and glycerol e. glucose, pepsin, and cholesterol

A

. To help Juan with his constipation, which action is only advised after other measures have failed? a. Take a laxative after consulting a physician. b. Eat bran cereal for breakfast and more vegetables throughout the day. c. Drink more fluids. d. Take a walk at lunchtime and after work every day. e. Pay attention to the urge to have a bowel movement.

A

40. Which 8-ounce beverage has the lowest caffeine content? a. Chocolate milk b. Cola beverage c. Brewed coffee d. Brewed tea e. Iced tea

A

All the food from the stomach is gradually pushed into the small intestine. a. True b. False

A

49. _______ in coffee are thought to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in regular coffee drinkers. a. Antioxidants b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Caffeine e. Herbs

A

50. How much alcohol consumption has been proven to be safe during pregnancy? a. No amount of alcohol has been proven to be safe. b. One glass of wine or beer per day has been proven to be harmless. c. Two glasses of wine or beers per day have been proven to be harmless. d. Three glasses of wine per week have been proven to be harmless. e. No studies have been done regarding alcohol and pregnancy.

A

52. Tomas is at a fraternity party and his friends are drinking beer and also smoking marijuana. What interaction would this combination have? a. It may prevent vomiting, increasing the risk of alcohol poisoning. b. It may increase the sedative effect, causing drowsiness. c. It may increase dizziness and lead to fainting. d. It may increase stomach bleeding and inhibit blood clotting. e. It may slow the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream.

A

61. Which statement concerning alcohol's metabolism in a man and woman of the same height and weight is correct? a. The woman has a lower capacity for metabolizing alcohol than the man. b. The man has lower estrogen levels leading to higher rates for metabolizing alcohol than the woman. c. The woman's body composition with more water than the man helps metabolize alcohol more quickly. d. They have equal alcohol metabolizing abilities. e. The differences in alcohol metabolism between men and women are not yet known.

A

66. _______ refers to the body's increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure. a. Metabolic tolerance b. Apparent tolerance c. Functional tolerance d. Filtration tolerance e. Saturation tolerance

A

Bones provide reserves of calcium, sodium, and other minerals that can be drawn on to keep blood levels constant and to meet cellular demands. a. True b. False

A

76. Long-term exposure to alcohol increases levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. What does this mean? a. The person must drink more alcohol than before to experience comparable effects. b. The person can drink less alcohol than before to experience comparable effects. c. The person is less likely to become addicted. d. The person is more likely to have a hangover. e. The person will experience the effects of alcohol for longer periods.

A

A food product is high in soluble fiber which means the food label can make the health claim that consuming it is associated with a lowered risk of ____. a. heart disease b. cancer c. tooth decay d. high blood pressure e. Parkinson's disease

A

A product that meets the criteria as sodium-free or salt-free has less than 5 mg of sodium per serving. a. True b. False

A

Access to an abundance of foods has been shown to contribute to increased rates of ________. a. degenerative diseases b. hereditary diseases c. healthy eating patterns d. unprocessed foods eaten e. individuals at healthy weights

A

Joe finds himself troubled with gas after eating certain foods. The quantity and quality of intestinal gas is related to the types of food eaten and ____. a. the characteristics of intestinal bacteria b. the amount of water in the large intestine c. the amount of food eaten d. the quantity of vitamin K in the large intestine e. the amount of bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas

A

Juan frequently acquires the hiccups. What is a common cause for this ailment? a. Swallowing air b. Sphincter muscle spasms c. Eating beans and cruciferous vegetables d. Drinking hot beverages e. Consuming a glass of wine

A

Limiting fat intake to 20 to 30 percent of total calories is recommended to reduce the risk of ____. a. heart disease b. tooth decay c. gum disease d. osteoporosis e. osteoarthritis

A

Limiting your intake of sodium is most helpful in reducing your risk of ____. a. stroke b. gallbladder disease c. diabetes d. obesity e. colon cancer

A

Mark is a 5-year-old boy who loves milk. He drinks skim milk all day long. He also loves yogurt and cheese while excluding meat, fish, poultry, and legumes. For which type of deficiency is Mark at risk? a. Iron b. Zinc c. Calcium d. Vitamin D e. Vitamin A

A

Mary is comparing light potato chips to regular potato chips. What is the difference? a. The light potato chips are lower in calories. b. The light potato chips are lighter in color. c. The light potato chips are lighter in texture. d. The light potato chips are lower in weight. e. The light potato chips have been cooked in olive oil.

A

One hallmark of a credible nutrition article is that it ____. a. describes results of a study of a sufficiently large group of people b. analyzes research studies that are at least 10 years old c. presents results that differ remarkably from those of similar studies d. appears in a respected newspaper with a large national circulation e. includes several cases of anecdotal support

A

One nutrition-related Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce the consumption of ____ in the U.S. population. a. solid fats and added sugars b. various vegetables c. calcium-rich foods d. dietary whole grains e. iron-rich foods

A

Our energy intake and expenditure is similar to that of our ancestors from 10,000 years ago. a. True b. False

A

Steven is 9 years old and loves to drink orange juice whenever he can. He often drinks orange juice instead of eating food. This habit interferes most with what eating principle? a. Balance b. Calorie control c. Moderation d. Adequacy e. Nutrient density

A

Susan is deciding what to order for lunch at the fast-food restaurant near her school. Which combination would you recommend as the best nutritional selection? a. A grilled chicken sandwich with mustard and side salad with vinaigrette b. A fried chicken sandwich with mayonnaise and side salad with dressing c. A fish patty sandwich with tartar sauce and baked potato with butter d. A cheeseburger and a milkshake e. Nachos with extra guacamole and less sour cream

A

The Mediterranean Diet recommends eating meat several times a week. a. True b. False

A

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—also called the digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. a. True b. False

A

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall is called the ______. a. mucosa b. jejunum c. mesentery d. ileum e. villi

A

The majority of the world's population experiences issues digesting lactose or lactose intolerance. a. True b. False

A

The tolerable upper limit (UL) is most closely described as ____. a. the daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to pose adverse effects in healthy people b. the amount of foods to which nutrients have been added c. the amount of a nutrient estimated to meet the requirement in half of the people of a specific age and gender d. the average amount of a nutrient that appears to be adequate for individuals e. a set of reference values for energy and nutrients

A

To prevent the risk of chronic disease in adulthood, what practice would you recommend? a. Reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors. b. Increase solid fats and reduce oils. c. Eat primarily cruciferous vegetables. d. Eat one serving of oatmeal with one-half cup whole milk every day for breakfast. e. Limit intake of oranges and grapefruits due to high acid content.

A

Vignette #1 Robert and Chris have been at a local bar near their dormitory for 1 hour. Chris has had three beers already and Robert tells him to slow down because too much alcohol can cause death. Chris says this is not true since you just go to sleep when you drink too much. Chris also says that since he is allowed two drinks a day on average, he decided to save them up for the weekend. Robert is beginning to suspect that Chris might have a drinking problem. Let's see if you know more than Chris does concerning alcohol by answering these questions. 78. As they sit and talk, Chris begins to smoke a cigarette. Robert can't believe his friend has such poor judgment and says, "Chris, don't you know that drinking alcohol and smoking puts you at a much higher risk for ____?" a. heart attack b. skin cancer c. Alzheimer's disease d. type 2 diabetes e. depression

A

What chemical stimulates the gallbladder to send bile into the small intestine? a. Cholecystokinin b. Bicarbonate c. Lycopene d. Linoleic acid e. Hydrochloric acid

A

What enzyme present in the mouth is responsible for converting starch into small polysaccharides? a. Amylase b. Maltase c. Lactase d. Polypeptidase e. Lipase

A

What food item lacks phytochemicals? a. Skim milk b. Mushrooms c. Canned peas d. Mango e. Tomatoes

A

What organs are the accessory organs of digestion? a. Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas b. Liver, rectum, and appendix c. Colon, appendix, and gallbladder d. Pancreas, esophagus, and salivary glands e. Appendix, pancreas, and large intestine

A

Which food is the best example of a nutrient-dense food choice? a. A baked potato b. Bologna c. Ice cream d. Refried beans e. Granola

A

Which strategy would most likely support healthy eating when dining out? a. Order grilled rather than fried foods b. Use mayonnaise in place of mustard c. Order a large burger to obtain adequate protein d. Order whole milk rather than a soda e. Buy the largest meal with the best deal and skip the next meal.

A

Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information? a. A nutritionist b. A chiropractor c. A registered dietitian d. A medical doctor e. A health food store manager

A

__________ is a style of Chinese cooking characterized by steaming and stir-frying, and therefore tends to be the lowest in fat. a. Cantonese b. Peking c. Shanghai d. Szechwan or Hunan e. Mongolian

A

________are blood vessels that carry nutrient-rich blood from the heart throughout the body to the tissues. a. Capillaries b. Veins c. Arteries d. Lipoproteins e. Metabolic pathways

A

________are due to spasms in the muscle at the base of the lungs. a. Hiccups b. Choking c. Heartburn d. Gas e. Hemorroids

A

46. Which individual is probably least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A 30-year-old businessman

12. What is the source of stevia?

A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. 74. Which eating plan should Dan try to follow?

A diet high in produce and whole grains and low in total fat

51. Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is not correct?

A lifelong intake of foods high in sodium and high in potassium is associated with a increased risk of hypertension

60. Which nonnutritive sweetener should be entirely avoided by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Aspartame

62. Neotame is a derivative of which two amino acids?

Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

. After Maggie's gallbladder has been removed, what nutrient might she have difficulty digesting? a. Carbohydrates b. Fat c. Protein d. Vitamins e. Minerals

B

. In determining portion, one hand, cupped, is a good approximation of 8 fluid ounces. a. True b. False

B

. Joe is taking a nutrition course and learns that the galactose in his milk ends up as glucose. Where does this conversion take place? a. Brain b. Liver c. Gallbladder d. Appendix e. Pancreas

B

. Joe picks up a package of low-fat hot dogs in the supermarket. He can be confident that this food has ____. a. no more than 10 grams of fat per serving b. no more than 3 grams of fat per serving c. no saturated fat d. no cholesterol e. no trans fat

B

. _______is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. a. Alcohol b. Poor diet/inactivity c. Tobacco d. Accidents e. Firearms

B

38. The legal limit defining intoxication for the driver of a car is a blood alcohol content (BAC) of ____ or higher. a. 0.03 b. 0.08 c. 0.1 d. 0.14 e. 0.15

B

46. ____________ is a parasite that can contaminate water that is not sensitive to chlorine and is a potential threat to people with weakened immune systems. a. Escherichia coli b. Cryptosporidium c. Salmonella d. Shigella e. Staphylococcus aureus

B

59. Which of the following is a correct statement about soda consumption? a. The term "soft drink" refers to a cold, carbonated sweetened with sugar. b. There are no indisputable positive health benefits from soda consumption. c. Soft drink consumption is associated with higher energy and nutrient intakes. d. Risk of type 2 diabetes increases if three or more soft drinks are consumed daily. e. Soft drink consumption has little effect on water, juice, and milk consumption,

B

64. Fetal alcohol syndrome is considered to be the most common cause of ____ in the United States. a. low infant birth weight b. preventable intellectual disability c. growth failure d. liver cirrhosis e. preventable osteoporosis

B

79. Consuming an apple instead of an equivalent amount of apple juice is a more nutrient dense choice because of the apple's ______. a. vitamin C b. fiber c. antioxidants d. phytochemicals e. potassium

B

68. A double cheeseburger with bacon contains 44 grams of protein, 28 grams of carbohydrate, and 39 grams of fat. What percentage of calories in the sandwich comes from fat? a. 28 percent b. 55 percent c. 74 percent d. 82 percent e. There is not sufficient information to determine the percentage of calories from fat.

B

73. Pamela asks Theodore what an energy drink is, and he correctly explains, ____. a. "It's a beverage with the right mixture of ingredients to maximize athletic performance." b. "It is a nonalcoholic beverage with extra caffeine, and sometimes other stimulants." c. "It is a beverage you can drink in place of a multinutrient supplement for good health." d. "It is a kind of soft drink that you can drink to cure a hangover or study better." e. "It is a fruit-juice beverage with added antioxidants for optimal physical performance."

B

80. One reason the stomach's hydrochloric acid is important is that it ____. a. synthesizes absorbable vitamin K b. kills bacteria c. breaks down and absorbs fat-soluble vitamins d. facilitates the action of amylase e. produces bile to emulsify fat particles

B

88. Which statement about bottled water is correct? a. All bottled waters contain fluoride to prevent tooth decay. b. Its mineral content can be determined by checking with the bottling company. c. It meets higher standards than tap water. d. It is better than tap water from a health standpoint. e. MyPlate guidelines favor fruit drinks over bottled water.

B

89. Which statement about energy drinks is correct? a. They are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. b. Using them during exercise may cause light-headedness and nausea. c. Each drink contains only one type of stimulant to boost energy. d. They help retain fluids. e. They have been scientifically proven safe and effective.

B

A diet that does not overemphasize any food type or nutrient at the expense of another is following which characteristic of a healthy diet? a. Adequacy b. Balance c. Choices d. Moderation e. Nonfat

B

A healthy diet should consist of three meals a day without any snacking. a. True b. False

B

An unhealthful aspect of the traditional Mexican diet is the frequent consumption of ____. a. tomatoes, chilies, and onions b. flour tortillas, chorizo, and eggs c. corn tortillas, amaranth, and rice d. pinto beans, jicama, and avocado e. red meat, poultry, and olive oil

B

Based on the 2016 changes, what information is not a required element on the Nutrition Facts panel? a. Calories per serving b. Calories from fat c. Potassium d. Added sugars e. Serving size

B

How does the diet of the centenarians from the islands of Okinawa compare to that of most U.S. adults? a. U.S. adults consume more seafood but fewer saturated fats. b. Okinawans consume more vegetables but fewer calories. c. U.S. adults consume more fruits but fewer calories. d. Okinawans consume more calories but fewer sweets. e. U.S. adults consume more foods with high antioxidant levels.

B

MyPlate activity recommends at least 2 ½ hours per week of moderate physical activity such as jogging, swimming continuous laps, and bicycling uphill. a. True b. False

B

Nicole is reading a food label on a bag of broccoli and sees "high in vitamin C." What does this mean? a. A serving prepared properly will provide 10 percent more of the Daily Value for vitamin C. b. A serving provides 20 percent or more of the Daily Value for vitamin C. c. The bag contains 20 percent or more of the Daily Value for vitamin C. d. A serving contains more vitamin C than is normally found in broccoli. e. A serving provides 50 percent of the Daily Value for vitamin C.

B

Nutrients that leave the digestive tract by way of lymph are packaged as _________ that circulate throughout the body, allowing cells to withdraw fats from them. a. hormones b. chylomicrons c. glycogen d. fat-soluble vitamins e. bile

B

One gram of carbohydrate yields ____ calories, 1 gram of fat yields ____ calories, and 1 gram of protein yields ____calories. a. 4; 8; 4 b. 4; 9; 4 c. 7; 4; 4 d. 4; 7; 9 e. 4; 9; 7

B

Orange juice with added calcium is a food that likely exceeds the UL for calcium. a. True b. False

B

Peristalsis is stimulated by the presence of both fiber and fat. a. True b. False

B

Phytochemicals provide energy or building materials for cell repair. a. True b. False

B

Sue picks up a cereal box and reads that one serving provides 15 percent of the DV for total carbohydrate. What does this DV value tell us about the cereal? a. One serving contains 15 percent of its calories from carbohydrates. b. One serving provides 15 percent of the total carbohydrates that are recommended to be eaten in a day. c. The contents of the cereal box provide 15 percent of the carbohydrates that should be eaten in a day. d. One serving provides 15 percent of the starch recommendation only for the day. e. One serving includes 15 percent of the daily discretionary calories.

