Nutrition Chapter 2 notes, and definitions

True or false: Consumers can rely upon the advice of a professional who bears the legally protected title "nutritionist."

False

Federal Trade Commission.

Federal government agency that protects consumers against "unfair and deceptive acts or practices" by business in the United States.

The ______________ amendment to the U.S constitution gurantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.

1st

experimental epidmiological studies utilize A. Control group B. Treatment Group C. testimonial group D. Placebo Group

A and B

A ______________ is a factor such as a persons age, weight or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

Variable

List the seven steps to the scientific Method

1. Make observations that generate questions 2. Formulate a hypotheses 3. Review current scientific literatures (published studies) that relate to the questions 4. Design studies, perform tests, and collect data 5. Analyze data and draw conclusions based on the results 6. Share results with peers 7. Conduct more research, the results of which may confirm previous findings.

List atleast three red flags that may indicate a questionable source of nutrition information.

1. Promises of quick and easy remedies. 2. Claims that sound too good to be true. 3. Scare tactics 4. Attacks on conventional scientist and nutrition experts: 5. Testimonials and ancedotes 6. Promotes benefits while overlooking task: 7. vague terms 8. Vague sources 9. Pseudoscience 10. Disclaimers

A true nutrition expert ________ A. Has experience in the application of scientific methodology B. Usually a registered Dietitian C. has extensive college coursework in nutrition food science and chemistry.

A B C

What is Peer Review?

A critical analysis of an article about a study submitted to a journal that is conducted by a group of investigators who were not part of the study but are experts involved in related research.

What steps must one take to become a RD or RDN?

A person needs to meet specific educational and certification requirements that are approved by the accreditation council for eductation in nutrition Earn atleast a bachelors degree, complete a supervised practice progam that provides professional training.

A(n) ____________ is a report of personal Experiences. A. Anecdote B. Hypothessis C. Variable D. Peer Review

A. Anecdote

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? A. Scientist seek to publish the results in scientific journals B. Scientist seek to publish the resuls in daily newspapers C. Scientist figure out if the finding support or disprove the hypothesis D. the scientist summarize the findings.

A. C. D

Nutrient deficiency diseases are in a result of ____________ A. taking nonnutrient dietary supplements B. lack or proper nutrition C. not receiving proper medication D. poor diets

B and D

which of the following are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers? A. advertisement on tv B. pop up ad on the internet C. presented at a professional nutrition conference D. presented in a peer review journal

C and D

Registered Dietitian (RD) or Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

College trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics

A ______________ group which receives no treatment allows researchers to determine if an expermental treatment has any affect.

Control.

A(n) ____________ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

Experiment

A(n) _______________ is a personal endorsement of a product. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisments for various products.

Testimonials

dietetics

the application of nutrition and food information to achieve and maintain optimal health and to treat many health related conditions.

When two variables have a relationship in which they are said to be in _____________ with each other but you can't say that there is a cause and effect relationship.

Correlation

What is Epidemiology?

_________ is the study of the occurrence, distribution and causes of health problems in populations

Direct or Positive Correlations

describes the relationship that occurs when two variables increase or decrease in the same direction

Case Control Study

is a study in which individuals with a health condition (cases) are matched to persons with similar characteristics wh do not have the condition

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES)

is a survey that uses interviews and physical examinations to assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States

The most reliable nutrition advice is based on.

research

What year did Dr. Goldberger pass away in?

1929

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitiudes and __________________ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

Biases

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as: A. Vitro Experiments B. Utero Experiments C. Viro Experiments

C. Vivo Experiments

Inverse or Negative Correlation

Describes the relationship that occurs when one variable increases and the other one decreases

List atleast three tips for using the internet as a reliable source of nutrition information.

Food and Drug Admin. Academy of Nutrition and Dieteticcs Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

An experiment that uses cells or other componetns derived from living organisms is called?

In Vitro

The RD credintial indicates that the person

Participates in continuing education Has Completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

Anecdotes

Personal reports concerning a treatments effectiveness

Pseudoscience

Presentation of information masquerading as factual and scientific.

Cohort Studies can be retrospective or ________________

Prospective

____________________- is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods:

Pseudoscience

Epidemiological Studies ___________ cause Causation. A. Can B. Cannot

b. Cannot

The scientific method second step is developing a _____________-

hypothesis

Prospective Cohort Study

study in which a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded.

Observational epidemiological studies __________ establish causation. A. Can B. Cannot

B. Cannot

Placebo effect

in studies involving human subjects, te situation that occurs when a subject reports having positive results even though he or she is taking a placebo.

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers healthful and logical nutrition decisions? A. Avoid Products supported by more than one clinical research study b. Apply health nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims. C. read Products carefully. d. examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim. E. Avoid practicioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients.

B.C.D.E

Double Blind Studies

Describes the human studies in which neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subject's group assignments.

Retrospective study

a study in which researchers collect information about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes

A(n) _______________________ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research>

hypothesis

Symptoms of Pellagra:

scaly skin sores were weak developed diarrhea mental confusion

Hypothesis

is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

What is the difference between a testimonial and an anecdote.

A testimonial is a personal endorsement of a product while a Anecdote is a personal report concerning a treatments effectiveness.

Cohort Study

epidemiological study in which researchers collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

In an experiment, a fake medicine or intervention is called a(n):

A Placebo

Which of the following is true about control groups? A. The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used. B. All conditions differ between the control and treatment group.

A. The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

A member of a treatment group _______________________. A. receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated. B. Is given a placebo treatment by researchers

A. receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated.

Variable

is a factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study. ( an example: the environment)

Testimonial

is a personal endorsement of a product. People usually receive payment for their endorsements.

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health related claims because? A. promoters of worthlessness nutrition products are good marketers. B. The FDA cannot regulate nutrition and health related claims on product labels C. Nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources. D. The FDA cannot prevent the spread of misinfoormation published.

A. C. D.

What is the major difference between a prospective study and a retrospective study?

A prospective study is a study in which a group of initially healthy people are followed around over a period of time and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded, and and a retrospective study is a study in which researchers collect information about a groups past experiences or exposures and identify current health outcomes.

A _____________ ______________ is a college trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition.

Registered Dietitian.

Distinguish between a control group and a treatment group in a experiment.

The control group is the group that does not recieve a treatment while the experimental group recieves a treatment.

True of False. The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientist change their recommendations in the light of new findings.

True

What is the most common type of diabetes?

Type 2 Diabetes

Placebo

A fake treatment (received by the control group)

Correlations

A relationship between variables

What is Causation

A specific practice that is responsible for an effect

Experiment

A systematic way of testing a hypothesis

An experiment that uses whole living organisms such as mice is known as?

In Vivo

Control Group

In a controlled study, the group that does not receive a treatment

Treatment or (Experimental) Group

In a controlled study, the group that receives the treatment