Nutrition Chapter 5

emulsifier

A compound that can suspend fat in water by isolating individual fat droplets, using a shell of water molecules or other substances to prevent the fat from coalescing.

HDL (protein) key role

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and, in turn, excretion of it from the body

uses of EPA and DHA

Decrease blood clotting Reduce heart attack Decrease inflammation lower triglycerides, rheumatoid arthritis, behavioral disorders

This buildup, known as ___, greatly increases the risk for cardiovascular disease

atherosclerosis

Structure of a phospholipid

backbone of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphorus compound (could be other elements like nitrogen)

LDL is sometimes considered "___" cholesterol.

bad

the "kinks" in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated cause the fat to...

be liquid at room temperature

avocados are classified as

berries (antioxidants and fiber)

Cholesterol is also the building block of ___ acids, which are needed for fat digestion.

bile

The incompatibility of fats and water not mixing easily presents a challenge for the transport of fats through the

blood and lymph, which are mostly water

Eicosanoids made from these omega-3 fatty acids tend to decrease ___ ___ and ___ processes in the body

blood clotting; inflammatory

Most of the time, cholesterol synthesis by the ___ is well regulated: if you eat more dietary cholesterol, the ___ synthesizes less cholesterol

body; liver

Many types of phospholipids exist in the body, especially in the

brain, important in cell membranes

15% of calories from fat

bread

calories in fat-reduced products vs. regular

calories stay about the same

food sources of fat from fat/oils

canola oil, margarine, butter

fats/oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids

canola oil, olive oil, peanut oil, and avocados

Although consuming fish is thought to have greater benefits, fish oil ___ can be safely substituted for fish if a person does not like fish

capsules

as exercise intensity increases, more ___ are used

carbohydrates

lipids are composed primarily of the elements __ and __

carbon and hydrogen (contain fewer oxygen atoms than do carbohydrates)

Chemical energy can be derived from breakdown of all those ___-___ bonds, so lipids yield more than twice as much energy (9 kcal per gram) as carbohydrates or proteins (4 kcal per gram)

carbon-hydrogen

Many studies demonstrate that the amount of HDL in the bloodstream can closely predict the risk for

cardiovascular disease

the major killer of North Americans

cardiovascular disease

50% of calories from fat

chocolate, ice cream, donuts, whole milk

If LDL is not readily cleared from the bloodstream, scavenger cells in the arteries take up the lipoprotein, leading to a buildup of ___ in the blood vessels.

cholesterol

The ___ content of the heart, liver, kidney, and brain is high, reflecting its critical role in these organs

cholesterol

The proteins form receptors for hormones, function as enzymes, and act as transporters for nutrients. Some ___ is also present in the membrane

cholesterol

___ is transported within the lipid core of the lipoprotein. some ___ also lends structural support to the lipoprotein's outer shell

cholesterol

most common example of a sterol

cholesterol

VLDL is composed of

cholesterol and triglycerides surrounded by a water-soluble shell of phospholipids and protein

cholesterol digestion

cholesterol with a fatty acid attached is broken down by enzymes released from the pancreas

what happens to the rest of the chylomicron after triglycerides have been removed? The leftover materials are called

chylomicron remnants

major lipoproteins in the blood

chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

___ are the largest of the lipoproteins; they are loaded with dietary fat and originate only from the intestinal cells

chylomicrons

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids usually are in the ___ form

cis

CLA contains both ___ and ___ bonds, and the trans bond is in a different location compared to industrial trans fats

cis and trans

cis vs trans fatty acid structure

cis: same side causes a "kink" trans: opposite side causes the fatty acid to exist in a linear form, like a saturated fatty acid

Most natural monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids exist in the ___ form, causing a bend in the carbon chain, whereas the straighter carbon forms of ___ fat more closely resemble saturated fatty acids

cis; trans

fats/oils rich in saturated fatty acids

coconut oil, palm oil, butter, lard/beef fat

Lippoproteins

compound in bloodstream containing a core of lipids with shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol

Risk increases with low ___ because little cholesterol is transported back to the liver and excreted

