Nutrition Chapter 6

Plant-based diets may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. This is likely due to the fact that, compared to animal sources of protein, plant sources of protein are lower in

A) saturated fat and cholesterol.

Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with lower risk of

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is a true statement about body proteins?

Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair.

Which of the following is true about protein?

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

Which of the following conditions would describe a child with kwashiorkor?

Edema in the abdomen and legs

Human cells derive most of their energy from the breakdown of amino acids.

False

Which of the following is a true statement about sources of protein?

Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein.

Which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins?

Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood.

Which of the following food combinations is an example of complementary proteins?

Puffed rice cereal with milk

Which of the following is a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in a protein chain?

Sickle cell anemia

Which type of anemia results from an error in the DNA code?

Sickle cell anemia

Human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body?

Stomach and small intestine

Which of the following is a function of protein?

Synthesis of enzymes and hormones

Which of the following combinations of plant foods will provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?

black beans and rice

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are...

branched-chain amino acids.

Among children with kwashiorkor...

calorie intake may be low, but protein intake is severely deficient.

An essential amino acid...

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

In the case of sickle cell anemia, slight alterations in the DNA code lead to...

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.

Food proteins are used most efficiently when we

consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is...

converted to urea.

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called...

denaturation

Amino acids are absorbed via...

facilitated diffusion

The most reliable source of vitamin B-12 for the vegan would be

fortified soybean milk.

A child with marasmus

has a bloated abdomen due to edema.

Most plant proteins are ______ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

incomplete

1) High-protein diets may be harmful for...

individuals with kidney disease

A protein that acts as a hormone is

insulin

The type of malnutrition that results from severely deficient intake of both calories and protein is called

kwashiorkor.

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)

lactoovovegetarian

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)...

limiting amino acid

Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______ that can leave the nucleus.

mRNA

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino acid ______, while grains are limited in lysine.

methionine

Which of the following is a food that provides ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids?

milk

Which of the following is one of the eight most common food allergens?

milk

Recent research shows that older adults need ______ the current RDA for protein for adults.

more than

During starvation, a person is likely to be in a state of

negative protein balance.

Proteins are unique among the macronutrients because they are a source of ______ for the human body.

nitrogen

The ______ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

nucleus

The study of the ways in which genetic variations influence nutritional status is called

nutrigenetics

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called

nutrigenomics

What enzyme digests protein in the stomach?

pepsin

In proteins, amino acids are joined by ______ bonds.

peptide

The chemical bond joining two amino acids is called a(n) ________ bond.

peptide

The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid

phenylalanine

The majority of proteins in the traditional Mediterranean diet come from...

plant sources

Most proteins are ______, which are composed of 10 or more amino acids.

polypeptides

Amino acids are transported via the _______ vein to the liver.

portal

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and, in violation of safe rules of athletic training, is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

positive protein balance.

When an essential amino acid is missing from the diet...

protein synthesis will stop.

Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two severe forms of

protein-calorie malnutrition.

Antibodies are...

proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.

Complete (or high-quality) proteins...

provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids

Which of the following plant proteins is a complete source of protein?

quinoa

Dietary patterns that are high in _______ tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

red meat

Negative protein balance is likely during

starvation

Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme produced by the...

stomach

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are...

stored as fat

Jackie has an alcohol use disorder. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is...

the accumulation of fluids between cells.

The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering _______ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering _______ of the plate.

two-thirds (or more); one-third (or less)

A person who does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products is called a(n)

vegan

A vegetarian who eats only foods of plant origin is a(n)

vegan

The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day.

0.8

The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs?

10%

How many grams of protein are needed per day by a sedentary adult male who weighs 87 kilograms?

174

How many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

20

The typical American diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acids?

50%

Jack is a sedentary male who weighs 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein?

80 grams

Within cells, the synthesis of proteins is directed by...

DNA

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?

Most consume more protein than is needed.

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrates to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.

Dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are good sources of protein.

True

Soy protein is a complete protein.

True

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

Tryptophan

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as...

a hormone.

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

acting as buffers.

Denaturation refers to...

alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)

amino acid

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

amino acids

Short chain proteins and ______ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.

amino acids

In the typical American diet, most dietary protein comes from

animal sources

Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are

antibodies