Nutrition Chapter 13

Dave typically has several cups of coffee with cream and sugar with his breakfast sausage. How much is his ability to absorb the iron in the sausage diminished as a result?

0%

The american dental association recommends that water be fluoridated to contain_____ parts(s) fluoride per million parts water

0.7-1.2

Which of the following does not decrease zinc absorption?

Bases

The___ of trace minerals is influenced by many factors, such as nutritional status and other components of foods.

Bioavailability

_____ is a selenoprotein.

Glutathionine peroxidase

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of which trace mineral?

Iron

Which of the following is a general characteristic of trace minerals?

Trace minerals are circulated from the GI tract to the liver and throughout the body

What protein produced by the liver delivers iron to all body cells?

Transferrin

Which of these foods contain phytates?

Vegetables, grains, seeds

In order to be classified as a trace mineral, a mineral must be required by the body in amounts less than___ per day?

100mg

Marcia's doctor has instructed the dietitian to assist her is developing an iron supplement regime to treat her iron-deficiency anemia. The dietitian will most likely follow the CDC recommendation and suggest that Marcia take one _____ mg tablet of ferrous sulfate twice daily for _____ months.

300,3

Consuming on(1) cup of coffee or tea with a meal can decrease nonheme iron absorption by what percentage?

40-70

The institute of medicine recommends that vegans should consume up to ____% more zinc than nonvegetarians

50

If sue, age 22 and not pregnant, attempted to meet her RDA for iron by eating 3-ounce hamburgers, how many would she have to eat each day?

6

How much may iron requirements increase in endurance athletes?

70%

How many trace minerals or "Microminerals" are needed by the body?

8

More than____% of the iron in a typical diet is nonheme iron.

85

How much manganese is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake?

<10%

How much chromium is actually absorbed by the body regardless of intake?

<2%

Iron is important for optimal growth and development, because it is_____?

A cofactor for DNA synthesis

When iodine deficiency occurs in children and adults, the thyroid gland grows and becomes enlarged, producing _____, the classic sign of iodine deficiency.

A goiter

Copper homeostasis occurs in part through adjustments in_____

Absorption

The genetic condition _____ causes decreased absorption of a trace mineral and results in growth failure and red, scaly skin (especially around the scalp, eyes, and feet) in infants.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

The individual who is least likely to be iron deficient is?

Bob, age 41

Which of the following breakfast cereals is most likely to interfere with the bioavailabilty of the iron in the enriched toast you are eating at the same time?

Bran nuggets

If sadie wanted to avoid cruciferous vegetables, she would avoid?

Cabbage, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts

_____ transports copper.

Ceruloplasmin

Which trace mineral is thought to be needed for glucose homeostasis and insulin function in humans?

Chromium

Which trace mineral was designated an essential nutrient because its deficiency in animals caused a diabetic-like state?

Chromium

Genrally, fruits are not good sources of trace minerals. the exceptions are____?

Chromium and manganese

When a mineral is part of an enzyme it is called a ____?

Cofactor

Synthesis of norepinephrine and collagen requires______.

Copper

Why does a diet high in iron decrease the absorption of copper?

Copper and iron compete for the same transport proteins.

Bert has liver disease. what trace minerals will likely be poorly regulated by his body as a result?

Copper and manganese

Sarah has frequent heartburn, so she regularly takes antacids. To lessen her risk of developing a(n) _____ deficiency she could add _____ to her diet.

Copper, legumes

When a baby experiences iodine deficiency in utero, _____ may result.

Cretinism

Compounds that inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland are found in which of the following foods?

Cruciferous vegetables

Iron is a component of______ that serve as electron carriers in energy metabolism.

Cytochromes

Which of the following foods provides the least amount of chromium in the diet?

Dairy foods

Dan's grandfather has a goiter. The goiter could be the result of _____.

Either an iodine deficiency or iodine toxicity

Which of the following is true?

Enriched foods are good sources of nonheme iron

Iodine deficiency results in all of the following except:

Excessive growth in stature

If you wanted to develop a way to test how much of the copper in a new supplement was being excreted by the body, your test would need to measure the copper in?

Feces

Which form of supplemental iron below is least absorbed by the body?

Ferric sulfate

What blood tests can the dietitian use to identify patients with mild iron deficiency?

Ferritin concentrations, total iron-building capacity, and serum transferrin saturation

Kate is shopping for an iron supplement. To enhance absorption, which of the following iron forms will her dietitian suggest she look for on the label of the product she chooses?

Ferrous

Someone who drinks only bottled water is more likely to have a low intake of _____ than someone who drinks water from the community water supply.

Fluoride

Which trace mineral is not an essential nutrient but has long been recognized for strengthening bones and teeth?

Fluoride

Which of the following is true regarding trace minerals?

For most people, deficiencies and toxicities of trace minerals are rare

Which compounds inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid gland?

Goitrogens

What protein is the most abundant in the red blood cells and is responsible for delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide?

Hemoglobin

When an elite athlete decides to donate blood during training and then have it transfused back into his body just before a competition, he is trying to increase his _____ and therefore the amount of _____ available to tissues in order to increase the rate of _____ energy metabolism.