HDL

___ and ___ are often described as "good" and "bad" cholesterol, respectively

HDL and LDL

order of density of the four lipoprotein from highest to lowest

HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicron

phospholipid digestion

enzymes from the pancreas and cells in the wall of the small intestine digest phospholipids to produce glycerol, fatty acids, and the remaining phosphorus-containing parts

plant sterols

essential components of plant membranes that, when consumed in the diet, appear to help lower cholesterol levels

cholesterol is used to make some important hormones, such as:

estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D

Muscles use a mixture of ___ and ___ for fuel

fat and carbohydrates

the structure of a lipoprotein allows

fats to circulate in the water-based bloodstream

when referring to lipids that are solid at room temperature they are ___, while lipids that are liquid at room temperature are called ___

fats; oils

When at rest or during light activity, the muscles use mostly ___ acids for fuel

fatty

each dietary fat, or triglyceride, is a complex mixture of many different ___ acids, the combination of which provides each food its unique taste and smell

fatty

absorption of fats in the small intestine

fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse into the absorptive cells of the small intestine (95% absorbed this way), chain lengths of fatty acids that are less than 12 carbon atoms it is soluble in water and absorbed in the capillaries and transported by the portal system to the liver, long fatty acid chains are reformed into triglycerides and eventually enter circulation via the lymphatic system

EPA and DHA are naturally found in

fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, sardines, etc

rich food sources of alpha-linelenic acid

flax seeds and walnuts, chia seeds, canola, and soybeans

are engineered fats approved?

for fried snack foods, like fat free potato chips

cholesterol functions

form certain hormones and bile acids, and is incorporated into cell structures

essential fatty acid functions

form parts of vital body structures, immune system function and vision, help form cell membranes, produce eicosanoids

where to find omega-6 fatty acids

found in vegetable oils (recommended intake of about 2-4 tablespoons a day)

the raw materials for lipid and cholesterol synthesis include

free fatty acids taken up from the bloodstream, carbon and hydrogen derived from carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol

food sources of fat from vegetable group

french fries, spinach, deep fried veggies, veggies roasted with oil

Broiled or baked fish is recommended rather than

fried fish

food sources of fat from fruit group

fruit pies, avocados, orange juice

High amounts of HDL slow the development of cardiovascular disease, so any cholesterol carried by HDL can be considered "___" cholesterol.

good

about ___ of the energy used by the entire body at rest and during light activity comes from fatty acids

half

Low amounts of LDL are needed as part of routine body functions, but a ___ level of LDL cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

high

fats can be saturated or unsaturated with ___

hydrogen

use the process of ___ to prevent rancidity

oxidation

75% of calories from fat

peanut butter and cheddar cheese

___ form the shell of the lipoprotein

phospholipids

omega-9 fatty acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the ninth carbon from the methyl end

liver in fat digestion

produces bile that emulsify lipids in the digestive juices

Lipids are less dense than

proteins

problems with engineered fats

provide few to no calories bc they can't be digested or absorbed well, can bind the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their absorption

what happens when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids breaks down?

rancid by-products

how the FDA is taking more action against trans fats

required the disclosure of trans fat content on food packages, determined that partially hydrogenated oils—the main sources of trans fats in the diet—are no longer "generally recognized as safe" for use in human food products

the foods highest in fat (contain close to 100% of calories as fat) include

salad oils and spreads such as butter, margarine, and mayonnaise

Trimming the visible fat from meats can help reduce ___ fat intake, but you cannot remove the marbling

saturated

the 3 types of fatty acids

saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated/trans fatty acids increase/decrease cholesterol

saturated: increase monounsaturated: decrease polyunsaturated: decrease trans: increase more than saturated fat

pancreas in fat digestion

secretes a mixture of enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the small intestine

lipoproteins function

serve as vehicles for transport of lipids from the small intestine and liver to the body tissues

proteins located in the ___ help to identify the lipoprotein

shell

Definitions for Nutrient Claims About Fat and Cholesterol on Food Labels Table

shows values, pg 173

symptoms from not consuming enough essential fatty acids

skin becomes flaky and itchy, diarrhea, infections, Growth and wound healing may be restricted

