Nutrition Chapters 1-5 Questions
A narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the colon that stores lymph cells.
Appendix
Your cousin Miguel is extolling the virtues of his new dietary supplement. He says that it contains enzymes that will make him healthier, and he asks for your opinion. You assure him that the enzymes:
Are proteins and proteins are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract.
A type of artery disease characterized by plaques (accumulations of lipid-containing material) on the inner walls of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
Which of the following plays a major role in the breakdown of certain types of dietary fiber in the large intestine?
Bacteria
Providing foods in proportion to each other and in proportion to the body's needs.
Balance
An alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice.
Bicarbonate
An emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.
Bile
A portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time.
Bolus
The most highly fortified foods on the market are:
Breakfast cereals.
Which of the following is NOT classified as a macronutrient? a) Fat b) Protein --c) Calcium d) Carbohydrate
Calcium.
Units by which energy is measured:
Calories.
Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across the walls of small vessels called:
Capillaries.
Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates
A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular disease
A compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process.
Catalyst
Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of:
Certain Eicosanoids.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 are applicable to all population groups except. a) Pregnant teenagers. b) People who are super-obese. ---c) Children under 2 years of age. d) Seniors older than 80 years of age.
Children under 2 years of age.
One of the sterols containing a four ring carbon structure with a carbon side chain.
Cholesterol
What is the major sterol in an omnivorous diet?
Cholesterol
The class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body.
Chylomicrons
After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as:
Chylomicrons.
The semi liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
Chyme
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Chyme
To assist the process of digestion and absorption, it is usually best to:
Combine different food types to enhance the absorption process.
Polysaccharides composed of straight or branched chains of monosaccharides.
Complex carbohydrates
Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?
Control the passage of food through the GI tract
A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in the food?
Cornstarch
Which of the following represents a chief source of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids?
Dairy
The amount of a nutrient below which almost all healthy people can be expected, over time, to experience deficiency symptoms:
Deficient.
Which of the following is a factor that determines the hardness of a fat at a given temperature?
Degree of saturation
Decay of teeth.
Dental caries
Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar?
Dental caries
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, usually resulting from insufficient or ineffective insulin.
Diabetes
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL would be classified as:
Diabetic.
The foods and beverages a person eats and drinks:
Diet.
In plant foods, the nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI tract bacteria.
Dietary fiber
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components is called:
Digestion
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units.
Digestion
Proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds.
Digestive enzymes
All the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food.
Digestive system
The kcalories remaining in a person's energy allowance after consuming enough nutrient-dense foods to meet all nutrient needs for a day.
Discretionary kcalorie allowance
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of:
Double bonds.
In to what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
Duodenum
Derivatives of 20-carbon fatty acids; biologically active compounds that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Eicosanoids
A person viewing an exciting sports match of her favorite team and eating because of nervousness would be displaying a food choice behavior most likely based on
Emotional comfort.
A popular term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein, vitamins, and minerals.
Empty kcalorie foods
The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as:
Emulsification.
Glands that secrete their materials "in" (into the blood).
Endocrine glands
Refined grain products contain only the:
Endosperm.
Which of the following is a result of the metabolism of energy nutrients?
Energy is released.
The capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy. The body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.
Energy.
Cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows.
Epiglottis
What part of the GI tract prevents a person from choking while swallowing?
Epiglottis
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
Epinephrine
Fatty acids needed by the body but not made by it in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.
Essential fatty acids
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n):
Essential nutrient.
Nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients:
Essential nutrients.
Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the:
Estimated Average Requirement.
Glands that secrete their materials "out" (into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin).
Exocrine glands
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of:
Fat only.
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy? --a) Fats b) Alcohol c) Proteins d) Carbohydrates
Fats 9 calories/ gram Carbs 4 calories/ gram Proteins 4 calories/ gram
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as:
Fats.
Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients? --a) Fiber b) Protein c) Minerals d) Vitamins e) Water f) Carbohydrates g) Fats/ Lipids
Fiber. Fiber is a carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans. The six nutrients are Protein, Minerals, Vitamins, Water, Carbohydrates, and Fats/ Lipids
Diet-planning tools that sort foods into groups based on nutrient content and then specify that people should eat certain amounts of foods from each group.
Food group plans
Foods that are designed to replace other foods.
Food substitutes
Products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of tissues:
Foods.
The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient:
Fortification.
The addition to a food of nutrients that were either not originally present or present in insignificant amounts.
Fortified
What is the term that defines foods that contain no nutrient substances whose known action in the body is to promote well-being to a greater extent than that contributed by the food's nutrients?
Functional foods
Foods that contain physiologically active compounds that provides health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions:
Functional foods.
The organ that stores and concentrates bile.
Gallbladder
What is the storage site of bile?
Gallbladder
A hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration and elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores.
Glucagon
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Glucose
An animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles as a storage form of glucose.
Glycogen
Cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus.
Goblet cells
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on
Habit.
A major cause of rancidity of lipids in foods is exposure to:
Heat and oxygen.
The vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver.
Hepatic portal vein
What is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins?
Hepatic portal vein
The type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol back to the liver from the cells; composed primarily of protein.
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of:
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
What is the predominant sweetener used in formulating beverages?
High-fructose corn syrup
The maintenance of constant internal conditions (such as blood chemistry, temperature, and blood pressure) by the body's control systems.
Homeostasis
Chemical messengers secreted by a variety of glands in response to altered conditions in the body.
Hormones
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed:
Hydrolysis.
A term referring to water-loving, or water-soluble, substances.
Hydrophilic
A term referring to water-fearing, or non-water-soluble, substances; also known as lipophilic (fat loving).
Hydrophobic
An abnormally low blood glucose concentration.
Hypoglycemia
What term describes a food that resembles and substitutes for another food but is nutritionally inferior to it?
Imitation food
Foods that substitute for and resemble another food, but are nutritionally inferior to it with respect to vitamin, mineral, or protein content.
Imitation foods
Not containing carbon or pertaining to living things:
Inorganic.
Indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water. Examples include the tough, fibrous structures found in the strings of celery and the skins of corn kernels.
Insoluble fibers
A hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to (among other things) increased blood glucose concentration.
Insulin
What mineral is added to refined flours in the enrichment process?
Iron
A "functional fiber" is one that:
Is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the appendix?
It stores lymph cells
Which of the following foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance?
Jam
Management of food energy intake.
Kcalorie control
An undesirably high concentration of Ketone bodies in the blood and urine.
Ketosis
A condition that results from inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; characterized by bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea.
Lactose intolerance
Plants of the bean and pea family, with seeds that are rich in protein compared with other plant-derived foods.
Legumes
Which of the following foods could help meet the iron needs of vegetarians who consume dairy?
Legumes
The results of blood tests that reveal a person's total cholesterol and triglycerides are called a:
Lipid profile.
Clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood.
Lipoproteins
What is the most metabolically active organ?
Liver
What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and Galactose following absorption?
Liver
The type of lipoprotein derived from very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) as VLDL triglycerides are removed and broken down; composed primarily of cholesterol.
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of:
Low-density lipoproteins.
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients:
Malnutrition.
Tiny, hair like projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells.
Microvilli
What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
Microvillus
Inorganic elements. Some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
Minerals
Overcooking a food is least likely to affect which of the following groups of nutrients?
Minerals
Providing enough but not too much of a substance.
Moderation
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as:
Moderation.
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
Monounsaturated
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses?
More lactose is removed during manufacturing
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
Mouth
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the:
Mouth.
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscle and liver
What is the meaning of a double-blind experiment?
Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group.
Statements that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food.
Nutrient claims
A measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides.
Nutrient density
Ranking foods according to their overall nutrient composition is known as:
Nutrient profiling.
Chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues. Nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases.
