nutrition chapter 6
true or false: a sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid
true
margarine is made from ____
vegetable oil
components of bile that enhance lipid digestion and absorption
bile salts
trans fatty acids are a ______
by-product of the hydrogenation process
what is the name of the marker that is produced by the liver due to infection and inflammation and when elevated may be a marker for atherosclerosis
c-reactive protein
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
cholesterol is _____
found only in animal foods
most cases of ____ disease and ____ result from atherosclerosis
heart; stroke
foods ___ in saturated fats are composed of long-chain fatty acids
high
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
part of molecule that attracts water
hydrophilic
part of molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
hydrophobic
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist
hypertension
chronically elevated blood pressure
hypertension
risk factors for CVD
hypertension, excess body fat, sedentary
most bile salts are absorbed in the _____, where the compounds enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver
ileum
in general, lipids are ___ in water
insoluble
enzymes that break down lipids
lipases
class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
lipids
transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues
lipoproteins
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
a chemical process that alters the compound's structure
oxidation
homocysteine is a(n).....
possible marker for cardiovascular disease
enterohepatic circulation is responsible for......
recycling bile from the intestinal tract
interfering with enterohepatic circulation can ___ blood cholesterol levels because the liver must use cholesterol. to make new bile salts
reduce
chylomicrons are transported in the lymphatic system to the _____ duct, where they enter the bloodstream through the left ____ _____ in the chest
thoracic; subclavian vein
fixed bunch of clots that remains in place
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
thrombus
cholesterol is found only in ____
animal foods
instead of relying on trans fats to extend the shelf life of products, manufacturers can preserve fat and other ingredients in foods by adding _____ to them
antioxidants
the four major classes of lipoproteins are
chylomicrons, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins
___ fatty acid causes the carbon chain to bend
cis
what is chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid
contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
a major form of CVD
coronary artery disease (CAD)
cholesterol < 200 mg/dl; ldl chol<100; HDL >=60; triglycerides of 150-199
desirable, optimal, low risk, borderline high risk
cholesterol does not undergo ____
digestion
after heavy drinking, fat can accumulate in liver cells and cause a condition known as ______ ______
fatty liver
_____ are absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
free fatty acids
LDLs can be damaged by chemically unstable substances called __________
free radicals
structural component of a triglyceride
glycerol backbone, 3 attached fatty acids
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
homocysteine
elevated blood levels of the amino acid ______ may be associated with cardiovascular disease, either by contributing to atherosclerosis or simply as a marker that indicates the presence of cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon chain
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
hydrogenation
process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature
hydrogenation
manufacturers add plant sterols to certain foods because they may....
lower blood cholesterol
lipid-rich particle that is surrounded by bile salts; transports lipids to absorptive cells
micelle
which alcohol detoxification pathway is used when a person drinks excessively such as during binge drinking
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
single fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone
monoglyceride
a _____ fatty acid has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen molecules because of the double bonds
monounsaturated
peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in
monounsaturated fat
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common
mostly in the form of triglycerides
heart attack
myocardial infarction
a saturated fatty acid has.....
no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
first carbon of a fatty acid chain that has three hydrogen atoms attached to it
omega end
certain fish are rich sources of ____
omega-3
fatty acid that decrease blood clotting and inflammation
omega-3
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid
omega-3 fatty acid
fatty acid that increase blood clotting and inflammation
omega-6
digestive enzyme that removes 2 fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to some unsaturated fatty acids in liquid vegetable oil
partial hydrogenation
foods rich in monounsaturated fats
peanuts, olives
hypertension is sometimes called a "..." but it is still very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease
silent disease
the primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the ____
small intestine
___, a commonly prescribed class of drug, interfere with the liver's metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels
statins
____ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels
statins
type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels
statins
a lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure
sterol
____ have carbons arranged in rings, which makes them a more chemically complex type of lipid
sterols
cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant _______, which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels
sterols
another function of the hormone cholecystokinin is ____
stimulating the gallbladder to contract
the most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include _____ & ______
stroke, coronary artery disease
fat layer under the skin that stores energy, insulates the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours
subcutaneous
____fat is a layer of fat under the skin that stores energy, insulates the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours
subcytaneous
modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include....