Triglycerides and other fats in food carry fat-soluble vitamins to the ___ and aid their absorption

small intestine

phospholipid functions

soluble in water and fat, emulsifier, synthesized by body as needed, participate in fat digestion, absorption, and transport

Some plants contain natural cholesterol-lowering compounds called plant ___ or plant ___

stanols; sterols

___ are important in the synthesis of hormones, including estrogen, testosterone, and the active form of vitamin D

sterols

when fat is removed from a product, it is commonly replaced with

sugar

rich food sources of Linoleic acid

sunflower, safflower, corn, cottonseed oils, nuts, chicken

hydrogenation

the addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond, producing a single carbon-carbon bond with two hydrogens attached to each carbon

example of CLA found naturally

the bacteria that lives in animals produce trans fatty acids from the polyunsaturated fats in the grass they eat. eventually appear in beef, milk, and butter

Unsaturated fatty acids, with their double bonds, can exist in two different structural forms:

the cis and trans forms

cis fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid that has the hydrogens on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

trans fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid where hydrogens are on the opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

omega-6 fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end

omega-3 fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the third carbon from the methyl end

___ are a rich source of plant sterols

walnuts

in reduced fat margarines, ___ replaces some of the fat

water

to lower the fat in foods, manufacturers may replace some of the fat with

water, protein, or forms of carbohydrates such as starch derivatives, fiber, and gums

Some rich food sources of plant sterols include

wheat germ, sesame seeds, pistachios, and sunflower seeds

food sources of fat from dairy group

whole milk, low-fat milk, yogurts, cheese, premium ice cream

As its triglycerides are released, the ___ becomes proportionately more dense

VLDL

food sources of phospholipids

Wheat germ, peanuts, egg yolks, soybeans, and organ meats

methyl group

a carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. the omega end of a fatty acid

acid group

a carbon atom bonded with two oxygen atoms. this is where fatty acids are linked to glycerol to form triglycerides

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die

bile

a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder and released through the bile duct in the small intestine

fatty acid

a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens

As soon as the fatty acids are released to the bloodstream, they are ___ by nearby cells

absorbed

the main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can bind the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their ___

absorption

Eicosanoids

act as chemical messengers that direct growth and development, immune function, and the work of the central nervous system

___ cells, on the other hand, tend to reassemble the fatty acids into triglycerides for storage.

adipose

major omega-3 fatty acid

alpha-linolenic acid

two essential fatty acids

alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid

lipoprotein lipase

an enzyme attached to the cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels; it breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

___ fats are high in saturated fatty acids and remain solid at room temperature

animal

cholesterol is found only in

animal foods

A layer of insulating fat is important in ___ living in cold climates

animals

The American Heart Association does not support use of ___ supplements (such as vitamin E) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk

antioxidant

The Food and Nutrition Board suggests that fat intake can be as high as __% of calories consumed for an adult

35%

Absorption of cholesterol from food ranges from about __% to __%

40% to 65%

About __% to __% of total fat in dairy and meat products is in the form of saturated fatty acids

40%-60%

The omega-6 parent fat, linoleic acid, is converted by the body into

arachidonic acid (AA).

the body's need for the essential fatty acids can be met by daily consumption of only about __ to __ tablespoons of plant oil and __ servings of fatty fish such as salmon or tuna per week.

2-4 ; 2

About __/__ of the cholesterol circulating through your body is made by body cells; the remaining __/__ comes from the diet

2/3; 1/3

autopsies of young adults under __ years of age have shown that many of them had atherosclerotic plaque in their arteries

20

Healthy People 2020 has set a goal of reducing death from coronary heart disease by __%, compared with today's incidence

20%

about __% of trans fatty acids in our diet comes from CLA

20%

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food and Nutrition Board recommend that total fat intake should be __%-__% of total calories

20% to 35% (44-78 g/d)

lipids should compromise __% to __% of an adult's total calorie intake

20%-35%

About __% of people do not survive their first heart attack

25%

Limit portion size to ___ ounces and choose leaner cuts of meat to help keep your blood cholesterol levels in check.

3 oz

The advice to consume 20% to 35% of calories as fat does not apply to infants and toddlers below the age of __ years.

