Nutrition Chapter 11: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K
sterile
free of microorganism, such as bacteria
describe vitamin e's role as an antioxidant. what are the chief symptoms of vitamin e deficiency
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how is vitamin d unique among the vitamins? what its chief function? what are the richest sources of this vitamin?
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list the fat soluble vitamins. what characteristics do they have in common? how do they differ from the water soluble vitamins?
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summarize the roles of vitamin a and the symptoms of its deficiency
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what are vitamin precursors? name the precursors of vitamin a, and tell in what classes of foods they are located. give examples of foods with high vitamin a activity.
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what is vitamin k's primary role in the body? what conditions may lead to vitamin k deficiency?
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osteomalacia
a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones. symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs. occurs most often in adult women
osteocalcin
a calcium binding protein in bones
acne
a chronic inflammation of the skins follicles and oil producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils inside the ducts that surround hairs; usually assocuated with the maturation of young adults
precursor
a compound that can be converted into an active vitamin
tocopherol
a general term for several chemically related compounds, one of which has vitamin e activity
fibrocystic breast disease
a harmless condition in which the breasts develop lumps, sometimes associated with caffeine consumption; can be treated with vitamin e
hemophilia
a hereditary diease in which the blood is unable to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors
rhodopsin
a light-sensitive pigment of the retina; contains the retinal form of vitamin a and the protein opsin
retinol acitivity equivalents
a measure of vitamin a activity; the amount of retinol that the body will derive from a food containing preformed retinol or its precursor beta-carotene
pigment
a molecule capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light so that it reflects only those that we perceive as a certain color
vitamin a activity
a term referring to both the active forms of vitamin a and the precursor forms in foods without distinguishing between them
keratin
a water-insoluble protein; the normal protein of hair and nails
xerosis
abnormal drying of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign of vitamin a deficiency
keratinization
accumulation of keratin in a tissue; a sign of vitamin a deficiency
vitamin a
all naturally occurring compounds with the biological activity of retinol
good sources of vitamin a include:
apricots, turnip greens, and liver
a significant amount of vitamin k comes from
bacterial synthesis
without vitamin k
blood fails to clot
epithelial cells
cells on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes
osteoblasts
cells that build bone
osteoclasts
cells that destroy bone during growth
hemorrhagic disease
characterized by excessive bleeding
retinoids
chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to that of retinol; metabolites retinol
vitamin d can be synthesized form a precursor that the body makes from:
cholesterol
preformed vitamin a
dietary vitamin a in its active form
the classic sign of vitamin e deficiency is:
erythtocyte hemolysis
vitamin a defieincy symptoms include:
night blindness and keratomalacia
beta-carotene
one of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin a precursor found in plants
carotenoids
pigments commonly found in plant and animals, some of which have vitamin a activity. the carotenoid with the greatest vitamin a activity is beta-carotene
xanthophylls
pigments found in plants; responsible for the color changes seen in autumn leaves
xerophthalmia
progressive blindness casued by inadequate tear production due to severe viatmin a deficiency
vitamin e's most notable role is to:
protect lipids against oxidation
fat soluble vitamins:
require bile for absorption
the form of vitamin a active in vision is:
retinal
photosensitive cells of the retina:
rods contain the rhodopsin pigment and respond to faint light. cones contain the iodopsin pigment and function in color vision
lysosomes
sacs of degradative enzymes
intermittent claudication
severe calf pain caused by inadequate blood supply. occurs when walking and subsides during rest
night blindness
slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night or an inability to see in dim light; an early symptom of vitamin a deficiency
keratomalacia
softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness; seen in severe vitamin a deficiency
alpha-tocopherol
the active vitamin e compound
retinol
the alcohol form of vitamin a
erythrocyte hemolysis
the breaking open of red blood cells; a symptom of vitamin e deficiency disease in humans
hemolytic anemia
the condition of having too few red blood cells as a result of erythrocyte hemolysis
chlorophyll
the green pigment of plants, which absorbs light and transfers the energy to other molecules, thereby initiating photosynthesis
retina
the innermost membrane of the eye. composed of several layers including one that contains the rods and cones.
to keep minerals available in the blood, vitamin d targets
the intestines, the kidneys, and the bones
epithelial tissue
the layer of the body that serves as a selective barrier between the bodys interior and the environment
mucous membrane
the membranes, composed of mucus-secreting cells, that line the surfaces of body tissues
cell differentiation
the process by which immature cells develop specific functions different form those of the original that are characteristic of their mature cell type
opsin
the protein portion of the visual pigment molecule
retinol-binding protein
the specific protein responsible for transporting retinol
cornea
the transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye
rickets
the vitamin d deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone
key bone nutrients:
vitamin d, vitamin k, vitamin a calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride