Nutrition chapter 10

Which of the following is not true? -Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. -Iron is essential for both oxygen transport and utilization. -About one-fourth (1,000 mg) of the total-body iron content in adult males is in storage. - Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron. -Anemia will reduce maximal oxygen uptake.

Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron.

Which of the following is not true? -Iron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency in the world. -The incidence of iron deficiency is similar among athletes and the general population. -The body adapts to endurance training by increasing the red blood cell mass as well as the myoglobin content of skeletal muscle. - Altitude exposure causes an additional increase in the production of red blood cells. -Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.

Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.

Which of the following is not true? -Low intakes of vitamins A and D are likely attributable to the restriction of dietary fat intake in weight-conscious athletes. - Athletes who are attempting to maintain a low body weight by restricting their total energy intake are most at risk for inadequate intake of vitamins. -The seven macrominerals are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur. -Some minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus) are the building blocks for body tissues, including bones and teeth.

Low intakes of vitamins A and D are likely attributable to the restriction of dietary fat intake in weight-conscious athletes.

Which of the following statements is correct? -Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal. -Vitamins are inorganic compounds required in small amounts. -Vitamins can be synthesized in the body. -Phosphate is a trace element. -Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.

Phosphate is a trace element

Which of the following statements is correct? -Vitamin C losses through sweat can be substantial. -Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial. -Vitamin K is water soluble. -Vitamin D losses through sweat can be substantial. -Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.

Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial

Which of the following is not true? Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants prevent oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by -preventing ROS formation -intercepting ROS attack by scavenging the reactive metabolites and converting them to less-reactive molecules -binding metal ion catalysts, such as copper and iron, to prevent initiation of free-radical reactions -digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell -providing a favorable environment for the effective functioning of other antioxidants

digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell

T/F A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of supplement use in elite and nonelite athletes reported that about 37% of both male and female athletes regularly took a multivitamin and mineral supplement.

false

T/F Blood concentrations give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements.

false

T/F Chromium supplementation leads to an increase in lean body mass.

false

T/F Dietary records give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements.

false

T/F During heavy exercise, vitamins are lost in sweat, and if high sweat rates are maintained for prolonged periods, vitamin requirements may increase significantly.

false

T/F Free radical reactive oxygen species are released after damaging exercise and interfere with the repair process.

false

T/F High doses of antioxidants can stimulate training adaptations.

false

T/F Radical species are highly reactive and directly target lipid membrane structures by lipid oxidation, causing membrane stability and decreased permeability.

false

T/F The best marker of vitamin D status is the blood plasma concentration of 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D2.

false

T/F Twenty-three different compounds are now considered vitamins.

false

Which of the following may result from excessive intake of vitamin A? -oxalate stones -cardiovascular disease -liver damage -hypercalcemia -kidney damage

liver damage

Select the most correct answer. The concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the sweat excreted onto the skin is ________ the concentration in blood. -higher than -lower than -the same as -roughly twice -similar to

lower than

Which of the following is not an antioxidant nutrient? -vitamin C -carotenoids -flavonoids -polyphenols -riboflavin

riboflavin

Low stores of body iron in elite athletes are best detected by measuring - hemoglobin - hematocrit -red blood cell count -serum ferritin -myoglobin

serum ferritin

T/F A free radical is an atom or molecule that possesses at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbit.

true

T/F If energy intake matches the energy requirement and an athlete consumes a reasonably balanced diet, he or she will get all the vitamins necessary from food without any need for supplements.

true

T/F Magnesium deficiency in both humans and animals is associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, including muscle weakness, cramps, and structural damage of muscle fibers and organelles.

true

T/F Major food sources of vitamin B12 are meat, liver, and milk, and so vegetarian athletes are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency.

true

T/F Most vitamins were first recognized by the deficiency symptoms and illnesses that arose when their intake was inadequate.

true

T/F Phosphorus is also found as a component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and phospholipids, which form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

true

T/F Rich sources of polyphenols include tea, wine (particularly red wine), fruits, and vegetables.

true

T/F Sports anemia refers to the observation that training causes a transient fall in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit because of the increase in plasma volume.

true

T/F When calcium levels in the blood are low, parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from the bone, causing demineralization of the bone.

true

Which of the following micronutrients have an antioxidant function? -thiamin, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron -sodium, vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc -vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc -niacin, vitamin D, copper, magnesium -riboflavin, vitamin A, zinc, potassium

vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc

Which of the following will help iron absorption? -vitamin C -alcohol -caffeine -copper -myoglobin

vitamin C

A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with weakening of bones. -iodine -iron -vitamin D -biotin -vitamin K

vitamin D