B

Susan had her gallbladder removed. What substance would Susan's body normally store in this organ? a. Amylase b. Bile c. Bicarbonate d. Water e. Glycogen

B

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) set recommendations for ____. a. vitamin E, calcium, and lipids b. fat, carbohydrates, and protein c. phytochemicals, lipids, and fiber d. fiber, iron, and zinc e. calcium, zinc, and magnesium

B

The DRI requirement of a nutrient is the minimum amount of a nutrient that will prevent the development of deficiency symptoms. a. True b. False

B

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans incorporate two general themes: maintaining calorie balance over time to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, and consuming more nutrient-dense foods and beverages. a. True b. False

B

The EAR for nutrients represents the average amount of a nutrient needed by a population meaning its value is usually enough to meet the needs of most healthy people. a. True b. False

B

The ________ has both endocrine and exocrine functions. a. small intestine b. pancreas c. liver d. appendix e. gallbladder

B

The colon has the same type of mixing and peristaltic movements as in other sections of the digestive tract, but they occur more frequently.

B

The habit of hara hachi bu in Okinawan culture involves ____. a. not smoking or drinking alcohol b. eating until only 80 percent full c. exercising 45 minutes each day d. eating less than 35 percent of calories from fat e. beginning each day with a low-calorie, nutrient-dense meal

B

The ingredients on a food label are listed in alphabetical order. a. True b. False

B

The large intestine is the same diameter as the small intestine but longer in length. a. True b. False

B

Vignette #1 Robert and Chris have been at a local bar near their dormitory for 1 hour. Chris has had three beers already and Robert tells him to slow down because too much alcohol can cause death. Chris says this is not true since you just go to sleep when you drink too much. Chris also says that since he is allowed two drinks a day on average, he decided to save them up for the weekend. Robert is beginning to suspect that Chris might have a drinking problem. Let's see if you know more than Chris does concerning alcohol by answering these questions. 34. As a friend, Robert asks Chris to consider whether low to moderate alcohol consumption is a health benefit or a health risk for him personally. Robert also reminds Chris that the leading cause of death for college-age males is ____. a. heart disease b. accidents c. diabetes d. stroke e. drug abuse

B

Vignette #2 Sue and her friends are having lunch in the school cafeteria. Sue is drinking bottled water, Joe is drinking Gatorade, Ben has a soft drink, Marsha is sipping iced tea, and Tom is drinking vitamin-enhanced water. Tom thinks he is drinking the best beverage of all because it has vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and some herbs in it. Marsha is counting on the caffeine to keep her alert during her English class and Sue thinks she made the best choice. Ben really doesn't think much about what he drinks at all. Let's answer these questions and learn more about these beverages. 53. What characteristic should Joe expect in his Gatorade sports drink? a. Caffeine b. A mixture of glucose, sucrose, and fructose c. Fructose but no other sugars d. Carbonation e. High sodium

B

What body chemical is an emulsifier? a. Amino acids b. Bile c. Amylase d. Bicarbonate e. Hydrochloric acid

B

What is a leading cause of death in the United States that is linked to diet? a. Lung disease b. Cancer c. Kidney disease d. Infections of the blood e. Parkinson's disease

B

What is the approximate prevalence of obesity among adults in the United States today? a. 20 percent b. 33 percent c. 42 percent d. 48 percent e. 54 percent

B

What is the leading cause of death in the United States for people over age 24? a. Cancer b. Heart disease c. Homicide d. Liver disease e. Stroke

B

What is the main role of the gallbladder? a. Digesting starch b. Storing bile until needed c. Controlling the emptying of the stomach d. Sending digestive enzymes to the small intestine e. Producing bile

B

What structure controls the flow of chyme into the small intestine? a. Lower esophageal sphincter b. Pyloric sphincter c. Ileocecal valve d. Oral cavity e. Cortex

B

What task is a major function of the stomach? a. Producing emulsifiers b. Producing chyme c. Hosting bacteria that produce vitamin K d. Creating a food bolus e. Dismantling carbohydrates

B

When present in the small intestine, ____ stimulates peristalsis. a. protein b. fiber c. vitamins d. starch e. fat

B

Which disease is least likely to be influenced by diet? a. Hypertension b. Hemophilia c. Arthritis d. Cancer e. Osteoporosis

B

Which foods make up the majority of the Mediterranean diet? a. Eggs, poultry, and fish b. Fruits, grains, and vegetables c. Cheese, yogurt, and fish d. Red meat, oil, and wine e. Poultry, cheese, and grains

B

Which objective is included in Healthy People 2020? a. Reduce consumption of high-fiber snacks. b. Reduce rates of iron deficiency. c. Decrease the proportion of visits to the doctor. d. Decrease the amount of food available to obese households. e. Increase muscle-building activities over aerobic activities in adults.

B

Which term is included in the acronym CARS, and is applied in determining the quality of information found on the Internet? a. Adequacy b. Credibility c. Reliability d. Sense e. Rational

B

Why might Juan have gas after eating dairy products? a. He eats dairy products with vegetables at the same meal. b. Bacteria in his colon digest the lactose, producing gas. c. The lactose from the milk remains in his stomach and creates gas. d. His body does not make enough sucrase to digest the dairy sugar. e. His body produces too much lactase, resulting in gas formation.

B

You show Julia and David the MyPlate graphic. What important principle can you best demonstrate to them using this graphic? a. adequacy—include at least four different foods on your plate at each meal b. proportionality—fill at least half your plate with fruits and vegetables c. food safety—avoid mixing dairy foods with other foods on your plate d. moderation—limit added sugars and solid fats on your plate e. calorie control—avoid empty calories on your plate

B

Zach eats a 2000-calorie diet and therefore should eat no more than 65 grams of fat per day. If he has only eaten a soft pretzel (6 grams of fat) and a mocha coffee drink (20 grams of fat), how many more grams of fat can Zach have to stay within his daily fat budget? a. 26 b. 39 c. 91 d. 120 e. There is not enough information provided.

B

____________ is the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the requirement for the nutrient in half of the people of a specific age and gender. a. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) b. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) c. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) d. Adequate Intake (AI) e. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

B

56. Which product is a rich source of starch?

Beans

. Juan is of Hispanic origin and enjoys eating native foods. In which food group would a corn tortilla belong? a. Fruit b. Vegetable c. Grains d. Dairy e. Protein foods

C

28. Maria is overweight and wants to lose 10 pounds. She is at a party and is deciding what to order at the bar. Which beverage has the fewest calories when mixed with liquor? a. Eight ounces fruit juice b. Eight ounces cola c. Eight ounces club soda d. Five ounces red wine e. Six ounces ginger ale

C

37. ________ is an actual change in sensitivity to a drug. a. Metabolic tolerance b. Apparent tolerance c. Functional tolerance d. Saturation tolerance e. Assimilation tolerance

C

48. What are the six diet-planning principles for developing a healthy eating pattern? a. adequacy, balance, nutrients, weight control, moderation, and variety b. adequacy, bone development, correction, nutrients, moderation, and variety c. adequacy, balance, calorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety d. abundance, better choices, weight control, multiple, nutrient-rich, and variety e. abundance, bone density, calorie control, nutrient-rich, multiple, and variety

C

51. The liver can metabolize _____ ounce(s) of alcohol per hour. a. 0.1 b. 0.25 c. 0.5 d. 1.0 e. 2.0

C

56. What water contaminant can cause neurologic damage in children? a. Cryptosporidium b. Iron c. Lead d. Mercury e. Nitrates

C

62. Louise would like to lose some weight. How might the exchange lists be helpful to her? a. Louise can easily compare several brands of a particular food to find the most nutrient-dense version. b. Louise can identify low-calorie foods rich in each of the essential vitamins and minerals. c. Louise can mix and match the portion sizes for different foods that provide the same number of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to plan calorie-controlled meals. d. Louise can determine which foods will prevent her from developing diabetes if she consumes them on a regular basis as she loses weight. e. Louise can compare the best food choices on the exchange lists for a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.

C

71. What effect does blockage of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the body when consuming alcohol? a. Urine output is decreased b. The kidneys conserve fluid c. Urine output is increased d. The effects of alcohol are increased e. Lower alcohol hydrogenase activity

C

74. ______ is an inflammation of the liver. a. Cirrhosis b. Pancreatitis c. Alcoholic hepatitis d. Gastritis e. Fatty liver

C

76. Avoiding the consumption of meat on Fridays during Lent is an example of a food choice based on ______. a. customs b. social groups c. religion d. perception e. sustainability

C

77. Which statement is not correct about milk consumption? a. Lower dairy intake is associated with higher amounts of body fat. b. Adolescent milk intake is half of what it used to be in the 1970s. c. Milk consumption has steadily risen since 1970. d. Higher intakes of milk are associated with modest benefits facilitating weight reduction. e. Some milk displacement has been caused by nondairy milks.

C

80. ______ mediates the conversion of alcohol to _____. a. Acetaldehyde; hydrogen peroxide b. Hydrochloric acid; alcohol dehydrogenase c. Alcohol dehydrogenase; acetaldehyde d. Acetaldehyde; bile e. Hydrogen peroxide; acetaldehyde

C

81. What food item would be a healthy basic selection at the grocery store? a. White bread b. Battered fish c. Dry roasted nuts d. White rice e. Peaches canned in heavy syrup

C

82. According to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), approximately 45 to 65 percent of the total calories in a balanced diet should come from ____. a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. phytochemicals e. fiber

C

82. Consumption of _____ is associated with a decrease in the plaque formation associated with Alzheimer's disease. a. coffee b. hot cocoa c. tea d. water e. decaffeinated soda

C

84. Since a woman will absorb more alcohol into her blood than a man of the same weight, _____ drink(s) for a woman could have the same effect as _____ drink(s) for a man. a. One; ½ of a drink b. two; one c. one; two d. one; three e. three; one

C

85. The _________ in cow's milk makes it an unsuitable alternative to human milk for infants. a. lactose b. calcium c. protein d. iron e. lipids

C

87. Consuming over three cups of coffee each daily may actually increase risk of cardiovascular disease for individuals who have _______. a. Type 2 diabetes b. a high pulse rate c. uncontrolled hypertension d. cancer e. dementia

C

A ______ food is one that is low in calories compared to the amount of nutrients it contains. a. calorie-dense b. energy-dense c. nutrient-dense d. healthy e. balanced

C

A cup of skim milk has 8 grams of protein and the Daily Value for protein is 50 grams. What is the % Daily Value for protein in a cup of milk? a. 6 percent b. 8 percent c. 16 percent d. 24 percent e. 30 percent

C

A food label can make a health claim for sugar alcohols. Consuming this nutrient is associated with a lower risk of ____. a. heart disease b. cancer c. tooth decay d. liver disease e. spinal cord birth defect

C

Glycogen provides the body with glucose when ____. a. excess calories are eaten b. a high-carbohydrate meal is consumed c. glucose absorbed from ingested foods is depleted d. a person has type 1 diabetes e. the fat content of a person's diet is elevated

C

Imagine that you are reading a magazine article about a new product that claims to benefit health. Which characteristic suggests that these claims might be valid? a. The product is described as a "secret formula." b. The article provides anecdotal evidence that the product works. c. The peer-reviewed scientific research is cited. d. The product is available only through a commercial. e. The article includes testimonials from satisfied customers.

C

In addition to digestive functions, the _____ is responsible for filtering bacteria and other particles from the blood. a. small intestine b. pancreas c. liver d. appendix e. gallbladder

C

In addition to the five food groups, we need to include a small amount of oil in the diet for the ____ and ____ that oils provide. a. vitamin K; phytochemicals b. vitamin E; vitamin C c. essential fats; vitamin E d. trans fat; vitamin A e. vitamin D; vitamin K

C

In the current U.S. diet, the nutrient that is closest to meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans intake recommendations is _______. a. vitamin D b. potassium c. calcium d. sodium e. fiber

C

Intrinsic factor in the stomach aids in the absorption of ______. a. iron b. folate c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin B6 e. potassium

C

Joe engages in moderately intense physical activity for 30 to 60 minutes a day in addition to other daily activities. What is his activity level? a. Sedentary b. Minimally active c. Moderately active d. Active e. Very active

C

Peaches are a food source of vitamins A and C. Why would a raw peach be considered a more nutrient-dense snack than a serving of peaches canned in light syrup? a. The canned peaches are more processed than the raw peach. b. The raw peach is brighter in color than the canned peaches. c. The raw peach contains similar nutrients but fewer calories because of the added sugars in the canned. d. The canned peaches contain more vitamins per calorie than the raw peach. e. The raw peach contains more natural sugar per serving than the canned peaches.

C

Sasha wants to consume 30 percent of her total calories from fat and she eats 1800 calories per day. What is the maximum number of fat grams she should eat? a. 45 grams b. 55 grams c. 60 grams d. 77 grams e. 135 grams

C

Sue is planning a meal for Juan and wants to avoid any foods that are associated with causing gas. What food would you recommend to her that she omit from the meal? a. Enriched white bread b. Soda crackers c. Cabbage d. Strawberries e. White rice

C

The volume of an empty stomach is about ____, but its capacity can increase to about ____ after eating or drinking. a. 1/2 cup; 2 cups b. 1 ounce; 1½ liters c. 1½ ounces; 1 liter d. 1/2 liter; 1½ liters e. 3 ounces; 3 cups

C

What substance supplies energy without promoting growth or repair of the body? a. Tobacco b. Fat c. Alcohol d. Glucose e. Copper

C

Vignette #2 Sue and her friends are having lunch in the school cafeteria. Sue is drinking bottled water, Joe is drinking Gatorade, Ben has a soft drink, Marsha is sipping iced tea, and Tom is drinking vitamin-enhanced water. Tom thinks he is drinking the best beverage of all because it has vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and some herbs in it. Marsha is counting on the caffeine to keep her alert during her English class and Sue thinks she made the best choice. Ben really doesn't think much about what he drinks at all. Let's answer these questions and learn more about these beverages. 44. Which would be a good reason for Sue to purchase bottled water? a. It is healthier than tap water. b. It is purer than tap water. c. It tastes better than Sue's tap water. d. It has to meet higher standards for quality than tap water. e. It includes minerals in a highly digestible form.

C

Vignette #2 Sue and her friends are having lunch in the school cafeteria. Sue is drinking bottled water, Joe is drinking Gatorade, Ben has a soft drink, Marsha is sipping iced tea, and Tom is drinking vitamin-enhanced water. Tom thinks he is drinking the best beverage of all because it has vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and some herbs in it. Marsha is counting on the caffeine to keep her alert during her English class and Sue thinks she made the best choice. Ben really doesn't think much about what he drinks at all. Let's answer these questions and learn more about these beverages. 67. Which statement about enhanced waters is correct? a. The maltodextrin added for fiber will help with "regularity." b. The added antioxidant vitamins will help prevent some diseases. c. The fat-soluble vitamins will not be well absorbed into the body. d. They are preferred as a dietary enhancement over a vitamin-mineral supplement. e. The added herbs are available in therapeutic amounts.