Nutrients
The science of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and of their actions within the body (including ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion). A broader definition includes the social, economic, cultural, and psychological implications of food and eating.
Nutrition
A comprehensive analysis of a person's nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory tests.
Nutrition assessment
Which of the following is a healthy choice for protein in the USDA Food Patterns?
Nuts
Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as:
Oils.
A gland that secretes digestive enzymes and juices into the duodenum. (It also secretes hormones into the blood that help to maintain glucose homeostasis.)
Pancreas
Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.
Peristalsis
A compound similar to a triglyceride but having a phosphate group (a phosphorus-containing salt) and choline (or another nitrogen-containing compound) in place of one of the fatty acids.
Phospholipid
Inspection of hair, eyes, skin, and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as:
Physical examination.
No nutrient substances found in plant foods that show biological activity in the body are commonly known as:
Phytochemicals.
Overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a:
Positive correlation.
Which of the following is NOT a legume? a) Peas b) Beans c) Peanuts ---d) Potatoes
Potatoes are not legumes. Pea, Beans, and Peanuts are legumes.
A nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient:
Primary deficiency
Living microorganisms found in foods that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health.
Probiotics
Foods that have been treated to change their physical, chemical, microbiological, or sensory properties.
Processed foods
Which of the following is a significant property of dietary fiber?
Promotes water retention of stools
An important function of fat in the body is to:
Protect vital organs against shock.
The average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is termed the:
Recommended Dietary Allowance.
The process by which the coarse parts of a food are removed.
Refined
A backward flow.
Reflux
Starches that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of healthy people.
Resistant starches
The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.
Satiety
A nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
Secondary deficiency
What component accounts for the usually sweet taste of fruits?
Simple sugars
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
Indigestible food components that dissolve in water to form a gel. An example is pectin from fruit, which is used to thicken jellies.
Soluble fibers
Textured vegetable protein is usually made from:
Soybeans.
What is one function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile
Common table sugar is typically extracted from sugarcane and:
Sugar beets.
What is the benefit of using controls in an experiment?
The subjects are similar in all respects except for the treatment being tested.
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers?
They are classified according to solubility in water
Fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond.
Trans-fatty acids
In which form are most dietary lipids found?
Triglycerides
The chief form of fat in the diet and the major storage form of fat in the body; composed of a molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached.
Triglycerides
A person wishing to increase consumption of polyunsaturated fats should choose:
Vegetable oils.
What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?
Villi
When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored EXCEPT a) Sugar. b) Corn oil. c) Alcohol. ---d) Vitamin C.
Vitamin C.
Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
Vitamins
According to nutrition labeling laws, the amounts of what two vitamins must be listed on the package label as a percent Daily Value?
Vitamins A and C
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups?
Vitamins A and C
Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism? a) Fat b) Proteins --c) Vitamins d) Carbohydrates
Vitamins. Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates are the energy-yielding nutrients.
A grain milled in its entirety (all but the husk), not refined.
Whole grain
Which of the following breads has the highest fiber content?
Whole-grain
The nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use:
energy-yielding nutrients.
A meat described as "prime cut" means that it:
has higher in fat than other cuts of meat.
How many vitamins are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
13
What is the highest blood triglyceride concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range?
149 mg/dL
What is the highest total blood cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range?
199 mg/dL
A food that provides 100 mg of magnesium and 25 kcal in a serving has a magnesium density (mg per kcal) of:
4
Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?
50
What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?
70-100
Excessive consumption of soft drinks, orange juice, and sports drinks increases risk for development of caries because they contain sugar and have:
A low pH.
The uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph.
Absorption
Sugars and syrups used as an ingredient in the processing and preparation of foods such as breads, cakes, beverages, jellies, and ice cream as well as sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table.
Added sugars
Providing all the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.
Adequacy
As a food additive, preservatives that delay or prevent rancidity of fats in foods and other damage to food caused by oxygen.
Antioxidants
