Nutrition Chapter 5

VLDLs are transformed into ........ after transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to muscle and fat cells.

LDLs

are found in the center of lipoproteins and make up the majority of both chylomicrons and VLDLs' composition.

Triglycerides

are the least dense of the lipoproteins produced by the liver.

VLDLs

. The ....... is the site of the production of bile and some lipoprotein

liver

Small-chain fatty acids can enter the bloodstream directly, but large-chain fatty acids must be packaged first before entering the

lymph

Chylomicrons transport fat and cholesterol from a meal via the ...... before entering the bloodstream

lymphatic system

Carriers that transport monoglycerides and fatty acids to intestinal cells are called

micelles

Structures composed of a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid are called

monoglycerides

contains 6 to 8 fatty acids connected to sucrose, and cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes.

olestra

This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called

pancreatic lipase.

The buildup within an artery wall of ....... can greatly obstruct flow through the artery's passageway

plaque

is denser than fat, and determines the overall density of a lipoprotein.

protein

A ...... is a characteristic, variable, or behavior that increases the probability of developing injury, infection, or disease. An example is smoking.

risk factor

......... refers to the presence of several risk factors together that can result in an increased chance of developing heart disease.

sydrome X/ metabolic sydrome

The most common fat in foods is made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone and is called a

triglyceride.

A ........ is a lipoprotein carrier that transports digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system.

Chylomicron

are large lipoproteins that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.

Chylomicrons

are the only type of lipoprotein that gets circulated in the lymph.

Chylomicrons

is a lipid that is made up of four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen, and is an important component of cell membranes, as well as a precursor for other essential compounds.

Cholesterol

Which of the following statements describes the nature of emulsification? A) Micelles are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in emulsification of lipids. B) The polar end of an emulsifier is attracted to fat and surrounds fat droplets, orienting the nonpolar, water-attracting head of the emulsifier toward the watery environment. C) Cholesterol can act as an emulsifier. D) Bile acts to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion.

D) Bile acts to emulsify lipids in the small intestine, which helps pancreatic lipase access fats for further digestion.

is a compound containing carbons, hydrogens, and hydroxyl groups (OH) that serves as the "backbone" for various lipids.

Glycerol

are the densest type of lipoprotein that circulates in the bloodstream; they serve to remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver.

HDLs

The narrowing of arteries, also called ...... is thought to start with an injury to an artery's interior wall.

atherosclerosis

Cholesterol is a component of ........ , which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine, where it plays an important role in emulsifying fats.

bile

When fat enters the small intestine, an emulsifier called......... is released into the small intestine to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.

bile

is needed to help mix fats with watery fluids.

bile

The .... are the large blood vessels that supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart.

coronary ateries

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are considered ....... , and must be obtained from the diet.

essential fatty acids

....... can be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based.

fat substitutes

Once macrophages "gobble up" cholesterol-laden LDL and become enlarged, they are transformed into

foam cells

The ....... releases bile through the common bile duct.

gallbladder

The enzyme secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.

gastric lipase

. When a blood vessel leading to the heart is blocked by a clot, a can result

heart attack

......... remove cholesterol from tissues and deliver it to the liver for use in bile or excretion.

high-density lipoproteins

A person with a blood pressure of 140/90 is said to have

hypertension