C

Vitamin B12 requires what secretion in order to be absorbed? a. Amylase b. Insulin c. Intrinsic factor d. Cholecystokinin e. Hydrochloric acid

C

What is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients? a. Mouth b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. liver

C

What nutrients are carried initially in the lymphatic system after absorption through the small intestine? a. Glucose and fructose b. Water-soluble vitamins c. Fat-soluble vitamins d. Minerals e. Amino acids

C

Which major goal is part of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a. Reduce health disparities b. Consume more energy-dense foods c. Balance calories with physical activity to manage weight d. Consume more foods with refined grains e. Decrease complex carbohydrate foods

C

Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram? a. Carbohydrate b. Water c. Fat d. Protein e. Alcohol

C

Which nutrients provide four calories per gram? a. Carbohydrate and fat b. Fat and protein c. Carbohydrate and protein d. Alcohol and protein e. Carbohydrate and alcohol

C

Which snack is the most nutritious choice to take to the library if you know you will be studying for several hours? a. Bagel with jelly b. 100 percent fruit juice with fruit rolls c. Peanut butter with celery d. Potato chips with dip e. Buttered popcorn

C

Which vitamins are water-soluble? a. B vitamins and D b. A and D c. B vitamins and C d. A, D, E, and K e. C and E

C

Who often plays the most powerful role in determining the typical individual's food choices? a. The father b. Siblings c. The mother d. Friends e. Coworkers

C

. Degenerative illnesses sometimes known as ____. a. unintentional diseases b. illnesses of poverty c. fast food diseases d. diseases of affluence e. cultural illnesses

D

You are looking for a legitimate, qualified dietitian to advise you on a healthy eating plan for your family. Which characteristic might alert you to do further research? a. An undergraduate degree in food and nutrition or a related science b. Completion of an approved dietetic internship or its equivalent c. Use of the term nutritionist after the individual's name d. Successful completion of a national examination and maintenance of continuing education e. A degree earned at an institution accredited by the Council on Education

C

_________refers to the traditional foods eaten by the people of a particular culture. a. Culture b. Food perception c. Ethnic cuisine d. International cuisine e. Religious cuisine

C

43. Which drug can be administered as a nasal spray to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts?

Calcitonin

68. ________ is a calcium supplement that tends to be better absorbed, especially by older people whose secretion of stomach acid tends to be reduced.

Calcium citrate

78. _______ is a binder that is found in milk that hinders zinc absorption.

Casein

59. What factor plays the greatest role in the increase of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents?

Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age

60. ______ helps maintain the strong acidity in the stomach and the appropriate balance of acids and bases in the blood.

Chloride

35. Many nutrition professionals recommend emphasizing "good carbohydrates" in the diet. What does this mean?

Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars

64. Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

Contributes the stomach secretions

73. Along with iron, which minerals are associated with hemoglobin and the ability of the body's red blood cells to carry oxygen?

Copper and zinc

. Following digestion, what nutrients are first carried in the lymph? a. Protein and products of fat digestion b. Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals c. Water-soluble vitamins and protein d. Products of fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamins e. Water and minerals

D

. Juan is unsure about topics surrounding gas in the digestive system. What statement about gas is correct? a. Gas from swallowed air has a bad odor. b. Belched gas leaves through the rectum. c. The average adult passes gas twice a day. d. Some gas is produced by the bacteria that live in our colon. e. Gas produced due to lactose maldigestion is typically accompanied by constipation.

D

. The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally ____. a. the maximum amounts that average people need b. more than twice as high as anyone needs c. designed to prevent deficiency diseases in half the population d. designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people e. the same for all ages for all nutrients

D

. What is an example of a fortified food? a. Organically grown strawberries b. Low-fat potato chips c. 93 percent lean ground beef d. Iodized salt e. Natural supplements

D

31. When alcohol is consumed, it is mostly absorbed through the ____ and metabolized in the _______. a. stomach; pancreas b. esophagus; stomach c. stomach; liver d. small intestine; liver e. large intestine; pancreas

D

41. Citrus juices are high in ____ and low in ____. a. folate; sodium b. vitamin C; potassium c. phytochemicals; folate d. potassium; flavonoids e. lycopene; folate

D

42. Five grams of alcohol supplies ____ calories. a. 0 b. 20 c. 25 d. 35 e. 45

D

45. Ben thinks his choice of a regular soft drink is the best because he spent the least amount of money on it. However, which may be a problem with consuming a lot of soft drinks? a. The risk of type 1 diabetes increases. b. The risk of kidney stones increases due to too much calcium. c. The risk of consuming too much fluoride increases. d. The risk of dental caries increases. e. The risk of hypotension increases.

D

47. The absorption and metabolism of alcohol is unaffected by ____. a. gender b. ethnicity c. the presence of food in the stomach d. the type of ethyl alcohol drink e. body composition

D

48. Which meal eaten with an alcoholic beverage would most likely slow down the rate at which the alcohol is absorbed? a. chicken noodle soup b. fresh fruit salad c. turkey sandwich on white bread d. pepperoni pizza e. salad topped with grilled chicken

D

56. To reduce the risk of chronic disease, help prevent weight gain, and help sustain weight loss, MyPlate recommends at least ________ of moderate activity per week. a. 1 hour b. 1 hour and 30 minutes c. 2 hours d. 2 hours and 30 minutes e. 3 hours

D

57. Regular soft drinks are ____. a. known to be harmless b. known to cause low blood pressure c. low in calories d. low in nutrient density e. beneficial in meeting energy needs

D

58. If Norma expends 2,000 calories per day to maintain her weight, about how much total fluid does she need? a. 500 to 1,000 mL b. 1,500 to 2,000 mL c. 1,000 to 1,500 mL d. 2,000 to 3,000 mL e. at least 4,000 mL

D

72. Acetaldehyde affects production of red blood cells by destroying vitamin ____. a. B12 b. C c. D d. B6 e. E

D

72. Which nutrients regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism rather than supplying energy? a. Water and protein b. Fats and minerals c. Amino acids and vitamins d. Vitamins and minerals e. Antioxidants and fats

D

81. The combination of alcohol with _______ may lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure. a. antibiotics b. marijuana c. oral contraceptives d. antidepressants e. ecstasy

D

The stomach is the digestive organ where digestion of ____ is initiated thanks to hydrochloric acid. a. vitamin B12 b. lactose c. insoluble fiber d. protein e. soluble fiber

D

A sound strategy for Zoe and her parents regarding MyPlate is to ____. a. follow strict guidelines in preparing foods the same way each time b. avoid mixed dish foods that include servings from several groups c. increase activity to a high level while choosing foods based on moderate activity d. add variety by choosing different foods within the food groups e. remember that gender differences are minimal when considering calorie needs

D

A statement linking the nutritional profile of a food to a reduced risk of a particular disease is known as a _______. a. nutrient content claim b. structure function claim c. nutritional fact d. health claim e. ingredient claim

D

According to "The Longevity Game" by Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, which trait or behavior is most likely to add to the average life expectancy? a. Retiring at age 62 b. Exercising once per week c. Wearing seatbelts at all times, excluding short trips d. Being female e. Drinking three glasses of wine per day

D

According to MyPlate guidelines, which food portion is equivalent to 1 ounce of grains? a. One slice of bread b. One large bagel c. One-half cup dry cereal d. One English muffin e. One cup cooked rice

D

Carly decides to eat three-fourths of a cup of cereal #1 with three-fourths cup of fortified skim milk. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet, what percent of calories of carbohydrates will she consume? a. 6 percent b. 8 percent c. 10 percent d. 12 percent e. 14 percent

D

Carly wants to stay healthy and decides to purchase the cereal that may help prevent heart disease and cancer. Which cereal would she buy and why? a. Cereal #1 because it contains more protein per serving b. Cereal #1 because it contains more antioxidants c. Cereal #2 because it has less sugar d. Cereal #2 because it contains more fiber and no saturated fat e. Both cereals would be equally effective because they both contain no cholesterol.

D

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) should be avoided when ____. a. estimating nutrient requirements for healthy people b. assessing dietary nutrient adequacy c. planning diets d. treating individuals with certain medical conditions e. considering dietary differences based on gender and age

D

Foods with a high-nutrient density are best characterized as ____. a. those that are good sources of calcium, iron, and protein b. a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein c. those that carry the label "healthy" d. rich in nutrients but relatively low in calories e. containing all essential nutrients in moderate amounts

D

Hemorrhoids are ____. a. a life-threatening complication of constipation b. relatively rare in the U.S. adult population c. patches of itchy, irritated skin around the anus d. swollen and inflamed veins around the anus e. seldom experienced during pregnancy

D

How does the type of food eaten influence stomach emptying rate? a. The type of food has virtually no impact on the stomach emptying rate. b. Solids pass through the stomach more quickly than liquids. c. Proteins pass through the stomach more slowly than fats. d. Carbohydrates pass through the stomach more quickly than proteins. e. Fats pass through the stomach more quickly than carbohydrates.

D

If you weigh 200 pounds and are at a desirable weight, how much of that weight is water? a. 40 pounds b. 80 pounds c. 100 pounds d. 120 pounds e. 140 pounds

D

Joe is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole-wheat bread. The chemical digestion of what nutrient in his sandwich is started in his mouth? a. The fat in the peanut butter b. The fiber in the peanut butter c. The vitamins in the bread d. The starch in the bread e. The protein in the bread and in the peanut butter

D

Julia and David like to drink a glass of beer or wine when they get home from work. The beer and wine contribute _____ to their diets. a. discretionary calories b. sweets c. oils d. empty calories e. nutrient-dense calories

D

Marcia decides to go shopping and wants to purchase foods with less fat and calories and save money at the same time. Which food item is least likely to help Marcia meet her objectives? a. Salsa b. Pork tenderloin c. Frozen broccoli d. Chicken nuggets e. Eggs

D

On average, how much water does your body lose each day in the form of sweat and urine? a. Two cups b. Two pints c. Four to six cups d. Two to three quarts e. One gallon

D

Simone is looking for scientifically supported information on nutrition, and performs an Internet search. Which criteria suggest that the site features unreliable information? a. The site states: "This website is authored and maintained by John Fawkes, M.D., a practicing physician who teaches at John Hopkins University School of Medicine." b. The latest post on the "recent news" page is dated the day before. c. The site describes both potential risks and benefits when describing nutritional practices or products. d. The sources of statistics and study findings discussed are unavailable on the site. e. The summary information is presented in an objective manner.

D

The ____ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears to be adequate for individuals when there is not sufficient scientific research to calculate an RDA. a. DRI b. UL c. DV d. AI e. EAR

D

The ________ protects the esophagus from stomach acid splashing back into the esophagus. a. epiglottis b. pyloric sphincter c. ileocecal valve d. lower esophageal spincter e. appendix

D

Tulley is a 38-year-old man who successfully lost 50 lb of excess weight. According to MyPlate recommendations, how much physical activity does he need to maintain his weight loss when he consumes only enough for his calorie needs? a. At least 30 minutes of moderate activity per week b. At least 60 minutes vigorous activity per week c. At least 90 minutes vigorous activity per week d. At least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week e. At least 180 minutes of vigorous activity per week

D

Valerie is eating lunch at the college cafeteria and is determined not to gain weight during her freshman year at college. She realizes that controlling portion sizes is the key. Which visual reference could she apply to estimate one cup of pasta? a. four thumbs together b. the palm of one hand c. three clenched fists d. two hands, cupped together e. one hand, fingers spread

D

Vignette #1 Robert and Chris have been at a local bar near their dormitory for 1 hour. Chris has had three beers already and Robert tells him to slow down because too much alcohol can cause death. Chris says this is not true since you just go to sleep when you drink too much. Chris also says that since he is allowed two drinks a day on average, he decided to save them up for the weekend. Robert is beginning to suspect that Chris might have a drinking problem. Let's see if you know more than Chris does concerning alcohol by answering these questions. 30. How many drinks does Chris need to drink during the evening to constitute a "binge"? a. At least 2 b. At least 3 c. At least 4 d. At least 5 e. At least 6

D

Vignette #1 Robert and Chris have been at a local bar near their dormitory for 1 hour. Chris has had three beers already and Robert tells him to slow down because too much alcohol can cause death. Chris says this is not true since you just go to sleep when you drink too much. Chris also says that since he is allowed two drinks a day on average, he decided to save them up for the weekend. Robert is beginning to suspect that Chris might have a drinking problem. Let's see if you know more than Chris does concerning alcohol by answering these questions. 36. Robert asks Chris to list the stages of alcohol addiction put forth by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). What is the correct sequence of the scale? a. Misuse, use, dependencyaddiction, and abuse b. Abuse, use, misuse, and dependencyaddiction c. Use, abuse, misuse, and dependencyaddiction d. Use, misuse, abuse, and dependency/addiction e. Dependency/addiction, misuse, use, and abuse

D

Vignette #2 Sue and her friends are having lunch in the school cafeteria. Sue is drinking bottled water, Joe is drinking Gatorade, Ben has a soft drink, Marsha is sipping iced tea, and Tom is drinking vitamin-enhanced water. Tom thinks he is drinking the best beverage of all because it has vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and some herbs in it. Marsha is counting on the caffeine to keep her alert during her English class and Sue thinks she made the best choice. Ben really doesn't think much about what he drinks at all. Let's answer these questions and learn more about these beverages. 65. What effect is attributed to drinking tea? a. Increased inflammation b. Decreased total cholesterol c. Enhanced carcinogenesis d. Increased blood pressure e. Lowered dopamine levels

D

What conversion represents a catabolic reaction? a. Glucose to glycogen b. Amino acids to protein c. Fatty acids and glycerol to triglycerides d. Glycogen to glucose e. Glucose to protein

D

Which suggestion would be excluded in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a. Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark-green and red and orange vegetables. b. Use oils to replace solid fats where possible. c. Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains. d. Choose diets that emphasize refined and enriched grain products. e. Choose fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.

D

_____ is digested to glucose and fructose in the stomach. a. Galactose b. Maltose c. Lactose d. Sucrose e. Soluble fiber

D

_______is the psychological desire to eat. a. Hunger b. Craving c. Satiety d. Appetite e. Food perception

D

. What is a function of water in the body? a. It regulates the release of energy. b. It transports hormonal messages from place to place. c. It provides a small amount of energy needed by the nervous system. d. It plays a vital role in heart rate. e. It controls muscle contractions.