2

process of the small intestine during fat digestion

1) large fat droplets enter small intestine after a meal, 2) bile acids (mostly) and lecithin emulsify large fat droplets into smaller particles, 3) lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides, 4) monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed into the small intestinal cells and then re-formed into triglycerides, 5) short and medium chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream, 6) triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons, which enter the lymphatic system

Women generally lag about __ years behind men in developing the disease

10

the Dietary Guidelines and the American Heart Association recommend limiting saturated fat intake to __% of total kilocalories and avoiding trans fats

10%

The cost of coronary heart disease alone is ___ billion each year, which includes the costs of health care services, medications, and lost productivity

108.9

Of this amount, about ___ milligrams are used to make new bile acids to replenish those lost in the feces, and about ___ milligrams are used to make hormones. In addition to all the cholesterol cells make, we consume about ___-___ milligrams of cholesterol per day from animal-derived food products, with men consuming the higher amount compared to women

400; 50; 180-325

To meet our dietary requirements for essential fatty acids, we only need to consume 2 to 4 tablespoons of plant oil each day, which equates to roughly __% of our total calories

5%

For people at risk of cardiovascular disease, the American Heart Association recommends restricting saturated fat intake even further to __% to __% of total kilocalories

5% to 6%

To reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, the AHA recommends reducing trans fat and limiting saturated fat to no more than __%-__% of total calories

5% to 6%

if you need to lower blood cholesterol, reduce saturated fats to no more than __%-__% of total calories

5% to 6%

The body's ability to store fat is essentially limitless. Its fat storage sites, adipose cells, can increase about __ times in weight

50

about ____ people die from cardiovascular disease every year

600,000-610,000

recommended weekly intake of fish in ounces

8 oz

Adipose cells contain about __% lipid and only __% water and protein.

80%; 20%

Each day, your body's cells produce approximately ___ milligrams of cholesterol

875

More than __% of heart attacks are caused by total blockage of the coronary arteries due to a blood clot forming in an area of the artery already partially blocked by plaque

95%

Through this process, approximately __% of bile acids are recycled. Only __% to __% of bile acids end up in the large intestine to be eliminated in the feces

98%; 1%-2%

fatty acid structure

At one end of the molecule (the alpha end) is an acid group. At the other end (the omega end) is a methyl group

When food manufacturers want to prevent rancidity in polyunsaturated fats, they often add the synthetic antioxidants ___ and ___ or vitamin C to products that contain fat, such as salad dressings and cake mixes.

BHA; BHT

LDL (cholesterol) key role

Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

chylomicron (triglyceride primary component) key role

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL (triglyceride) key role

Carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

fatty acids that are derived from omega-3

EPA and DHA

Remember that fish oil supplements are not regulated by the ___; the quality of these supplements is not standardized, and contaminants naturally present in the fish oil may not have been removed

FDA

signs of a heart attack

Intense, prolonged chest pain or pressure, sometimes radiating to other parts of the upper body (men and women) Shortness of breath (men and women) Sweating (men and women) Nausea and vomiting (especially women) Dizziness (especially women) Weakness (men and women) Jaw, neck, and shoulder pain (especially women) Irregular heartbeat (men and women)

Recently, the American Heart Association advised against the use of coconut oil (and other sources of saturated fatty acids) because of these effects on ___ levels

LDL

The cholesterol and protein components of ___ provide some of the building blocks necessary for cell growth and development, such as synthesis of cell membranes and hormones.

LDL

The rate of plaque buildup is directly related to the amount of ___ in the blood

LDL

These are the primary fatty acids that raise

LDL

These compounds have been clinically shown to reduce ___ (bad) cholesterol

LDL

dietary patterns that are low in saturated and trans fats tend to lower total cholesterol, particularly ___.