tobacco use
___ fatty acid allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
trans
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
trans fats
____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
trans; saturated
lipoproteins.....
transport lipids in the bloodstream
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
triglyceride
___ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils
triglycerides
______ comprise most of the lipid content of your food and body
triglycerides
which types of lipids are synthesized by the body
triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids
true or false: long-chain fatty acids contain 14 or more carbon atoms
true
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid
lipoprotein that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
two essential fatty acids
alpha-linoleic acid
fatty acids that are considered essential fatty acids
alpha-linoleic acid, linoleic acid
lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver
HDL
in terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when ___ levels are low and ____ levels are high in the bloodstream
HDL, LDL
end products of fat digestion
fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides
structure of phospholipid molecule
a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base
lipase is activated in the stomach by ____
acid
fats in foods....
add taste and contribute to "mouth feel"
____ cells, which absorb fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells
adipose
fat cells; specialized cells that store fat
adipose cells
phospholipids __________
are partially water-soluble
lipid-filled deposits that form under the lining of certain arteries
arterial plaque
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
arteriosclerosis
often called "hardening of the arteries"--condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries
arteriosclerosis
____ is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain
atherosclerosis
condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
atherosclerosis
symptoms of alcohol poisoning
becoming comatose, bluish complexion, confusion
as the fatty chime leaves the stomach and enters your small intestine, it stimulates certain intestinal cells to release the hormone _______
cholecystokinin
hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin (CKK)
although _____ is not metabolized for energy, cells use the lipid to synthesize a variety of substances, including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
cholesterol
lipid found only in foods that contain animal products
cholesterol
sterol in animal foods and precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
cholesterol
water-soluble compound in lecithin
choline
a ____ is the largest and least dense kind of lipoprotein
chylomicron
removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acid
chylomicron remnant
lipids are a class of macronutrients that include...
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
research shows that the formation of coronary calcium, which are calcium deposits in the arteries of the heart later in life, is associated with the following conditions in early adulthood
elevated cholesterol, smoking
a blood clot/plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
embolus
by having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an _____
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
emulsifier
manufacturers often add ____ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage
emulsifiers
process that recycles cholesterol in the body
enterohepatic circulation
lipids that must be supplied by the diet
essential fatty acid
true or false: phospholipids are only found in fat cells
false
adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of ______
fat as triglycerides
dietary fats in foods are often composed of
fatty acids
egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans are rich sources of ____
lecithin
egg yolks, liver, wheat germs, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich sources of the phospholipid ________
lecithin
major phospholipid in food
lecithin
whole-grain products contain ____
linoleic acid
an enzyme called a _____ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids
lipase
class of nutrients that generally do not dissolve in water
lipids
dietary ___ are often added to foods despite the negative health implications of consuming a high fat diet because they improve the flavor, texture, and aroma of many foods
lipids
maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient
lipids
which of the following nutrients contribute to a feeling of satiety
lipids
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream
lipoprotein
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
lipoprotein lipase
even if you do not eat animal foods, your body produces cholesterol, primarily in the ____
liver
secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids
liver, pancreas
_____ fatty acids are reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
long-chain
the enzyme _____ removes two fatty acids from a phospholipid molecule
phospholipase
a ___ molecule functions as a major structural component of cell membranes
phospholipid
glycerol and fatty acids are both by-products of ____ digestion
phospholipid
lecithin is a common example of a(n) _____ which is naturally found in plant and animal foods
phospholipid
type of lipid that is chemically similar to a triglyceride
phospholipid
lipoproteins carry different amounts of
phospholipids, cholesterol, protein
lipoproteins carry different amounts of...
phospholipids, protein, cholesterol
by-products of phospholipid digestion
phosphorus compounds, glycerol, fatty acids
diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol
polyunsaturated
safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are rich in ______ fat.
polyunsaturated
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
the hydrogenation process.....
produces trans fats
_____ fatty acids consist of 2 carbon-carbon.....
saturated
solid fats generally have a high proportion of _____ fatty acids
saturated
dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as
saturated fat
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated fatty acid
____ fatty acids travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
short and medium-chain