E

29. __________ is thought to be the main factor contributing to a hangover. a. The large amount of fluid consumed b. The lack of food consumed during the day c. The altered activity in the cortex of the brain d. The rise in blood pressure after drinking alcohol e. The dehydration from the alcohol consumed

E

32. Caffeine consumption is known to cause _________. a. heart disease b. birth defects c. cancer d. high blood pressure e. jitteriness

E

43. _______ is drawn from an underground source and contains at least 250 parts per million of dissolved solids. a. Well water b. Spring water c. Effervescent water d. Distilled water e. Mineral water

E

54. If a food has 20 grams of fat and 300 calories per serving, what is the percentage of calories from fat in this food? a. 20 percent b. 25 percent c. 35 percent d. 50 percent e. 60 percent

E

54. Which is not a health benefit associated with moderate coffee consumption? a. Reduced risk of alcohol-related cirrhosis b. Reduced risk of stroke c. Protection from inflammatory diseases d. Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes e. Reduced risk of obesity

E

60. Mark visited a local café near work and was debating what to order. He was trying to cut down on caffeine but knew that in addition to coffee, soft drinks and tea also have caffeine in them. Which choice would provide the least caffeine for Mark? a. Twelve-ounce can of Mountain Dew soft drink b. Eight-ounce cup of black tea, steeped for 3 minutes c. Eight-ounce cup of instant coffee d. Two-ounce cup of espresso e. Eight-ounce cup of hot chocolate

E

69. Which of the following is a correct statement about enhanced water? a. Research has demonstrated that water supplemented with antioxidants is associated with disease prevention. b. Herbs are added to enhanced waters in safe, therapeutic amounts. c. The fiber in enhanced waters is maltodextrin which helps in preventing constipation. d. Enhanced waters with caffeine only contain a small percentage of the caffeine found in a small cup of coffee. e. Most enhanced water beverages are not any healthier than other beverages with added sugar.

E

75. Jill has decided to stop drinking coffee. What should be her initial approach to help avoid headaches and fatigue? a. Stop drinking cold turkey. b. Replace two of three cups per day with a sport drink. c. Replace two of three cups per day with an energy drink. d. Take B vitamins and vitamin C daily. e. Replace a small amount of regular- with decaffeinated-coffee grounds

E

83. Which statement accurately describes a downside to vegetable juices? a. They are nutrient dense. b. They count toward the MyPlate recommended quantity. c. They contain antioxidants. d. They contain phytochemicals. e. They contain salt.

E

A _______ study minimizes the chances that the results are due to a placebo effect or to bias on the part of the researcher. a. controlled and valid b. randomized and epidemiological c. valid and randomized d. epidemiological e. controlled and randomized

E

A(n) _____________ examines populations to determine food patterns and health status over time. a. epidemiological study b. intervention study c. correlational study d. control group e. clinical study

E

During the process of digestion, where in the body does chyme form? a. In the esophagus b. In the small intestine c. In the colon d. In the liver e. In the stomach

E

Holly wants to lower her risk of heart disease and decides to follow the Mediterranean diet. What modification to this diet is recommended by major U.S. health organizations? a. Eat a small amount of red meat accompanied with a glass of red wine daily. b. Include eggs at least three times per week. c. Increase the amount of whole-grain breads while reducing nuts. d. Consume more fruits and vegetables and less dairy products. e. Limit fat, including olive oil, to 20 to 35 percent of total calories.

E

If you consistently build your diet by choosing mostly nutrient-dense foods, you may be able to meet your nutrient needs without using your full calorie allowance. In this case, the balance of calories is called your ____. a. bonus calorie allowance b. daily limit for non-essential calories c. excess calories d. fat and sugar calorie allowance e. daily limit for discretionary calories

E

The ____ produces bile and the ____ stores it. a. gallbladder; colon b. stomach; liver c. small intestine; large intestine d. pancreas; gallbladder e. liver; gallbladder

E

The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving _____________. a. variety b. moderation c. balance d. adequacy e. calorie control

E

Vignette #1 Robert and Chris have been at a local bar near their dormitory for 1 hour. Chris has had three beers already and Robert tells him to slow down because too much alcohol can cause death. Chris says this is not true since you just go to sleep when you drink too much. Chris also says that since he is allowed two drinks a day on average, he decided to save them up for the weekend. Robert is beginning to suspect that Chris might have a drinking problem. Let's see if you know more than Chris does concerning alcohol by answering these questions. 86. Chris argues that beer does not raise your blood alcohol level as much as hard liquor. Which beverage amount combination has more alcohol than 12 ounces of regular beer? a. 5 ounces of wine b. 1 1/2 ounces of vodka c. 1 1/2 ounces of gin d. 10 ounces of a wine cooler e. They all contain the same amount of alcohol.

E

What are organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients that are vital to life but needed only in relatively minute amounts? a. Trace minerals b. Catalysts c. Micro minerals d. Metabolites e. Vitamins

E

What is the collective term for all the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells, including the reactions by which the body obtains and uses energy from foods? a. Biochemistry b. Epidemiology c. Active transport d. Cellular respiration e. Metabolism

E

What substances are normally present in feces? a. Water, red blood cells, fiber, and bacteria b. Fiber, water, bicarbonate, and bile c. Bacteria, water, hydrochloric acid, and fiber d. Fiber, maltase, water, and bacteria e. Water, bile pigments, fiber, and bacteria

E

When the body does not require immediate energy, the end-products of digestion are stored as ____. a. protein and fat b. fat and amino acids c. glycogen and glucose d. enzymes and glycogen e. fat and glycogen

E

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding American current food intake and health status? a. Vegetable intake is low but whole grain and fruit intake is adequate. b. Over half of the American population engages in no leisure-time physical activity. c. One-third of adults are overweight or obese. d. Obesity rates in American children are not a current concern but may become one if lifestyle habits do not change. e. Over half of Americans suffer from a disease or condition is preventable through dietary intake and physical activity.

E

Which substance is not indicative of an added sugar in an ingredient list? a. Molasses b. High-fructose corn syrup c. Levulose d. Niacinamide e. Honey

E

Which substance provides seven calories per gram? a. Protein b. Fat c. Carbohydrate d. Fiber e. Alcohol

E

______ protects the lining of the digestive tract from gastric juices and digestive enzymes. a. Bile b. Ptyalin c. Chyme d. Bicarbonate e. Mucus

E

49. Eunice is a 60-year-old woman who is trying to increase the amount of fiber in her diet in order to meet the Dietary Guidelines. What change would be best for her to make?

Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. 83. How would Dan's blood pressure be interpreted?

High blood pressure (hypertension)

What is the unusable, or inedible, part of a wheat kernel that provides a protective coating around the kernel?

Husk

29. What is another name for high blood glucose?

Hyperglycemia

21. Which statement is correct concerning type 2 diabetes?

Infrequent urination is a typical response.

35. _____ is a mineral that is critical to the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Iodine

64. Which statement is true about hypoglycemia?

It is aggravated by high-sugar foods.

50. Which individual would be at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

Joe, who walks for 1 hour, 3 times each week

52. ________ causes muscles to relax after contractions, helps tooth enamel to retain calcium, and is found in nuts, dark green vegetables, seafood, and chocolate.

Magnesium

13. Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Maltose

31. When two glucose units are bonded together they form ____.

Maltose

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. 57. While out for dinner with Tracy, what choice would help Dan lower his sodium intake?

Order an omelet made with fresh tomatoes and herbs instead of ham.

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. 37. Dan has been working hard to eat a lower sodium diet, lose weight, and exercise. He goes back to the doctor 2 months later and his blood pressure is 130 over 85 millimeters of mercury. How would his blood pressure be categorized now?

Prehypertension

37. Sabina is concerned about her children's teeth after their first dental checkups. Her 2-year old already has a cavity and her four-year old needs to brush better. What else should Sabina's children do to prevent tooth decay?

Rinse their mouths with water after eating

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. 48. Are there symptoms for high blood pressure that Dan should watch for?

There are no symptoms.

70. Which is not a common characteristic seen in high sodium diets?

They are high in whole foods.

25. Marta tries to avoid sugar because she believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition has verifiably been linked to sugar by research studies?

Tooth decay

20. Anna is still confused about the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Which statement is characteristic of type 1 diabetes only?

Treatment always involves insulin injections.

10. The primary function of vitamin D is the regulation of the use of calcium and phosphorus within the body. a. True b. False

True

11. Herbal supplements are unregulated and possibly unsafe. a. True b. False

True

11. The primary role of carbohydrates in the diet is to provide quick energy.

True

12. Low vitamin K blood levels are associated with a higher risk of hip fractures in older women. a. True b. False

True

12. Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is in the bones.

True

13. Regular consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables such as beta-carotene may delay may prevent or delay macular degeneration. a. True b. False

True

14. Peak bone mass marks the point where bones are the strongest and most dense.

True

17. Osteoblasts are the bone-building cells of the body.

True

17. Vitamins promote growth and reproduction and help maintain health. a. True b. False

True

18. Calcium is required for transmission of nerve impulses.

True

18. Phytochemicals in food are superior to the phytochemicals found in supplements. a. True b. False

True

19. Minerals are different than vitamins in that they contribute directly to the building of body structures.

True

45. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) ____. a. determines the rate at which adipose cells store fat b. signals the pancreas to release insulin c. signals the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine d. determines the rate at which the liver makes LDL cholesterol e. affects the hypothalamus stimulating appetite

a

46. Breast milk contains ample amounts of vitamins except _____ a. vitamin D b. riboflavin c. niacin d. pantothenic acid e. thiamin

a

47. Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in ____. a. soy products b. citrus fruits c. pumpkin d. tomatoes e. cruciferous vegetables

a

48. What is the most serious risk that is posed by irradiation? a. Exposure of workers at irradiation facilities to radioactive materials b. Exposure of consumers purchasing raw meats to radioactive materials c. Production of unique radiolytic products d. Production of toxic, explosive ethylene oxide e. Unknown long-term effects of consuming fresh fruits with residual radioactive substances

a

48. Which statement best describes amino acid supplements? a. Your body cannot store them and so any excess will be converted into fat. b. The amino acid arginine can enhance weight loss by stimulating production of human growth hormone. c. The FDA has approved claims that they help control weight. d. They have been demonstrated to be safe in children and teens. e. They help prevent dehydration, which improves performance.

a

5. A low-carbohydrate diet forces the body to draw on its own protein for its needed glucose. a. True b. False

a

5. Foodborne illness caused by bacteria is typically due to improper handling that has allowed the microorganisms to flourish. a. True b. False

a

5. Stretching activities improve flexibility by increasing muscle and tendon elasticity and length. a. True b. False

a

51. Sue is visiting her pregnant cousin Anna and notices that she is eating laundry starch and clay when watching TV at night. What is going on? a. Anna is experiencing pica. b. Anna is showing symptoms of high blood pressure. c. Anna is probably diabetic. d. Anna is constipated and this will alleviate the problem. e. Anna is exhibiting behavior that may increase her risk for preeclampsia.

a

51. What is the primary source of mercury contamination in the diet? a. Seafood b. Legumes c. Unfiltered water d. Undercooked poultry e. Unwashed fruits and vegetables

a

52. Todd is a full-time student on a limited food budget who, fortunately, has access to a kitchen and likes to cook his own meals. He always buys vegetables and fruits that are in season in order to save money. During the fall, he chooses ____. a. apples, pears, and acorn and butternut squash b. berries, peaches, zucchini, and melons c. asparagus, green beans, sweet peas, and rhubarb d. oranges, grapefruits, sweet potatoes, rutabagas, and greens e. radishes, apples, berries, and asparagus

a

52. ______ has been falsely claimed to increase the use of fatty acids and spare glycogen during exercise. a. Carnitine b. Caffeine c. Sodium bicarbonate d. Creatine e. Coenzyme Q10

a

53. __________ often predisposes a person to a sedentary life and may give rise to obesity. a. Osteoarthritis b. Dementia c. Loss of teeth d. Malabsorption e. Cancer

a

55. _______ is a procedure that involves stapling the stomach closed near the top, leaving only a small pouch that is connected directly to the jejunum (middle section of the small intestine). a. Gastric bypass b. Liposuction c. Vertical-banded gastroplasty d. Horizontal-banded gastroplasty e. Gastric constriction e. Gastric constriction

a

56. Phytochemicals have several different modes of action. Those with ____ protect cells from damage. a. antioxidant properties b. anti-estrogen properties c. anti-cancer properties d. anti-progesterone properties e. anti-androgen properties

a

57. Which food additive might be added by a manufacturer to maintain palatability and wholesomeness of a product? a. BHT or BHA b. Calcium citrate c. Guar gum d. MSG e. Phosphoric acid

a

6. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that has been shown to increase athletic ability slightly when consumed in moderate amounts. a. True b. False

a

6. SNAP is a federally funded initiative currently in place to reduce food insecurity in the United States. a. True b. False

a

61. Kyle wants to improve his fitness and drop a few extra pounds. The most important thing Kyle can do to achieve these goals is to ____. a. start a daily or weekly exercise routine and stick to it consistently b. join a fitness club and sign up for personal training sessions c. buy some high-quality athletic shoes and exercise DVDs d. order a book with a popular exercise program and follow it exactly e. purchase exercise equipment recommended by a close friend

a

61. When boys and girls are compared, why do girls typically have iron intakes below the current recommendation? a. Because girls consume fewer total calories than boys b. Because girls drink more milk than boys c. Because girls eat more meat than boys d. Because girls eat more vegetables than boys e. Because girls eat more empty-calorie snacks than boys

a

63. For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least a. 20 minutes. b. 40 minutes. c. 1 hour. d. 1 1/2 hours. e. 2 hours.

a

64. What factor is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer? a. High intake of calories b. High intake of citrus fruits c. Moderate intake of fats and oils d. High intake of phytochemicals e. High intake of cruciferous vegetables

a

65. Which aspect of Bella's lifestyle should she probably consider changing in order to grow old healthfully? a. She practices reactive health care, seeking assistance only when problems occur. b. She does not smoke, and rarely drinks alcoholic beverages c. She contributes part of her paycheck to a retirement account (401K) d. She eats a balanced diet, including vegetables and nonfat dairy products e. She attempts to solve the Sudoku and crossword puzzles in the daily newspaper

a

67. Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States and in less developed countries? a. Poverty b. High cost of food c. Excessive food waste d. Lack of nutrition education e. Lack of physical access to food

a

69. The two factors most responsible for the epidemic of obesity are ____. a. physical inactivity and excess calorie intake b. excess calorie intake and genetics c. genetics and hormonal imbalances d. hormonal imbalances and physical inactivity e. socioeconomic status and genetics

a

74. Which micronutrient deficiencies are of particular concern worldwide? a. Iodine, iron, and vitamin A b. Fluoride, zinc, and vitamin D c. Magnesium, sodium, and iron d. Vitamin B12, niacin, and vitamin C e. Iron, vitamin C, and fluoride

a

75. Ted changed his eating habits to lose weight 2 months ago. Yesterday, he bought a gallon of cherry ice cream because it was on sale and he needed a dessert to take to a family party next week, but then couldn't resist eating two bowls of it last night. Ted is very upset that he has "blown it" and reverted to his former overeating. What should he do now? a. Forgive himself and avoid keeping ice cream in his freezer overnight in the future. b. Give up on his improved eating habits because relapses mean certain failure. c. Practice resisting temptation by keeping ice cream around and not eating it. d. Eat the rest of the ice cream quickly, and then resume healthful eating habits. e. Resolve not to purchase any ice cream in the future.