Hemoglobin, oxygen, aerobic

The two iron storage compounds in the body are ferritin and_____?

Hemosiderin

The functions of selenium include all of the following except:

Improving bone health

Excess manganese is excreted:

In the feces

Excess chromium is excreted:

In the urine

Trace mineral status is regulated by the?

Intestine, kidneys, liver

Low blood levels of____ stimulate the pituitary gland to increase release of TSH

Iodine

Which trace mineral is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Iodine

______ are excreted from the body in urine?

Iodine and selenium

Dairy products are good sources of

Iodine and zinc

The best source of iodine in the American diet is?

Iodized

Josie is pregnant and craves red clay from her back yard. The dietitian suspects Josie has a(n) _____ deficiency.

Iron

What is the most common type of trace mineral deficiency in the world?

Iron

Jack has no genetic disorders, does not consume excessive trace mineral supplements, and has not experienced environmental overexposure. Yet, he could still be at risk for developing either a deficiency or toxicity of which two trace minerals?

Iron and Iodine

The dietitian is checking on several AIDS patients. In monitoring dietary intake, which trace minerals should she pay particular attention to because of their importance for optimal immune function?

Iron, selenium, and zinc

Which of the following is true of arsenic?

It may be a cofactor for a variety of enzymes

What disease is caused by a severe selenium deficiency?

Keshan Disease

Which of the following is the regulation site for iodine and selenium?

Kidneys

Which food below is the best source of copper?

Liver

Where is excess iron stored in the body?

Liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Reducing agents increase the bioavailability of nonheme iron by?

Making possible the transport of nonheme iron across intestinal membranes

A sever deficiency of which trace mineral results in scaly skin, poor bone formation, and growth faltering?

Manganese

Rosetta is a dietitian in a small mining town in the west. Because many of her patients and clients are miners, which mineral may be present in their bodies at potentially toxic levels?

Manganese

What trace mineral other than copper is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that protects cells from free radicals?

Manganese

Which trace mineral is needed for enzymes involved in glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and bone formation?

Manganese

What factor enhance bioavailability of nonheme iron?

Meat factor

Enzymes that contain trace minerals are called?

Metalloenzymes

What type of anemia results from severe iron deficiency?

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

Which trace mineral is needed by enzymes involved in metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and purines?

Molybdenum

Carla is the dietitian for an inpatient drug rehab facility. In order to provide her newly admitted clients with sufficient _____ for production of some of the enzymes used by the liver to detoxify drugs, she plans menus that include _____.

Molybdenum; peas, grains, and nuts

The snack item richest in nonheme iron is?

Mushrooms stuffed with breadcrumbs

What iron-containing Protein is found in muscle cells?

Myoglobin

Signs and symptoms of anemia include all of the following except?

Nervousness

Which of the following trace minerals are being investigated to determine their role in human nutrition?

Nickel, aluminium, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, and boron

The best dietary sources of selenium are:

Nuts, seafood, and meat

Because of the extent of iron deficiency in the U.S., some legislators want to pass a bill requiring that more foods like fruit juices and most snacks are iron fortified. As the dietitian called as an expert witness, what position will you take based upon nutrition science?

Oppose the legislation because fatal iron toxicity could occur since adult males lose very little iron once it has been absorbed.

Alice is about to eat a three-bean salad. she will enhance her absorption of iron if she consumes____ as part of her meal.

Orange juice

Excessive intake of fluoride causes?

Pitting and mottling of teeth

Which of the following is an example of a chelator that binds nonheme iron, making it unavailable for absorption?

Polyphenols

Which of the following foods contains heme iron?

Poultry

Ferritin and metallothionine are____ synthesized by the body to_____?

Proteins; Block excess absorption of iron and zinc, respectively

What do "zinc fingers" do?

Regulate transcription by turning on and off specific genes

What trace mineral is part of the structure of an enzyme that protects the body from free radical damage?

Selenium

Which food items are significant sources of zinc in the diet?

Shellfish, meat (especially organ meats), dairy products, and legumes

Trace minerals are absorbed primarily in the_____ and circulated in the ____

Small intestine, Blood

Which of the following foods contains polyphenols?

Tea

According to most controlled studies conducted to date, what is the effect of chromium supplements on athletic performance and blood glucose regulation?

There are no beneficial outcomes

Iodine uptake by the thyroid is regulated by?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

_____ acts much like insulin in some laboratory animals and cell culture systems.

Vanadium

Which of the following is true regarding fluoride?

Very few foods are good sources in fluoride

Chromium's bioavailability is increased by ______ and decreased by _____.

Vitamin C, Antacids

Which of the following groups of foods includes good sources of copper?

Whole grains, shellfish, and nuts

Acrodermatitis eneteropathica causes decreased____ absorption, and hence requires life-long supplementation of this mineral.

Zinc

Which trace mineral is needed for growth, reproduction, immunity, and protein synthesis?

Zinc

Consuming large amounts of _____ can cause a garlic-like odor of the breath, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and brittleness of the teeth and fingernails.

selenium