Nutrition Chapter 11
Using the formula listed below, calculate the target body weight of a female soccer player currently weighing 134 lb with 18% body fat. Her goal is 15% body fat. Target body weight = Current FFM/1—desired % BF
129
If an individual has an android pattern of fat distribution, where will fat be predominantly stored?
Abdomen
The use of which of the following substances by males may lead to decreased testicle size, early onset baldness, and development of breast tissue?
Anabolic steroids
Which of the following is banned by most sports-governing bodies which consider its use unethical and unsafe?
Androstenedione
Which of the following refers to mesomorphs?
Can gain muscle mass relatively easily and typically do not have excessive amounts of body fat
Which of the following refers to a normal or adequate amount of water for proper physiological function?
Euhydration
An athlete's body composition was tested by underwater weighing and he was told he had 13 percent body fat. How should he interpret this information?
His percentage of body fat is between 10.3 and 15.7 percent.
With which of the following populations is it most appropriate to use BMI?
Sedentary adults
The terms lean body mass and muscle mass can be used interchangeably because technically they are the same.
false
Which of the following completes the equation BMI = weight (kg)/____?
height2 (meters)
In general, it is recommended that well-trained athletes lose no more than ____ lb of weight per week.
1 to 2
What percentage of body weight in adult females is estimated to be essential fat?
12
How much additional protein is needed per day to support the growth of 1 pound of muscle?
14 g
Using the formula listed below, calculate the recommended minimum body weight of a male wrestler currently weighing 185 lb with 8% body fat. His goal is 4% body fat. Minimum body weight = Current FFM/1 - minimum % BF
177
How many kcal are needed to support the growth of 1 pound of muscle?
2,300
The SEE for percent body fat determined from underwater weighing is approximately ± which of the following percentages?
2.7
What percent of body weight in adult males is estimated to be essential fat?
3
It is generally recommended that athletes who wish to lose body fat not restrict energy intake to less than which of the following amounts of kcal/kg daily?
30
Male athletes who wish to promote the growth of muscle tissue should increase daily energy intake by approximately how many kcal?
400 to 500
For an athlete trying to lose body fat, what is the minimum amount of carbohydrate that should be consumed each day?
5 g/kg
An increase of how many daily kcal is recommended for athletes who are underweight and want to increase both muscle mass and body fat?
500
Which of the following should be done by an individual before a bioelectrical impedance analysis is performed?
Abstain from eating or drinking within 4 hours of the assessment.
Which of the following takes into account the lowest percentage of body fat that an athlete could likely achieve without putting health at risk?
A minimum body weight calculation
Which of the following defines body mass index (BMI)?
A screening tool for the general population that helps individuals determine a "healthy weight" range.
Which of the following results in the conversion of cholesterol to progesterone to androstenedione and to testosterone?
Action by various enzymes
What can be used to estimate body fat?
All are correct
Which of the following refers to power-to-weight ratio?
An expression of the ability to produce force in a short amount of time relative to body mass
Which of the following may be caused by weight cycling?
An increase in anger, tension, and fatigue
Which of the following best describes the rationale for the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) body composition method?
Body tissues can be distinguished based upon their relative ability to conduct electrical currents.
What was dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) originally developed to measure?
Bone density
Which of the following refers to endomorphs?
Characterized as being stocky, with wide hips and a tendency to easily gain body fat, especially visceral fat
What are prohormones?
Compounds that are precursors to testosterone
Which of the following classifications best describes an individual who is stocky with a tendency to gain body fat deep in the abdomen?
Endomorphic
Which of the following when administered together have been reported to increase performance by delaying time to exhaustion?
Ephedrine and caffeine
Today underwater weighing is considered the gold standard for measuring body composition.
False
When compared to female athletes in similar sports, males usually have a higher percentage of body fat.
False
Which of the following sports is impacted the least by the athlete's body composition?
Golf
Which weight-loss supplement should be used with caution due to some reports of liver toxicity?
Green tea extract
What formula can be used to best determine target body weight?
Current fat free mass/(1 - desired % body fat)
Which of the following is an example of a size-dependent sport?
Ski jumping
A high jumper may want to decrease body fat to achieve which of the following results?
Improved vertical distance
Why is caffeine added to ephedrine-containing compounds?
It enhances the effectiveness of ephedrine as a weight-loss agent.
Which of the following refers to ephedra?
It is a botanical term and refers to a genus of plants.
Which of the following statements describes DHEA?
It is considered a weak androgen (steroid) and is not included under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act.
Which of the following describes the use of anabolic steroids by trained and recreational athletes?
It is increasing.
Which of the following can occur when obese people use ephedrine and caffeine?
It results in a short-term weight loss of 8 to 9 lb.
Which of the following refers to the total amount of fat-free mass and essential body fat?