a

79. What is not a factor that one should consider when choosing a supplement to purchase? a. Price b. Percent of DV for nutrients c. Inclusion of nonvitamin substances d. USP symbol e. Expiration date

a

8. A limitation of using BMI is that it does not take into account where fat is located. a. True b. False

a

80. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy ____. a. can result in fetal alcohol syndrome b. is extremely rare in the United States (1 infant in 1 million) c. can be safe if only an occasional drink is consumed d. is allowed after the second trimester only e. can benefit the mother's blood lipid profile if limited to one drink per week

a

84. Mary is looking at a menu trying to decide what to order. She is mindful of her weight, and wants to make a healthful selection. Which item would be the best choice? a. Rotisserie chicken and mashed sweet potatoes b. Pasta Alfredo c. Chicken parmigiana d. Tempura shrimp e. Filet with a béarnaise sauce

a

9. All substances are potentially toxic, but are hazardous only if consumed in sufficiently large quantities. a. True b. False

a

9. Inactivity is defined as the activity equivalent of less than 30 minutes of brisk walking each day. a. True b. False

a

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 30. Because ____ are widespread in foods, people who eat a varied diet are not at risk for deficiencies of these vitamins. a. biotin and pantothenic acid b. biotin and choline c. phytoestrogens and choline d. beta-carotene and pantothenic acid e. vitamins D and K

a

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information. 43. At her sister's summer barbeque, Donna looks over the meats on the table to decide which meat to choose. In lieu of her concerns about cancer risk, what meat would be her best choice? a. Roasted turkey b. A hot dog c. Salami slices d. Fried chicken e. Cured ham

a

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. 33. Maya takes Accutane (isotretinoin) for acne and hopes to continue using it during her pregnancy. What advice would you give her? a. Stop taking it immediately as it causes major birth defects, and consult your doctor. b. Continue taking it as it won't affect the outcome of the pregnancy. c. Take half the usual dose and stay out of direct sunlight. d. Stop taking it until after the first trimester; then it is safe to resume again. e. Replace the Accutane with an herbal product since this would be a safe, natural alternative.

a

Vignette #1 The Waltons have dinner at their favorite local restaurant. Marty has a hamburger, Jill has grilled chicken, and Lori has clams on spaghetti. They have wine with dinner, order dessert, and thoroughly enjoy the evening. Late the next day, Marty starts having stomach pains. Soon, he also has diarrhea and begins vomiting. Jill decides he should go to the emergency room at the hospital. The medical intern at the ER sees Marty in extreme pain and immediately begins asking him questions. If you were the intern, how would you answer the following questions? 63. What can Marty do to prevent getting a foodborne illness from a hamburger in the future? a. Order burgers well done at a restaurant. b. Avoid irradiated beef. c. Order unpasteurized cheese on the burger at a restaurant. d. Thaw frozen beef at room temperature before cooking. e. Avoid hamburger that has been stored in a freezer for more than 2 months.

a

Vignette #2 Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. 84. When Jill engages in activities of low to moderate intensity for greater than 20 minutes at a time, her muscles' main source of energy is ____. a. fat b. glucose c. glycogen d. phospholipids e. coenzyme Q10

a

Vignette #2 Sue is the mother of a 2-year-old named Tara. Sue wants to protect Tara from pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful contaminants on the food she serves her daughter. She is committed to only purchasing organic foods and preparing them in a healthy manner. What recommendations would you make to Sue? 44. While food shopping, Sue sees a label on a package of graham crackers that reads "product made with organic ingredients." What does this mean? a. It means the graham crackers contain between 70 and 95 percent organic contents. b. It means the graham crackers contain 95 percent organic ingredients. c. It means the graham crackers contain no added preservatives but may have been irradiated. d. It means the wheat and sugar used to make the graham crackers were grown without pesticides but may contain genetically engineered products. e. It means the graham crackers contain at least 80 percent organic ingredients that were produced only in the United States.

a

Vignette #2 Todd has been overweight since childhood but as a college student has made a commitment to lose weight. He goes on the Atkins diet and after a few months switches to Weight Watchers. After 6 months, Todd has lost 12 pounds but is still overweight. He is discouraged he hasn't lost more weight and he goes to a fast-food restaurant and has two cheeseburgers and a milkshake. Let's see how knowledgeable you are regarding diets so you can effectively help Todd. 61. What mistake did Todd make when eating the cheeseburgers and shake? a. Allowing negative emotions to reduce self-control b. Wanting to improve appearance to get love and affection c. Not exercising to compensate for the extra calories d. Focusing on hunger when making food choices e. Using appearance as a measure of self-worth

a

32. Stan sweats profusely when he works out at his college's weight room, even though the facility is always very cool inside. Why is this? a. Stan has a high metabolism that causes him to perspire all the time. b. Stan's working muscles give off a lot of heat, which must then be released. c. Stan drinks too much water during his workouts. d. Stan's plasma volume is not being maintained at an appropriate level. e. The room's humidity level is too low causing Stan's body to try to compensate.

b

32. Which factors are primarily responsible for the rapid increases in overweight children and adolescents in recent years? a. Genetic factors b. Environmental and societal factors c. Physical factors d. Cognitive factors e. Emotional factors

b

34. Which nutrient should Maya make sure she is consuming adequately prior to becoming pregnant to reduce the risk of neural tube defects? a. Vitamin D b. Folate c. Magnesium d. Vitamin B6 e. Vitamin E

b

34. _______ has the greatest impact on long-term health. a. Flexibility b. Cardiovascular endurance c. Strength d. Muscle endurance e. Fight-or-flight response

b

35. _______ is the deficiency disease associated with niacin. a. Scurvy b. Pellagra c. Beriberi d. Thiaminosis e. Osteomalacia

b

38. Judy is looking for a new bread in the supermarket and found one labeled "organic." What does this mean? a. It contains 100 percent organic ingredients. b. It contains at least 95 percent organic ingredients. c. It contains between 70 and 95 percent organic ingredients. d. It contains between 60 and 90 percent organic ingredients. e. It contains more than 50 percent organic ingredients

b

38. Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors? a. Increased iron absorption b. Increased "good" bacterial growth c. Decreased allergy protection d. Decreased hormone production e. Impaired immune response

b

39. A person wishing to develop larger muscle should ____. a. eat more protein b. train the muscles more c. take in more carbohydrates d. cut back on fatty foods e. take arginine as a supplement

b

78. The physiological need to eat is _______. a. satiety b. appetite c. hunger d. obesity e. starvation

c

46. Which statement best describes athletes who eat well-balanced diets? a. These athletes are less likely than sedentary people to need vitamin-mineral supplements because training reduces the body's requirements. b. These athletes are less likely than sedentary people to need vitamin-mineral supplements because they eat more food. c. These athletes are more likely than sedentary people to need vitamin-mineral supplements because training increases the body's requirements. d. These athletes are more likely than sedentary people to need vitamin-mineral supplements because they enhance performance effectively. e. These athletes have increased caloric needs, and vitamin-mineral supplements along with balanced meals significantly improves their performance.

b

46. ______ refers to the highest amount of a pesticide that is allowed in a food when the pesticide is used according to label directions. a. Toxicity level b. Tolerance c. Risk concentration d. Optimum concentration e. Adverse concentration

b

47. The EPA sets forth a reference dose for a pesticide. This represents the amount of____. a. the chemical permitted to be sprayed on a crop per growing season b. a chemical that could be consumed daily without posing any health risk c. a chemical permitted to be sprayed on a field over a 5-year period d. a chemical that could be consumed yearly without posing any health risk e. the chemical that can be applied to one acre of cropland during one growing season

b

48. One of the functions of vitamin C in the body is ______. a. to serve as a coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells b. to function in collagen formation c. to work with calcium in blood coagulation d. to extract energy from nutrients e. to synthesize genetic material

b

49. Excess intake of water-soluble vitamins are typically ____. a. unabsorbed during digestion b. excreted in the urine c. stored in the liver, bone, and adipose tissue d. excreted during respiration e. reach toxic levels in the body

b

55. Newborns are given an injection of _____ to prevent the possibility of a life-threatening hemorrhage. a. vitamin A b. vitamin K c. vitamin D d. vitamin C e. vitamin E

b

49. In which way might dental disease lead to declines in a person's nutrition status? a. It may alter the sense of taste and lead to increased consumption of empty calories. b. It may lead to difficulty chewing and thus reduce food intake. c. It may alter cognitive ability to choose foods wisely. d. It may cause difficulties in regulating fluid balance, increasing water retention. e. It may decrease energy output and lead to obesity.

b

49. The ob gene produces a hormone called ____ that tells the body to stop eating when it is released from fat cells. a. insulin b. leptin c. glucagons d. growth hormone e. lipase

b

5. A minimum of 4 ½ servings of fruits and vegetables daily is recommended for reducing the risk of chronic diseases and their complications. a. True b. False

b

50. Substances widely used for many years without apparent ill effects are on the ____ list. a. FDA b. GRAS c. Delaney d. Additive Safety e. Preferred Additive

b

51. Bulimia nervosa may best be described as ____. a. eating closely monitored amounts of low-calorie foods b. the compulsive consumption of food followed by purging c. eating in response to social stimuli d. absence of hunger and refusal to eat e. extreme social isolation and preoccupation with death

b

51. Which statement best describes B vitamins? a. B vitamins are fat soluble. b. B vitamins become part of coenzymes. c. B vitamins are stored in adipose tissue. d. B vitamins are absorbed into lymph. e. B vitamins are stored and released by the liver.

b

53. What would you recommend to someone who wants to make sure her intake is close to the RDA for all vitamins? a. Eat selected fruits and vegetables in very large quantities. b. Eat a variety of all food groups daily. c. Eat a lot of chicken and meat. d. Eat legumes three times per week. e. Take a high-potency vitamin supplement twice daily.

b

54. What helps keep the body from consuming its vital tissues for energy in a prolonged diet or starvation? a. Metabolism b. Ketosis c. Carbohydrate loading d. Glycogenation e. Glycolysis

b

56. Substances not in use before 1958 are classified as food additives and subject to regulation under the ____. a. GRAS list b. Food Additives Amendment c. Food Quality Protection Act d. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act e. Federal Food and Drug Act

b

57. To promote breastfeeding, every maternity facility should ____. a. give pacifiers to the babies when they cry b. help the mother start breastfeeding within one-half hour of birth c. give newborns infant formula to supplement breast milk d. keep healthy newborns in a nursery separate from the mother's room so the mother can rest between feedings e. help the mother and newborn develop a normal routine with established feeding times

b

59. The strength of a muscle is most accurately reflected in the ____. a. size of the muscle b. muscle's ability to work against resistance c. muscle's response time to a stimulus d. muscle's contractibility and elasticity e. muscle's performance for long periods

b

6. Most vitamin B12 deficiencies seen in older adults are due to inadequate intake. a. True b. False

b

61. A patient with a high temperature complains of headache, stomachache, fever, and vomiting. Upon questioning, he admits to eating several raw eggs the day before. The most likely organism causing these symptoms is a. E. coli. b. Salmonella. c. Clostridium perfringens. d. Campylobacter jejuni. e. Staphylococcus aureus

b

62. What is gestational diabetes? a. A severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns. b. Abnormal blood glucose tolerance during pregnancy. c. Reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy. d. A temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy. e. A complication of pre-existing diabetes that can occur during pregnancy.

b

63. The vitamin most intensively involved in protein metabolism is ____. a. riboflavin b. vitamin B6 c. biotin d. vitamin A e. vitamin E

b

65. Lead in food can come from ____. a. discarded electrical equipment b. lead crystal ware c. sewage sludge d. PCB containers e. corks on wine bottles

b

68. Infants fed honey are at increased risk for a. protein malnutrition. b. botulism. c. osteopenia. d. type 1 diabetes. e. lead poisoning.

b

69. What recommendation helps minimize the loss of vitamins that can occur as a result of improper food handling? a. Peel and wash fruit when you get home from the market. b. Cook vegetables in a microwave oven in as little water as possible. c. Store bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes in your refrigerator. d. Eat frozen vegetables within a year of purchase. e. Freeze fresh fruits if not consumed within three days after purchase.

b

7. The rates and patterns of growth in teens should be compared to their peers' growth to measure adequacy. a. True b. False

b

70. A trained muscle is better equipped to use ____ for energy and can conserve its ____ supply for a longer period of time. a. glucose; fat b. fat; glycogen c. amino acids; glucose d. glycogen; amino acids e. glucose; amino acids

b

71. A woman who needs 2,000 calories daily to satisfy her energy needs can expect to consume _____ calories per day in the third trimester of her pregnancy. a. 2,340 b. 2,450 c. 2,500 d. 3,050 e. 3,140

b

72. _______ is now recognized as the major cause of food insecurity. a. Overpopulation b. Poverty c. Inadequate food production d. Lack of education e. Bioterrorism threats

b

73. The biological changes associated with aging ____. a. occur at the same rate in all persons b. occur in all, but the rate may be altered by nutrition and lifestyle c. may be prevented by megadoses of vitamin E d. occur at a faster rate in males than females e. may be reversed by consuming large amounts of phytonutrients

b

73. Why are pesticides used? a. To act as preservatives in our food supply b. To kill insects, rodents, or other living things c. To enhance the flavor of soups and salad dressings d. To stimulate plant growth beyond the normal rate e. To extend the shelf-life of stored food products

b

75. Eating a diet that is ________ has been shown to increase an athlete's endurance. a. very low in fat b. abundant in carbohydrates c. moderate in fat d. high in protein e. high in fat

b

77. What food is an unlikely source of beta-carotene? a. Almonds b. Avocadoes c. Romaine lettuce d. Salmon e. Chicken

c

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 26. ______ refers to the process of altering foods through the use of living organisms. a. Irradiation b. Biotechnology c. Transmutation d. Organic food production e. Biosynthesis

b

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information. 88. The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 85 percent of all cancers are associated with ____. a. genetics and related risk factors b. lifestyle factors & environmental exposure c. tobacco use d. alcohol intake e. occupation-related factors

b

Vignette #1 John is 35 and interested in gaining muscle mass and decides to check out the nutritional supplements at the local health food store. The clerk approaches him wearing a white lab coat; this immediately impresses John, who now thinks that the clerk is well informed. John explains that his goal is to gain the maximum muscle mass in the shortest time. The clerk is eager to assist John and says, "Let me show you the products that will benefit you most." Let's see if the clerk really knows what ergogenic aids are all about by answering these questions. 67. The clerk recommends John purchase creatine. Which statement describes a false claim attributed to this substance? a. Creatine combines with phosphate to increase CP production in muscles. b. Creatine increases performance in long, endurance-type events. c. Creatine may enhance glycogen storage. d. Creatine may help a strength athlete complete more repetitions. e. Creatine may increase performance when doing quick, high-intensity exercises with short recovery time.

b

Vignette #1 John is 35 and interested in gaining muscle mass and decides to check out the nutritional supplements at the local health food store. The clerk approaches him wearing a white lab coat; this immediately impresses John, who now thinks that the clerk is well informed. John explains that his goal is to gain the maximum muscle mass in the shortest time. The clerk is eager to assist John and says, "Let me show you the products that will benefit you most." Let's see if the clerk really knows what ergogenic aids are all about by answering these questions. 79. Which compound is an altered form of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and is falsely promoted to support lean muscle retention, weight loss, and increased exercise recovery? a. HMB b. CLA c. DHEA d. Glutamine e. Creatine

b

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. 60. During one of Maya's prenatal appointments, the doctor tells her that her blood pressure is elevated. She tells Maya that some of the symptoms she is experiencing are indications that she may be developing preeclampsia. What else does Maya's doctor tell her about this condition? a. Symptoms may include nausea upon getting up in the morning. b. Excess protein in the urine is detected. c. Sudden weight loss (1 lb/day) occurs. d. High blood sugar is revealed by blood tests. e. Occasional headaches occur with this condition.