LDL

foam cells

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls

The major sources of fat in the ___ diet include liberal amounts of olive oil compared to a small amount of animal fat (from animal flesh, eggs, and dairy products)

Mediterranean

manufacturers also use engineered fats, such as

Olean or Olestra

where to find omega-3 fatty acids

Primarily from nuts, seeds, fish oil, flax seed oil Also found in canola, walnuts, mussels, crab, shrimp, and soybean oil (recommended intake of about 2 servings of fish per week)

There is no ___ for total fat intake for adults, although there is an Adequate Intake set for total fat for infants

RDA

omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid health effects

Reduces inflammation responses, blood clotting, and plasma triglycerides

omega-6 linoleic acid health effects

Regulates blood pressure and increases blood clotting

functions of fat in foods

Satiety, flavor, texture, the fat is why foods are creamy

risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Total blood cholesterol is greater than 200 mg/dl Smoking Hypertension (> 139 / 89 mmHg) Diabetes Low HDL (< 40 mg/dl) Age Family history Blood triglycerides > 200 mg/dl Obesity Inactivity

EPA is needed for

concentration and vision and is converted into a powerful anti-inflammatory agent

For a person at low risk of cardiovascular disease, the advice of health experts is to

consume a balanced diet, perform regular physical activity, have a complete fasting lipoprotein analysis performed at age 20 or beyond, and reevaluate risk factors every 5 years

rancid

containing products of decomposed fatty acids that have an unpleasant flavor and odor

triglycerides are housed in the ___ of the lipoprotein

core

fats/oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

corn, soybean, sunflower, and safflower oils

no fat foods

cornflakes, sugar, fat-free milk

food sources of fat from grain group

croissant, crackers, pasta with added fat

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

death of part of brain tissue due typically to a blood clot

this suggests that CLA improves insulin levels in diabetics and ___ the risk of heart disease, cancer, and obesity—the very same diseases that industrial trans fats have been shown to increase

decreases

Foods most likely to become rancid are

deep-fried foods and those with a large amount of exposed surface

Factors that typically bring on a heart attack in a person already at risk

dehydration; acute emotional stress (such as firing an employee); strenuous physical activity when not otherwise physically fit (shoveling snow, for example); waking during the night or getting up in the morning (linked to an abrupt increase in stress); and consuming large, high-fat meals (increases blood clotting).

Therefore, lipoproteins that contain a large percentage of lipids in comparison to protein are less ___ than those depleted of lipids

dense

An excessive intake of long-chain fatty acids in seafood can

depress immune function, resulting in more infections; normal blood-clotting ability can be impaired leading to uncontrollable bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke

eicosanoids

derived from the essential fatty acids and are involved in practically all important functions in the body

Please note that the latest guidelines set no specific limits on ___ ___. This is because ___ ___ intake has little impact on blood cholesterol levels

dietary cholesterol

Removing one fatty acid from a triglyceride forms a

diglyceride

main dietary sources of cholesterol

eggs, meat, and whole milk

35% of calories from fat

eggs, pumpkin pie, cupcakes, lean cuts of meat like sirloin

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can be converted in the body into other fatty acids, which give rise to

eicosanoids

phospholipids act as ___, which enable fat to be suspended in water

emulsifiers

triglycerides are used for

energy storage, insulation, and transportation of fat-soluble vitamins

To increase shelf life, manufacturers often add partially ___ plant oils to products

hydrogenated

if unsaturated fats are used to replace saturated fats, it must go through the process

hydrogenation, as this solidifies the vegetable oils into shortenings and margarines

Arachidonic acid has some important functions in the body, but when omega-6 fatty acids are consumed in excess, arachidonic acid can contribute to

inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, blood clotting, and other cardiovascular problems

Polar bears, walruses, and whales all build a thick layer of fat tissue around themselves to

insulate against cold weather; extra fat provides an energy source for when food is scarce

This waxy substance does not look like the other lipids discussed so far, but it is classified as a lipid because

it does not readily dissolve in water

rancidity is a problem for the food industry and restaurant business because

it reduces a product's shelf life

the fatty acids are not fully hydrogenated to the saturated fatty acid form because

it would make the product too hard and brittle, partial hydration-leaving some monounsaturated fatty acids-creates a semisolid product