Lean Body Mass
Which of the following refers to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?
Low SEE, but additional research is needed before it can be considered the new gold standard of body composition assessment.
How does mass differ from weight?
Mass is not affected by gravity while weight is affected by gravity.
Which of the following belongs to the group of stimulants that describes most ephedrine-containing supplements that also contain caffeine?
Methylxanthine
What is essential fat?
Minimum body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning
Which of the following conditions can be linked to females who do not always exhibit the typical gynoid pattern?
Obesity
During which of the following phases is it most likely for loss of a large amount of body fat to occur due to a moderate restriction of energy intake not interfering with training?
Off-season
Is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) considered to be effective for use as a weight-loss supplement?
Studies in animals were promising, but results of human studies have been inconsistent.
Which of the following refers to underwater weighing?
Subject error may be substantial.
What is the current regulatory status in the United States of ephedrine-containing dietary supplements?
Supplements containing less than 10 mg of ephedrine are legal in most states, but higher doses cannot be sold.
Which of the following are associated with disadvantages such as high cost, limited portability, finite size of the seating area, and claustrophobia?
Plethysmography
Which of the following are known as prohormones?
Precursors to testosterone
Body mass index (BMI) is appropriate to use with trained athletes if the formula for the general population is adjusted by the standard error of the estimate (SEE).
false
Endomorphs are typically described as being slightly built with less-developed muscle mass and fat stores.
false
It is generally recommended that athletes decrease body fat before increasing muscle mass because reducing body fat will provide a greater performance benefit than increasing muscle mass.
false
When male athletes are trying to increase muscle tissue, it is generally recommended that they increase their caloric intake by about 100 to 200 kcal daily.
false
Which of the following refers to skinfold measurements?
Technician training and consistency are critical; can introduce a large degree of error.
Which of the following is a side effect of bitter orange?
Temporary elevation in heart rate and serious adverse events such as stroke
Which of the following is a benefit of measuring body composition by skinfold measurements?
The calipers are relatively inexpensive and easily portable.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an isomer of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid found in _____.
beef
Which of the following refers to standard error of the estimate (SEE)?
The degree to which the measured factor is likely to vary above or below the result obtained
Which of the following refers to near-infrared interactance (NIR)?
The procedures are not disruptive for the subject, as only one site on the body is typically measured.
What does the majority of studies conclude about the safety of DHEA supplements?
The safety profile of DHEA is not known.
Athletes who restrict energy intake should increase protein intake to at least 1.4 g/kg of body weight to protect against large losses of lean body mass.
True
For the sedentary adult or the athlete who is not accustomed to strength training, virtually any strength-training protocol will result in increases in strength and some initial increase in muscle mass.
True
In sports in which explosive power is a requirement or provides a competitive advantage, having a high power-to-weight ratio is important.
True
Which of the following refers to ectomorphs?
Typically described as being slightly built with less-developed muscle mass and fat stores
Which of the following is not an advanced clinical imaging technique used to assess body composition?
Ultrasound
Which of the following refers to bioelectrical impedance (BIA)?
Use in athletes is hampered by the need to follow restrictive premeasurement guidelines related to exercise and caffeine intake.
How does visceral fat stored in the abdominal area differ from subcutaneous fat?
Visceral fat is more metabolically active.
Weight cycling is defined as repeated bouts of weight loss and weight gain and is common in which of the following sports?
Wrestling, lightweight rowing, boxing, judo, and tae kwon do
Which of the following is a side effect of supplements containing ephedrine?
insomnia
Which of the following refers to the total amount of skeletal muscle in the body?
muscle mass
Which of the following defines weight cycling?
repeated bouts of weight loss and weight gain
All methods for measuring body composition have some inherent error.
true
DEXA scans are most often associated with measuring bone mineral density; however, they can also be used to assess body composition.
true
Essential fat is the minimum amount of body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning.
true
From a nutrition perspective, when athletes are trying to increase muscle mass, an adequate energy (kcal) intake is as important as an adequate protein intake.
true
Plethysmography uses displacement of air to determine body volume.
true
Rigid adherence to attaining a given scale weight or body composition is never recommended.
true
Storage fat is composed of subcutaneous fat and visceral fat.
true
Underwater weighing and plethysmography are two methods that use body density to estimate body composition.
true
Which method of testing body composition has a SEE of approximately ±1.8 percent?
DEXA
Which of the following is considered a weak androgen (steroid) and is not included under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act.?
DHEA
Weight cycling by athletes may predispose them to which of the following conditions later in life?
Not Heart disease maybe: Obesity
Which of the following refers to residual volume?
The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal voluntary exhalation
In traditional Chinese medicine, ma huang is typically used to cause which of the following conditions?
To treat asthma and nasal decongestion