b

Vignette #1 Suzanne and Bob have noticed that Kelly, their 16-year-old daughter, has been losing weight lately. She exercises at the gym almost 4 hours a day and seems to be skipping meals. They discuss this with Kelly at the dinner table, but she says there is no problem and urges them to stop worrying. Before taking drastic steps, Suzanne and Bob call their pediatrician. They discuss what has been going on with Kelly and begin to gather facts concerning disordered eating. Let's see how much they have learned by answering these questions. 37. Kelly visits her pediatrician and he notes several symptoms. Which of these symptoms is unlikely to be due to anorexia nervosa? a. Growth of hair on the body b. Intolerance of warm temperatures c. Drying and yellowing of the skin d. Lowered blood pressure e. Severe sleep disturbance

b

Vignette #1 The Waltons have dinner at their favorite local restaurant. Marty has a hamburger, Jill has grilled chicken, and Lori has clams on spaghetti. They have wine with dinner, order dessert, and thoroughly enjoy the evening. Late the next day, Marty starts having stomach pains. Soon, he also has diarrhea and begins vomiting. Jill decides he should go to the emergency room at the hospital. The medical intern at the ER sees Marty in extreme pain and immediately begins asking him questions. If you were the intern, how would you answer the following questions? 66. What foodborne illness does Marty likely have, considering what he ate for dinner? a. Vibrio infection b. Escherichia coli c. Shigellosis d. Mad cow disease e. Cryptosporidiosis

b

Vignette #1 The Waltons have dinner at their favorite local restaurant. Marty has a hamburger, Jill has grilled chicken, and Lori has clams on spaghetti. They have wine with dinner, order dessert, and thoroughly enjoy the evening. Late the next day, Marty starts having stomach pains. Soon, he also has diarrhea and begins vomiting. Jill decides he should go to the emergency room at the hospital. The medical intern at the ER sees Marty in extreme pain and immediately begins asking him questions. If you were the intern, how would you answer the following questions? 68. Fortunately, Marty recovered in a few days with no lasting effects; however, many people are not so lucky. Which situation would have put Marty at high risk for serious consequences from his foodborne illness? a. Having recovered from a sinus cold within the past month b. Having a kidney transplant within the past 5 years c. Being a teenager d. Running 5 miles per day e. Having completed a smoking cessation program within the past 3 months

b

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them. 40. To reduce the risk of macular degeneration, Juan and Rosa should ____. a. eat a diet rich in low-fat dairy, such as 1 percent milk b. eat foods rich in antioxidants, such as cantaloupe c. eat foods high in protein but low in saturated fat, such as salmon d. choose foods high in vitamin B12, such as steak e. consume foods fortified with folate, such as breakfast cereals

b

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them. 66. Which statement accurately describes the energy requirements of older adults like Juan's and Rosa's parents? a. Since absorption of all nutrients decreases as aging occurs, it is necessary to increase calorie intake. b. The recommended energy allowance decreases as we age due to lowered basal metabolic rates. c. The recommended calorie intake increases until age 35 and then remains constant for the remaining years. d. The recommended calorie intake increases for men only but remains constant for women after age 35. e. Even when nutritional meals are consumed regularly, a high-potency multivitamin-mineral supplement is highly advised to support increased energy levels.

b

Vignette #2 Todd has been overweight since childhood but as a college student has made a commitment to lose weight. He goes on the Atkins diet and after a few months switches to Weight Watchers. After 6 months, Todd has lost 12 pounds but is still overweight. He is discouraged he hasn't lost more weight and he goes to a fast-food restaurant and has two cheeseburgers and a milkshake. Let's see how knowledgeable you are regarding diets so you can effectively help Todd. 63. If Todd's starting weight was 240 pounds, what would have been healthy and realistic goal weight in six months? a. 204 pounds b. 216 pounds c. 230 pounds d. 196 pounds e. None of these weights are healthy or realistic goal weights.

b

Vignette #2 Todd has been overweight since childhood but as a college student has made a commitment to lose weight. He goes on the Atkins diet and after a few months switches to Weight Watchers. After 6 months, Todd has lost 12 pounds but is still overweight. He is discouraged he hasn't lost more weight and he goes to a fast-food restaurant and has two cheeseburgers and a milkshake. Let's see how knowledgeable you are regarding diets so you can effectively help Todd. 68. Todd is trying to evaluate his new weight-loss program. Which of the following would indicate that the diet plan offered by the program is healthful and beneficial? a. The weight-loss program insists on specific food combinations that should or should not be eaten at the same time. b. The weight-loss program promises a weight loss of about 0.5 to 2.0 pounds per week. c. The weight-loss program has rigid menus. d. The weight-loss program sells products that burn fat to be taken along with the foods. e. The weight-loss program eliminates one group of foods from a person's eating pattern.

b

32. Strict vegetarians are at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency because ____. a. specific foods in their diet inhibit the absorption of vitamin B12 b. their diet causes increased excretion of the vitamin c. only animal foods contain sufficient amounts of the vitamin d. their diet increases the rate of use of the vitamin by their bodies e. vitamin B12 is unavailable in fortified foods

c

35. The mineral _____ is a key component of the body's oxygen-transporting system. a. zinc b. phosphorus c. iron d. magnesium e. chromium

c

35. Trends that promote obesity in the United States include the ____. a. abundance of green space and attractive sidewalks in most communities b. availability of milk, juice, and healthful snacks in most workplaces c. large amount of time children spend watching TV or playing video games d. small food portion sizes sold at restaurants e. increase in physical education classes in public schools

c

35. Which of the following is a nutrient-related health issue that is often seen during adolescent years? a. A peanut allergy b. Calcium deposits in soft tissues c. Anorexia nervosa d. Pica e. Protein-deficiency

c

35. _____ is an additive used by manufacturers to maintain consistency. a. MSG b. Vitamin A c. Guar gum d. Sodium chloride e. Calcium citrate

c

36. A genetically engineered vegetable must be labeled as such when ____. a. its genes have been modified to make it herbicide resistant b. it is a transgenic organism c. its nutrient composition differs significantly from that of the natural vegetable d. it contains genetic material from a different type of vegetable e. its modification has resulted in a significant increase in product yield

c

36. Tom runs for his school's track team. He weighed himself before and after his race and found he had lost 2 pounds. Approximately how much water loss does this represent? a. 12 cup b. 1 cup c. 4 cups d. 6 cups e. 8 cups

c

38. What is not one of the benefits that regular physical activity provides to a weight-management program? a. Increased self-esteem b. Increased lean body mass c. Decreased lean body mass d. Increased motivation to continue healthy behaviors e. Increased calorie expenditure

c

39. Obesity is defined as weight that is ____ or more above the desirable weight for height or a BMI of ____ or greater. a. 10; 25 b. 25; 30 c. 20; 30 d. 20; 28 e. 15; 35

c

40. Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K e. Vitamin D

c

40. _______ is not true iron-deficiency anemia and is related to increased blood volume. a. Amennorhea b. Iron-deficiency anemia c. Sports anemia d. "Hitting the wall" e. Pernicious anemia

c

42. Ketosis occurs when ____. a. a person overeats b. a person draws on glycogen for glucose c. glycogen has been depleted and body fat is used to nourish the brain d. glucagon runs out and the pancreas stops synthesizing it e. evenly spaced meals are eaten throughout the day with snacks in between

c

42. Lycopene, found in ____, may help reduce the risk of ____. a. bananas; high blood pressure b. summer squash; macular degeneration c. tomatoes; prostate cancer d. cruciferous vegetables; breast cancer e. citrus fruits; skin cancer

c

43. What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lb? a. 12 lb b. 16 lb c. 24 lb d. 30 lb e. 36 lb

c

44. What advice would you offer to Todd? a. "Go back on the Atkins diet plan long term." b. "Focus on your appearance." c. "Set achievable goals for yourself." d. "Just eat soup and fruit juices for five days." e. "Have weight-loss surgery."

c

45. One characteristic of the ideal pesticide is that it would ____. a. be of animal origin b. be of vegetable origin c. quickly break down to harmless products d. be natural e. have no detectable taste

c

45. Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases are called _______. a. enzymes b. isoflavones c. free radicals d. antioxidants e. phytochemicals

c

46. Mimi, who weighs 190 pounds, is trying to figure out a reasonable daily calorie level that will help her lose weight. You suggest she apply the "10-calorie rule," which would mean she should aim for ____ calories a day to begin with, and switch to ____ calories a day after she loses 10 pounds. a. 2,000; 1,700 b. 1,900; 1,700 c. 1,900; 1,800 d. 1,600; 1,800 e. 1,200; 1,000

c

47. The _______ is the heart rate a person must work at to achieve cardiovascular fitness. a. exercise rate b. pulse rate c. target heart rate d. training load e. maximum heart rate

c

48. On average, a man is considered obese if he has over _____ percent body fat. a. 8 b. 13 c. 25 d. 33 e. 45

c

48. Overweight children are likely to ____. a. overcome the problem and become normal-weight adults b. become underweight adults with eating disorders c. become overweight adults d. have lower risk for chronic respiratory problems e. develop healthful eating habits later in life

c

50. Lucy and Marcy are sorority sisters whose heights, weights, and ages are almost exactly the same. Lucy is studying engineering and walks several times a week for exercise. Marcy is an exercise physiology major who aspires to be a professional tennis player, and runs marathons as a hobby. How would you expect their healthful diets to differ? a. Lucy needs more calories and less carbohydrates than Marcy. b. Lucy needs fewer calories and more proteins than Marcy. c. Marcy needs more calories and more carbohydrates than Lucy. d. Marcy needs less carbohydrates and more proteins than Lucy. e. Since Lucy and Marcy are nearly the same heights, weights, and ages, their nutritional needs are nearly the same.

c

50. Riboflavin is destroyed by ____. a. heat b. acid c. ultraviolet light d. alkali e. temperatures below 35 degrees

c

50. The "rule of three" recommends that ____. a. you should drink three cups of milk daily b. older adults should exercise 3 days each week to prevent weight gain c. if you want to change a behavior, you might need to try the new behavior three times before you can accept it d. individuals on weight-loss diets should eat at least three meals daily to maintain their energy levels e. three servings of fresh fruits or vegetables should be consumed each day

c

50. Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birthweight infant? a. 3 1/2 lb or less b. 4 lb or less c. 5 1/2 lb or less d. 6 1/2 lb or less e. 9 lb or less

c

52. _______ is the vitamin D deficiency in children. a. Pellagra b. Osteomalacia c. Rickets d. Scurvy e. Beriberi

c

53. Among popular diet plans, which has been mentioned as a good option in recent research because of its food variety and evidence-based principles? a. The South Beach Diet b. Dr. Ornish Eat More, Weigh Less c. Weight Watchers d. The New Glucose Revolution e. The Atkins diet

c

54. The best way to be sure teenagers are growing normally is to ____. a. compare their heights and weights to those of their peers b. use standardized national growth charts c. compare their heights and weights with previous measures taken d. weigh and measure them weekly e. compare their heights and weights with their parents, siblings, or other close relatives

c

54. What practice is a common food safety mistake? a. Keeping cold foods below 40 degrees Fahrenheit b. Marinating in the refrigerator c. Thawing at room temperature d. Using shallow containers to cool foods quickly in the refrigerator e. Reheating foods to a high temperature

c

54. When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted? a. Water b. Protein c. Glucose d. Fatty acids e. Lactate

c

54. Which vitamin works with vitamin C to squelch free radicals before they injure the body? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin B6 c. Vitamin E d. Niacin e. Thiamin

c

56. Adding about 50 mg of ____ per cup of a beverage is thought to enhance water absorption from the GI tract. a. sucrose b. glucose polymers c. sodium d. calcium e. glycine

c

58. Joe is 50 years old and wants to calculate his target heart rate. What would be the lower and upper limits of Joe's target heart rate? a. 85 to 95 beats per minute b. 100 to 130 beats per minute c. 85 to 145 beats per minute d. 170 to 199 beats per minute e. 200 to 220 beats per minute

c

58. Stephanie goes to a personal trainer who tells her she is overweight based on her BMI. Which BMI represents a value that would be categorized as overweight? a. 21 b. 17 c. 26 d. 24 e. 31

c

58. Vitamin A toxicity is most likely to occur from ____. a. consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables b. eating liver more than once a week c. consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements d. drinking too much milk e. consuming too many servings of fortified foods

c

59. The National School Lunch program is designed to follow the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and to provide at least ____ of the child's nutritional requirements for the day. a. 1/8 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2 e. 2/3

c

60. Which food is most susceptible to bacterial contamination? a. Roast b. Steak c. Ground meat d. Chicken breast e. Bacon

c

62. Which athlete would most likely be at risk for iron deficiency? a. A 22-year-old male long-distance runner b. An 18-year-old male strength athlete c. A 19-year-old female long-distance runner d. A 30-year-old female who is sedentary e. A 21-year-old male who is sedentary

c

62. Which of the following does not decrease basal metabolic rate? a. Increasing age b. Sleep c. Smoking d. Low-calorie diets e. Stretching exercises

c

62. World hunger is primarily a problem of ____. a. overpopulation b. inadequate food production c. unequal access to resources d. lower gas prices e. natural disasters

c

64. What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. Fever decreases the BMR. b. Fasting increases the BMR. c. Pregnancy increases the BMR. d. Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis. e. Strength training decreases BMR while endurance training increases it.

c

67. Juan is overweight already and Rosa is concerned that if he doesn't lose weight, he will eventually have heart disease. What steps should Juan take to minimize this risk? a. Eat fewer monounsaturated fats, such as animal fats. b. Eat more insoluble fiber. c. Swap saturated fat sources for unsaturated fat sources. d. Cook with coconut oil. e. Focus on specific foods to bring about the desired weight loss.

c

71. Gerald has restricted his calorie intake while continuing to exercise, and has been losing 1.5 pounds per week. However, when he weighs himself at the end of week 4, he notices he has not lost any weight since last week. What does this likely mean? a. Gerald's internal thermostat has slowed down his metabolism to prevent fat loss. b. Gerald is eating in his sleep at night as a response to deprivation. c. Gerald's body is retaining water temporarily as part of the fat-burning process. d. Gerald needs to reduce his calorie intake by an additional 500 calories a day. e. Gerald needs to increase his calories a small amount to prevent ketosis.

c

71. Which food group is the best source of vitamin C? a. Milk group b. Protein foods group c. Fruit group d. Grains group e. Fats and oils group

c

72. Jonathan is on his school's cross-country ski team. He finds that his weight drops about 1 pound after skiing for a few hours. What accounts for this difference? a. Jonathan has lost 1 pound of body fat. b. Jonathan has lost 1 pound of muscle tissue. c. Jonathan has lost 2 cups of fluid. d. Jonathan has lost some bone and some fat. e. Jonathan has lost primarily fat and some glycogen.

c

73. A reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is ____. a. red meat b. dark green vegetables c. fortified milk d. enriched breads and cereals e. fresh fruits

c

73. Mary wants to lose weight in her thighs and stomach only. What should you tell her about weight loss and "spot reducing"? a. It requires special exercises. b. It works best with food reduction. c. It is not possible. d. It works best with exercise and fasting. e. It works best if vitamin supplements are also taken.