DHA is needed for

its role in brain structure is especially important during pregnancy for fetal brain and nervous system development

example of emulsifier

lecithin, a component of egg yolk, are often added to salad dressing (keeps mixtures of lipids and water from separating)

fruits and vegetables that are good sources of antioxidants

legumes (beans), nuts, dried plums (prunes), raisins, berries, plums, apples, cherries, oranges, grapes, spinach, broccoli, red bell peppers, and onions. Tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are also sources of antioxidants

large intestine in fat digestion

less than 5% of ingested fat is normally excreted in the feces

to minimize trans fat intake:

limit consumption of fried food, pastries/flaky bread products, and cookies. use little or no stick margarine or shortening, substitute vegetable oil or softer tub margarines, don't cook with unhydrogenated oils, avoid partially hydrogenated vegetable oil on labels

how are engineered fats made

links fatty acid with sucrose

CLA is a family of fatty acids derived from ___ acid

linoleic

major omega-6 fatty acid

linoleic acid

The ___ are potent regulators of chemical processes within the body.

lipids

Once a chylomicron enters the bloodstream, the triglycerides in its core are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by yet another lipase enzyme known as

lipoprotein lipase

stomach in fat digestion

only minor digestion of fat takes place through the action of salivary and gastric lipase enzymes

After participating in fat digestion, most bile acids are absorbed in the last segment of the small intestine and transported back to the

liver

The ___ takes up various lipids from the blood. The ___ also is the manufacturing site for lipids and cholesterol

liver

The ___ then must package the lipids it makes into lipoproteins for transport in the blood to body tissues

liver

chylomicron remnants are removed from circulation by the ___, and their components are recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

liver

the remaining glycerol backbone circulates back to the ___

liver

The ___ and ___ produce most of the HDL in the blood

liver and intestine

Much of what eventually remains of the VLDL particle is then called

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

60% of calories from fat

marbled steak and hamburgers (ground chunk)

the structure of a saturated fatty acid allows the ___ number of hydrogens to be bound

maximum

research indicates that the benefits of fish intake, especially in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, outweigh the possible risks of ___ contamination

mercury

food sources of fat from protein group

mixed nuts, marbled meat, bacon, poultry, deep fried meat

Removing two fatty acids from a triglyceride forms a

monoglyceride

sterols

multi-ring structure that makes them structurally and functionally different from the other lipids already discussed

___ cells can immediately use the absorbed fatty acids for fuel

muscle

phospholipids are very important to proper function of the ___ system. Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid that surrounds and protects nerve cells. It participates in cell-to-cell communication within the ___ system

nervous

saturated fatty acid structure

no double bonds; saturated with hydrogen

high-fat foods that contain 80% of calories as fat

nuts, bologna, avocados, bacon

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

major omega-9 fatty acid

oleic acid

monounsaturated fatty acid structure

one double bond

vegan

only eats plant foods

how to find the fat hidden in foods

the nutrition facts panel displays total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat. the list of ingredients will be listed by order of weight. if fat is one of the first ingredients listed, it is probably a high fat product

this may be why trans fat increases

the risk for heart disease and overall inflammation in the body

why are phospholipids soluble in water and fat?

their structure forms a bilayer. the heads are outside the cell and the fatty acid tails are on the inside of the cell membrane

saturated fats and trans fats can more readily resist rancidity effects because

they contain fewer carbon-carbon double bonds

lipids share one main characteristic:

they do not readily dissolve in water

triglyceride structure

three fatty acids bonded to glycerol backbone

some ___ fatty acids, known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), occur naturally

trans

the process of hydrogenation produces

trans fatty acids

Cholesterol is an essential structural component of cells and the outer layer of the lipoprotein particles that ___ lipids in the blood

transports

the primary/major/most common type of lipid found in the body and in foods

triglyceride

The American Heart Association also recently suggested that fish oil supplements could be employed to treat elevated blood ___

triglycerides

The insulating layer of fat just beneath the skin is made mostly of ___

triglycerides

We store energy mainly in the form of

triglycerides

where are fatty acids found

triglycerides

the 3 types of lipids/fats

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

fats/oils rich in trans fats

tub/stick margarine, shortening

polyunsaturated fatty acid structure

two or more double bonds

what can break double bonds?

ultraviolet light, oxygen, and heat (deep frying) and can destroy the structure of polyunsaturated fats