c

76. When a formerly sedentary person is trying to become fit, ____ is very important. a. focusing exclusively on strength training b. high-intensity exercise c. following an exercise routine consistently d. low-intensity exercise e. 30 or more minutes of continuous activity

c

81. Raphael, a linebacker, is starting for his school's football team at their 10:30 A.M. game on Saturday. Among the following selections, his best pre-game food choice would be ____. a. a breakfast of scrambled eggs, toast, margarine, and coffee at 7:00 A.M. b. a snack of ice cream topped with hot fudge sauce and water at 8:30 A.M. c. a breakfast of whole-grain pancakes and 16 ounces of orange juice at 7:30 A.M. d. a snack of a banana, small box of raisins, and sports drink at 10:00 A.M. e. a fruit and fiber bar at 10:00 A.M. followed by 20 ounces of fruit juice at 10:20 A.M.

c

81. _____ is removed and excreted in the urine when excess amino acids are converted to fat. a. Oxygen b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Carbon e. Ammonia

c

82. Which herb is mismatched with its purported use? a. Black cohosh—reduces symptoms of menopause b. Ginger—settles an upset stomach c. Psyllium—improves memory d. Feverfew—reduces severity of migraines e. Milk thistle—promotes growth of liver cells

c

83. A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed ____. a. 24 inches b. 28 inches c. 35 inches d. 42 inches e. 48 inches

c

85. Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate? a. Females b. Older individuals c. Younger individuals d. People with smaller surface areas e. Sedentary people

c

85. Imagine you are the sports nutritionist for college athletes. What level of daily protein intake (based on desirable body weight) would you recommend for your clients? a. 0.8 to 1.6 g/kg b. 1.0 to 1.8 g/kg c. 1.2 to 2.0 g/kg d. 1.4 to 2.2 g/kg e. 1.6 to 2.0 g/kg

c

87. Short-duration, high-intensity activities are fueled primarily by ____. a. fat b. protein c. glucose d. vitamins e. glycine

c

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information. 72. Donna can lower her risk of skin cancer by consuming foods high in beta-carotene such as _____. a. cucumbers b. apples c. cantaloupe d. bananas e. avocados

c

Vignette #1 John is 35 and interested in gaining muscle mass and decides to check out the nutritional supplements at the local health food store. The clerk approaches him wearing a white lab coat; this immediately impresses John, who now thinks that the clerk is well informed. John explains that his goal is to gain the maximum muscle mass in the shortest time. The clerk is eager to assist John and says, "Let me show you the products that will benefit you most." Let's see if the clerk really knows what ergogenic aids are all about by answering these questions. 49. The clerk suggests that John look into anabolic steroids to give him the quickest results. What would you say to John about this? a. Steroids do not help build muscle. b. Excess amino acids from steroids are converted to fat. c. Steroids can lead to liver abnormalities. d. Steroids can cause diarrhea. e. Steroids help prevent male-pattern baldness.

c

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. 42. Bob is concerned about Maya and urges her to start eating more food, especially high-fat foods. Which recommendation about weight gain during pregnancy is correct? a. It is important that Maya begin to eat about 250 extra calories each day. b. It is important that Maya double her protein intake during the first trimester. c. Maya does not need additional calories until the second and third trimesters. d. Maya should take a vitamin A supplement during the first trimester. e. Maya should increase her calories to account for the greatly increased energy demands during pregnancy.

c

Vignette #1 Suzanne and Bob have noticed that Kelly, their 16-year-old daughter, has been losing weight lately. She exercises at the gym almost 4 hours a day and seems to be skipping meals. They discuss this with Kelly at the dinner table, but she says there is no problem and urges them to stop worrying. Before taking drastic steps, Suzanne and Bob call their pediatrician. They discuss what has been going on with Kelly and begin to gather facts concerning disordered eating. Let's see how much they have learned by answering these questions. 41. How can a health professional usually distinguish between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? a. The person needs to lose weight initially with anorexia nervosa but not bulimia nervosa. b. They are not easily distinguishable. c. Anorexia nervosa leads to an emaciated look, while bulimics may be at their desirable weight. d. The bulimic usually has low self-esteem while the anorexic does not. e. Most anorexics are men and most bulimics are women.

c

Vignette #1 Suzanne and Bob have noticed that Kelly, their 16-year-old daughter, has been losing weight lately. She exercises at the gym almost 4 hours a day and seems to be skipping meals. They discuss this with Kelly at the dinner table, but she says there is no problem and urges them to stop worrying. Before taking drastic steps, Suzanne and Bob call their pediatrician. They discuss what has been going on with Kelly and begin to gather facts concerning disordered eating. Let's see how much they have learned by answering these questions. 56. Kelly's parents suspect she is purging as a means of maintaining her weight. What complication may occur as a result? a. Hair loss b. Constipation c. Tearing of the esophagus d. Excessive sleeping e. Nail growth

c

Vignette #1 The Waltons have dinner at their favorite local restaurant. Marty has a hamburger, Jill has grilled chicken, and Lori has clams on spaghetti. They have wine with dinner, order dessert, and thoroughly enjoy the evening. Late the next day, Marty starts having stomach pains. Soon, he also has diarrhea and begins vomiting. Jill decides he should go to the emergency room at the hospital. The medical intern at the ER sees Marty in extreme pain and immediately begins asking him questions. If you were the intern, how would you answer the following questions? 52. The hamburger was most likely the culprit in Marty's illness. What may have occurred to lead to his condition? a. The cows may have been given feed containing mammalian protein tissues. b. The meat was stored in a refrigerator at 38 degrees Fahrenheit for more than one day. c. The meat was only cooked to 150 degrees Fahrenheit. d. The meat was defrosted in the refrigerator. e. The meat may have been left at room temperature for 15 minutes before cooking.

c

Vignette #2 Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. 33. Which component of fitness has Jill lost if she cannot touch her toes? a. Cardiovascular endurance b. Strength c. Flexibility d. Muscle endurance e. Muscle-stimulus reaction

c

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them. 72. Juan's father has been depressed ever since he retired and has lost his interest in eating. What can be done to help him? a. Suggest that Juan's father start taking the herb echinacea. b. Make sure Juan's father takes a multivitamin with ephedra for extra energy. c. Encourage Juan's father and mother to eat at their community center with their friends. d. Make sure Juan's father drinks at least 6 to 8 glasses of water each day. e. Give Juan's father time to himself to work through his problems without interfering in this process.

c

Vignette #2 Sue is the mother of a 2-year-old named Tara. Sue wants to protect Tara from pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful contaminants on the food she serves her daughter. She is committed to only purchasing organic foods and preparing them in a healthy manner. What recommendations would you make to Sue? 59. Sue is concerned about pesticide contamination of the produce she purchases. What would you say to Sue? a. The American Academy of Pediatrics says that the health risks posed by pesticide residues are significant. b. The American Cancer Society says that consumers should only buy foods labeled "organic" to adequately protect their health. c. The risk of not eating fruits and vegetables for fear of consuming pesticide residues far outweighs the slight risk associated with these substances. d. The amount of pesticides permitted allows for a small margin of safety. e. After the FDA approves a pesticide, the EPA, in its ongoing monitoring program, begins to check for residues.

c

Vignette #2 Sue is the mother of a 2-year-old named Tara. Sue wants to protect Tara from pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful contaminants on the food she serves her daughter. She is committed to only purchasing organic foods and preparing them in a healthy manner. What recommendations would you make to Sue? 76. Sue's brother, Manuel, tells her that she should also be concerned about foodborne illness from botulism, and that she should not feed Tara what food to avoid this? a. Ground meat b. Pasteurized eggs c. Honey d. Chicken e. Seafood

c

70. When a person is hungry and needs to replenish blood glucose, she/he should eat ____.

carbohydrates, protein, and fats

59. The trace mineral ______ works closely with insulin to help the cells take up glucose.

chromium

. Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them. 31. Which recommendation should be disregarded by Juan and Rosa in their efforts to offset bone loss that typically occurs with aging? a. Take calcium supplements. b. Substitute fat-free milk for soft drinks and choose non-fat yogurt as a snack. c. Purchase calcium-fortified orange juice. d. Take a vitamin A supplement once each day. e. Take a daily walk and participate in a weekly weight-training class.

d

32. Which of the following is a feature of world poverty? a. Poverty causes hunger in the developing but not the developed world. b. The poorest do not bear children due to poor health. c. Poverty affects about 10 percent of the world's population. d. Women and children represent the majority of those living in poverty. e. Using agricultural land for industries typically decreases poverty-associated hunger.

d

32. ______ is the most valid criterion by which to judge the effectiveness of a diet. a. Speed of weight loss b. Amount of weight lost c. Amount of fat lost d. Maintenance of weight loss afterward e. Amount of water lost

d

33. Ordinarily, the brain and nerves rely on ____ for energy. a. fat b. ketones c. glycogen d. glucose e. maltose

d

34. Melissa is getting ready for a party where she plans to serve grilled chicken and a raw vegetable salad. She washes her hands, takes the sealed package of chicken from the refrigerator, opens it, and places the chicken on a cutting board to remove the skin and cut it up. She places the chicken pieces in a plastic container of marinade, seals it, and places it in the refrigerator, at the same time taking out the fresh vegetables. She begins chopping them up on her cutting board. Which food safety mistake has Melissa made? a. She failed to keep cold foods cold. b. She failed to keep hot foods hot. c. She failed to store the raw foods properly. d. She failed to avoid cross-contamination. e. She failed to marinate at the proper temperature.

d

37. Supplements of _______ are not recommended for the elderly since absorption increases as we age. a. niacin b. vitamin B6 c. vitamin E d. vitamin A e. vitamin C

d

38. Michael is a young business systems analyst who avoids fried foods and fast food, drinks only black coffee and water, consumes one alcoholic drink on occasion, uses olive oil when preparing meals, and gets 8 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables each day. Is there anything that Michael needs to do to decrease his cancer risk? a. Take vitamin supplements with extra vitamin E. b. Omit all alcohol. c. Switch to decaffeinated coffee or herbal tea. d. Incorporate regular physical activity. e. There is nothing else that Michael needs to do.

d

39. The American Academy of Pediatrics has taken the position that women should stop drinking alcohol ____. a. during the first trimester of pregnancy b. when they first learn they are pregnant c. throughout the entire pregnancy d. as soon as they plan to become pregnant e. when they begin taking birth control hormones

d

40. If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has ____. a. more body fat b. longer bones c. more body water d. more muscle mass e. a lower BMR

d

40. You are shopping for steak; which term specifies that the cows had access to the outdoors and were given no antibiotics or growth hormones? a. Free range b. Natural c. Grass-fed d. Organic e. rBST-free

d

41. _________ is the most dangerous food hazard, according to the FDA. a. Intentional food additives b. Pesticide residues in food c. Environmental contaminants d. Foodborne illness e. Naturally occurring toxins in foods

d

41. ___________ refers to the length of time that you can keep going with an elevated heart rate—that is, how long your heart can endure a given demand. a. Cardiovascular flexibility b. Cardiovascular strength c. Cardiovascular stroke volume d. Cardiovascular endurance e. Cardiovascular load capacity

d

42. ________ is a technique that can trick the body into storing extra fuel for endurance competition. a. Overloading b. Intensity training c. Glycogen depletion d. Carbohydrate loading e. Fiber restricting

d

44. Individuals who ________ are at high risk for a deficiency of vitamin B12. a. consume little fruits and vegetables b. consume few dairy products c. don't take a vitamin and mineral supplement d. lack intrinsic factor e. don't have daily exposure to sunlight

d

47. How much additional protein do pregnant women need per day? a. No more than their usual requirements b. An additional 10 grams c. The amount equivalent to the protein in two cups of milk d. An additional 25 grams e. Their protein needs double

d

49. What is the advantage of the Flavr Savr tomato? a. It is a brighter red than regular tomatoes. b. It has a more robust flavor than regular tomatoes. c. It grows on a shorter vine than regular tomatoes. d. It ripens more slowly than regular tomatoes. e. It is resistant to drought and several natural pests

d

52. Excess calories, no matter whether the calories are from hamburgers or carrot sticks, will be turned to ____ within a few hours. a. glucose b. protein c. cellulose d. fat e. glucagon

d

55. Cryptosoridiosis outbreaks have been linked to unpasteurized milk and ____. a. undercooked pork b. undercooked hamburger c. potato salad d. Fresh unpasteurized apple cider e. fresh broccoli

d

55. What is a primary indicator of an infant's future health status? a. Mother's weight before pregnancy b. Amount of weight gained by the mother during pregnancy c. Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy d. Birthweight of the infant e. Mother's activity level during pregnancy

d

56. _______ is a secretion rich in antibodies that precedes the production of milk by the breast. a. Casein b. Alpha-actalbumin c. Lactoferrin d. Colostrum e. Bifidus

d

58. Just like adults, many children ____. a. eat a diet low in meats and have a lifestyle high in activity b. eat a diet high in fruits and high in meats c. have a lifestyle low in activity and eat a diet high in dairy d. eat a diet low in fruits and vegetables and have a lifestyle low in activity e. eat a diet high in whole grains and high in vegetables

d

70. Two pounds of body fat is equal to approximately ____ calories. a. 2,500 b. 3,500 c. 5,000 d. 6,500 e. 7,500

e

59. Nancy wants to prevent her daughter Andrea from developing disordered eating patterns as she grows up. What should Nancy do? a. Scold Andrea for expressing negative emotions like anger or fear in public. b. Help Andrea learn which foods are good and bad so she can avoid bad foods. c. Ensure Andrea understands that overeating results in body fatness. d. Teach Andrea to eat only when she is hungry and stop when she feels full. e. Help her sign up for a popular diet plan that she can follow long term.

d

59. Vitamin E is ____. a. found mostly in fruits b. a precursor to vitamin C c. a remedy for nighttime leg cramps d. found mostly in vegetable oils e. also called intrinsic factor

d

60. Which phrase best describes a very low-calorie diet? a. It contains just enough carbohydrates to avoid ketosis. b. It requires a certain amount of stress management techniques. c. It is only used as a transition to regular meals. d. It requires medical supervision. e. It is typically low in fiber and high in saturated fat.

d

60. ______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults. a. Rickets b. Keratomalacia c. Hyperkeratosis d. Osteomalacia e. Pellagra

d

61. Which of the following is not a task that vitamins perform in the body? a. Build bone and teeth b. Keep skin healthy c. Heal wounds d. Provide energy e. Help the body use energy in food

d

62. Which food is a good source of the vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene? a. Fortified milk b. Liver c. Enriched bread d. Sweet potatoes e. White potatoes

d

64. What nutrient is not recommended for an athlete to eat right before physical exertion because it slows down digestion? a. Sugars b. Sodium c. Starch d. Fiber e. Water

d

64. Which of these types of foods is fortified with folate in order to reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects? a. Iodized salt b. Maple syrup c. Yogurt d. Wheat bread e. Orange juice

d

65. An elderly individual who cannot leave the house is at risk of a ______ deficiency. a. vitamin A b. vitamin C c. vitamin E d. vitamin D e. folate

d

65. What lifestyle or health characteristic was seen in preagricultural hunters-gathers that is not seen in modern humans? a. The food supply was much more varied than it is today. b. Efficient processing of foods eaten was not required. c. The body's metabolism was faster than it is now. d. Daily physical exertion was necessary for survival. e. Food was processed based on the "thrifty gene," which no longer applies today.

d

66. The main function of vitamin D is ____. a. maintaining stability of cell membranes b. antioxidant protection c. synthesis of cholesterol d. supporting bone mineralization e. supporting healthy vision

d

68. A likely result of exercising vigorously for an hour in hot, humid weather without drinking any fluids is ____. a. decreased body temperature b. decreased heart rate c. muscle swelling and inflammation d. muscle cramping and fatigue e. increased risk of hypernatremia

d

69. How much physical activity is recommended for children a. there is no recommendation b. 15 to 30 minutes c. 30 to 60 minutes d. at least 60 minutes e. at least 90 minutes

d

69. The protein RDA for adults is ____ g/kg/day but up to ____ g/kg/day is recommended for athletes. a. 0.4; 0.8 b. 0.4; 1.7 c. 0.8; 1.7 d. 0.8; 2.0 e. 1.1; 2.0

d

70. Which statement about farmers' markets is not true? a. Foods purchased from farmers' markets are in season and very fresh. b. Farmers' markets rely on community support as well as some government support. c. Farmers make more profit when they sell directly to consumers rather than to a food distributor. d. All produce sold at farmers' markets is certified organic. e. Farmers' markets help to decrease the size of the region's ecological footprint.

d

71. Which of the following is an example of food intoxication? a. Addition of alkaline and acidic agents to foods b. Illness produced by acute overconsumption of high-fat foods c. Addition of alcohol-containing beverages in the cooking of foods d. Illness produced from ingestion of food contaminated with natural toxins e. The drowsiness that occurs after a high protein meal is consumed

d

72. It is pizza night at the Murphy home and everyone has an opinion about what they should get as a topping on the pizza. Which choice would best support the Murphys in their goal of maintaining healthy weights? a. Peppers and pepperoni b. Sausage and garlic c. Extra cheese and sliced tomatoes d. Mushrooms and onions e. Pepperoni and Italian sausage

d

73. At what point during a moderate-intensity workout does the body start to use rely less on glycogen and more on fat for fuel? a. The first 5 minutes b. The first 10 minutes c. At 15 minutes d. After 20 minutes e. Between 40 and 60 minutes

d

74. Normal weight gain during pregnancy amounts to about _____ pounds for a woman who begins pregnancy underweight. a. 11 to 20 b. 15 to 25 c. 25 to 35 d. 28 to 40 e. 40 to 45

d

74. What is the maximum heart rate (MHR) for a person who is 45 years old? a. 110 b. 135 c. 150 d. 175 e. 190

d

76. Which would be an appropriate reward for meeting weight loss goals? a. Celebrate with friends at your favorite restaurant. b. Go out for drinks with your boyfriend or girlfriend. c. Attend a Sunday brunch with a buffet. d. Go to a theatre with friends to see a show. e. Skip a meal and splurge by having a favorite sweet treat instead.

d

78. A possible benefit of a moderate intake of ______ prior to an event for an endurance athlete is its glycogen-sparing effect. a. sodium b. glycine c. creatine d. caffeine e. glutamine

d

78. Aging usually decrease one's need for ______. a. calcium b. vitamin B6 c. vitamin C d. energy e. vitamin D

d

78. High blood levels of homocysteine ____. a. correlate with diets high in fruits and vegetables b. have no known relationship to chronic disease risk c. can reduce the blood's ability to clot and increase bleeding risk d. tend to be associated with low blood levels of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate e. support healthy brain tissue and improved cognitive ability

d

79. To identify allergic reactions, foods should be introduced to an infant _______. a. in combination with other foods b. without any seasonings c. pureed or blended d. one at a time e. after the 1st birthday

d

79. Which individual is most likely to succeed in her his goal of losing weight? a. Susan, who is going through a divorce and has two small children b. Bob, who was just laid off from his job c. Melissa, who is in the middle of studying for final exams in college d. Dan, who is happily married and likes his job e. Karen, who has just relocated to a new city after graduating from college

d

80. ________ can be synthesized by good bacteria in the intestinal tract. a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin D d. Vitamin K e. Niacin

d

81. What vitamin has been shown to reduce LDL-cholesterol and raise HDL-cholesterol when taken in doses 10 to 15 times the RDA? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin K c. Thiamin d. Niacin e. Vitamin E

d

82. Which statement correctly identifies a specific food intake behavior? a. A physiological need to eat is called satiety b. A pleasurable desire for food is called hunger c. An intense feeling of hunger is called insatiable nervosa d. A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite e. A desire to eat excessive amounts is called negative satiety

d

87. Thiamin is involved in ____. a. formation of red blood cells b. blood coagulation c. collagen formation d. energy release from carbohydrates e. formation of mucopolysaccharides

d

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information. 57. Donna read that cruciferous vegetables may reduce the incidence of cancer at several sites. Which dish is a good source of a cruciferous vegetable? a. Corn-on-the-cob b. Fresh tomato slices c. Raw baby carrots d. Broccoli slaw e. Green beans

d

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information. 76. Donna is surprised to learn that despite a family history of cancer, there is still a lot she can do to prevent cancer and lower her risk. Which is not a lifestyle behavior that can reduce her cancer risk? a. Get to a healthy weight b. Limit sun exposure c. Eat more fruits and vegetables d. Don't worry about energy intake e. Establish a regular activity routine

d

Vignette #1 John is 35 and interested in gaining muscle mass and decides to check out the nutritional supplements at the local health food store. The clerk approaches him wearing a white lab coat; this immediately impresses John, who now thinks that the clerk is well informed. John explains that his goal is to gain the maximum muscle mass in the shortest time. The clerk is eager to assist John and says, "Let me show you the products that will benefit you most." Let's see if the clerk really knows what ergogenic aids are all about by answering these questions. 53. Which of the following is an example of a resistance training activity that John could do? a. Yoga b. Swimming c. Power walking d. Lifting free weights e. Ballistic stretching

d

Vignette #1 John is 35 and interested in gaining muscle mass and decides to check out the nutritional supplements at the local health food store. The clerk approaches him wearing a white lab coat; this immediately impresses John, who now thinks that the clerk is well informed. John explains that his goal is to gain the maximum muscle mass in the shortest time. The clerk is eager to assist John and says, "Let me show you the products that will benefit you most." Let's see if the clerk really knows what ergogenic aids are all about by answering these questions. 86. The clerk recommends that John increase his protein intake by purchasing amino acid supplements. Is this a good idea? a. Yes, because most Americans' diets lack adequate amounts of high-quality protein b. Yes, because these products have been proven to increase muscle size c. Yes, because muscle endurance increases with these products d. No, because your body converts extra amino acids to fat e. No, because excess amino acids can lead to over-hydration

d

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. 44. Maya's BMI is 23.8. Assuming her weight remains the same, how much weight should she gain for a healthy pregnancy? a. 11 to 20 pounds b. 15 to 25 pounds c. 20 to 30 pounds d. 25 to 35 pounds e. 28 to 45 pounds

d

Vignette #1 Suzanne and Bob have noticed that Kelly, their 16-year-old daughter, has been losing weight lately. She exercises at the gym almost 4 hours a day and seems to be skipping meals. They discuss this with Kelly at the dinner table, but she says there is no problem and urges them to stop worrying. Before taking drastic steps, Suzanne and Bob call their pediatrician. They discuss what has been going on with Kelly and begin to gather facts concerning disordered eating. Let's see how much they have learned by answering these questions. 47. What would be the best way for the parents to approach Kelly about this problem? a. Go to school and confront her with the school nurse present. b. Refuse to accept Kelly's assertion that there is no problem; tell her that they know best. c. Let Kelly go to the pediatrician alone and then call the pediatrician afterward. d. Enlist the help of a reputable counselor before intervening. e. Allow Kelly to work through her own problems without intervening.

d

Vignette #2 Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. 43. What is Jill's target heart rate if she wants to workout at 50 to 65 percent of her maximum heart rate? a. 220 to 250 beats per minute b. 200 to 210 beats per minute c. 103 to 169 beats per minute d. 94 to 122 beats per minute e. 85 to 100 beats per minute

d

Vignette #2 Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. 60. When Jill is jogging, which characteristic determines whether this activity is aerobic or anaerobic? a. The quantity of glucose in her muscles b. The quantity of lipids in her muscles c. The quantity of amino acids in her muscles d. The quantity of oxygen in her muscles e. The rate of lactic acid conversion in her liver

d

Vignette #2 Jill is 32 years old, and after years of a mostly sedentary life is determined to get into shape. She decides to take up jogging but cannot decide whether to jog at a moderate pace or very fast pace, and has no idea how long to continue. Jill also wants to learn to monitor her heart rate and pulse. She was a gymnast in high school but can no longer touch her toes. Suggest how Jill should get started by answering these questions. 88. To achieve cardiovascular endurance, it is recommended by the ACSM that Jill exercise at a moderate intensity at least ____ times per week for at least ____ minutes at a time. a. 3; 20 b. 7; 45 c. 2; 15 d. 5; 30 e. 6; 15

d

67. The inability of the stomach to produce enough acid can lead to a _____ deficiency. a. vitamin A b. B6 c. riboflavin d. vitamin K e. B12

e

Vignette #2 Sue is the mother of a 2-year-old named Tara. Sue wants to protect Tara from pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful contaminants on the food she serves her daughter. She is committed to only purchasing organic foods and preparing them in a healthy manner. What recommendations would you make to Sue? 39. Manuel tells Sue there are some benefits to the use of pesticides for farmers and consumers. What characteristic is unlikely to be a benefit of pesticides? a. Pesticides can boost crop yields. b. Pesticide use contributes to the relatively low cost of fruits and vegetables. c. Pesticide use allows for a wide variety of crops to be grown. d. Some pesticides like DDT remain active for years and can build up in the body. e. Pesticides may help keep wildlife populations in check.

d

Vignette #2 Sue is the mother of a 2-year-old named Tara. Sue wants to protect Tara from pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful contaminants on the food she serves her daughter. She is committed to only purchasing organic foods and preparing them in a healthy manner. What recommendations would you make to Sue? 64. Manuel tells Sue that she is going overboard by insisting that everything Tara eats is labeled "organic." A disadvantage of buying certified organic foods that he mentions is that ____. a. more synthetic fertilizer residues will end up in waterways b. farmers may follow less humane animal welfare standards c. organic farming methods require greater water and energy consumption d. the food may be fertilized with improperly composted animal manure containing harmful organisms e. the foods may have lower amounts of phytochemicals

d

Vignette #2 Todd has been overweight since childhood but as a college student has made a commitment to lose weight. He goes on the Atkins diet and after a few months switches to Weight Watchers. After 6 months, Todd has lost 12 pounds but is still overweight. He is discouraged he hasn't lost more weight and he goes to a fast-food restaurant and has two cheeseburgers and a milkshake. Let's see how knowledgeable you are regarding diets so you can effectively help Todd. 43. Which of these foods did Todd have to severely limit while he was on the Atkins diet? a. Cheddar cheese b. Hot dogs c. Eggs d. Brown rice e. Steak

d

56. Margaret weighs 130 pounds and is at a healthy body weight for her height. Approximately what portion of her weight is composed of water?

d. 78 pounds

30. The _____ refers to the energy needed by the body to support the involuntary processes such as beating of the heart, inhaling and exhaling of air, and maintenance of body temperature. a. total energy output b. basic calorie intake c. base-level rate d. body mass index e. basal metabolic rate

e

33. In the United States, ____ poisoning ranks as one of the most common childhood environmental health problems. a. cadmium b. iron c. mercury d. aflatoxin e. lead

e

36. ______ plays a key role in blood clotting. a. Riboflavin b. Folate c. Niacin d. Vitamin E e. Vitamin K

e

41. The placenta is the ____. a. developing infant during its 2nd through 8th week after conception until birth b. developing infant from the 8th week after conception until birth c. muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth d. infant from birth until her first birthday e. organ from which the infant receives nourishment

e

42. Suppose you are planning a romantic summer picnic with your significant other, and don't have a cooler. Which menu would be the safest (that is, the least likely to cause a foodborne illness)? a. Smoked turkey and cheddar sandwiches, potato salad, and cheesecake b. Deviled eggs, baked beans, and hamburgers c. Hotdogs, French fries, and milkshakes d. Chicken salad sandwiches, coleslaw, and coconut cream pie e. Peanut butter sandwiches, corn chips, jar of salsa, and fresh oranges

e

45. National surveys suggest that children and adolescents are the farthest from reaching the recommendations for ________. a. starchy vegetables and leafy greens b. dairy and refined grains c. dairy and protein foods d. fruits and dairy e. green vegetables and legumes

e

46. Excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins are ____. a. converted to inert byproducts by the liver b. excreted in feces c. excreted in urine d. stored in the pancreas e. stored in the liver and in body fat

e

51. To improve cardiovascular fitness, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that an individual exercise continuously for ____ at least five times a week. a. 10 to 25 minutes b. 20 to 40 minutes c. 60 to 90 minutes d. 15 to 55 minutes e. 30 to 60 minutes

e

53. If the clams had been the cause of illness with symptoms first appearing 2 days after the meal, what microorganism would have most likely been the cause? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. Listeria monocytogenes c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Norovirus e. Vibrio infection

e

58. To keep consumption of pesticide residues to a minimum, all of the following are recommended except: a. Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables. b. Peel produce to which wax was applied. c. Discard the outer leaves of lettuce. d. Consider purchasing some organic produce. e. Rinse produce with running water after cutting.

e

67. If Tim eats enough to provide an extra 500 calories per day above his energy needs, how long will it take him to gain about 5 pounds of body fat? a. 1 week b. 10 days c. 2 weeks d. 4 weeks e. 5 weeks

e

75. Which of the following is not noted as a group that may benefit from taking a multivitamin-mineral supplement under guidance of a physician or dietitian? a. A person following a low-energy diet for weight loss b. A person with a digestive tract disease that leads to pool intake or absorption c. An alcoholic d. A person who follows a vegan diet e. A person approaching age 65

e

83. The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the ____. a. nervous system b. cardiovascular system c. muscular system d. epithelial tissue e. skeletal system

e

85. The body can store as much as a _____ supply of vitamin A in the body. a. 3-week b. 1-month c. 3-month d. 6-month e. 1-year

e

89. What factor is classified as a cancer initiator? a. Excess dietary fat b. Obesity c. Excess alcohol d. Lack of physical activity e. Cigarette smoke

e

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. 63. Finally, Maya is pregnant, but she and Bob decide to wait until the 14th week of gestation before telling family and friends. What stage of pregnancy is Maya in? a. Fetal state b. Postnatal c. 1st trimester d. Critical period e. 2nd trimester

e

Vignette #1 Suzanne and Bob have noticed that Kelly, their 16-year-old daughter, has been losing weight lately. She exercises at the gym almost 4 hours a day and seems to be skipping meals. They discuss this with Kelly at the dinner table, but she says there is no problem and urges them to stop worrying. Before taking drastic steps, Suzanne and Bob call their pediatrician. They discuss what has been going on with Kelly and begin to gather facts concerning disordered eating. Let's see how much they have learned by answering these questions. 80. The member of a treatment team working with a person who has anorexia nervosa would be most focused on proper nutrition is the ________. a. Psychotherapist b. Nurse practitioner c. Family therapist d. Social worker e. Dietitian

e