Nutrition connect

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

proteins

___ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood

proteins

the liver and kidneys must work hard to use protein to meet energy needs because

proteins require a lot of processing to produce energy

What is associated with health benefits because of the phytochemical, resveratrol that it contains

red wine

final digestion of protein occurs in the

small intestine

all of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

Where does the digestion of protein begin

stomach

which of the following water-soluble vitamins may be deficient in the diet of someone with excessive alcohol intake?

thiamin, folate, vit b-6, niacin

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid

thyroid hormone

the hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

the initial alcohol produces through the process of fermentation occurs when ____, a microorganism, metabolizes the simple sugars present for use as energy

yeast

About 25% of college students report ____ from their drinking

academic problems

Cancer is related to alcohol consumption due to this compound, ____, which is known as carcinogen that is formed during the metabolism of ethanol

acetaldehyde

the blood proteins ___ are important in maintaining fluid balance

albumin and globulin

Which calorie source is absorbed rapidly throughout the digestive tract via simple diffusion

alcohol

What enzymes are involved in alcohol metabolism?

alcohol dehydrogenase aldehyde dehydrogenase

The enzyme used in ethanol metabolism that converts acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA is called ______

aldehyde dehydrogenase

a(n) ____ ____ is composed of 4 elements: a nitrogen group (amino) , an acid (carboxyl), a hydrogen, and a side group (R)

amino acid

what is the term used for the building blocks of protein

amino acid

if carb intake is inadequate to maintain blood glucose levels, the liver is forced to make glucose from the ___ present in body tissues

amino acids

most of the ___ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for synthesis of future proteins

amino acids

nonessential amino acids are also called

dispensable amino acids

which one of these foods has the highest biological value?

egg whites

indispensable amino acid is another term for a(n)

essential amino acid

______ is the chemical term for the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages

ethanol

the alcohol content of ____ is related to the amount of alcohol in the blood

exhaled air

the ___ conversion of protein to amino acids takes place in the small intestine

final

What hormones stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

gastrin

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for which diseases?

heart failure, cancer, accident, suicide, stroke, hypertension

blood proteins have what type of influence on the body fluids

help to maintain body fluid

cirrhosis is characterized by the loss of functioning _____

hepatocytes

amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ___, such as insulin and glucagon

hormones

a persons health will deteriorate if ___ amounts of protein are consumed

inadequate

Alcohol may reduce the risk of heart disease via which of the following mechanisms?

increased HDL levels decreased platelet aggregation lower LDL levels

except for ____, intact proteins are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract

infancy

proteins that are ___ are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract

intact

Which of the following minerals may be deficient in an alcoholic?

iron calcium magnesium

Women become intoxicated on ___ alcohol compared to a similar-size man

less

Women produce ___ alcohol dehydrogenase compared to men

less

Long-term alcohol abuse damages the _____

liver

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ___ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues

liver

Blood alcohol concentration can be readily determined by measuring the amount of alcohol excreted through the _____

lungs

Which gender consumes alcohol at a higher rate?

men

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

negative protein balance

all proteins contain ___

nitrogen

amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain

nitrogen

alcohol requires ___ digestion

none

the cells lining the stomach metabolize _____ of alcohol consumed

only 10-30%

like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are made up of ____ (check all that apply)

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

The hormones secretin and CCK are made in the small intestine but act upon the

pancreas

Which group should not drink alcoholic beverages?

people taking medications, younger than legal drinking age, women pregnant

this enzyme is produces by the stomach to break down protein

pepsin

____ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol

plant

identify the different levels of protein organization

primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ___

protein

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from ________, which makes it a costly source of calories

protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ____

protein

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illnesses

protein

which is the most widely used measure of protein quality?

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost

protein equilibrium

When protein balance is reaches, ___

protein intake equals protein loss

The type of malnutrition seen in alcoholics who consume alcohol for the majority of their calories is ______.

protein-energy malnutrition

There are 9 essential amino acids that _____ (check all that apply)

- cannot be produces by the body - must be consumed as part of our diet

the 11 nonessential amino acids ____ (check all that apply)

- do not need to be present in the diet - can be made in our bodies

lack of protein can negatively affect many metabolic processes causing ___ (check all that apply)

- increased risk of infection - inefficient functioning of the immune system

Why can't indispensable amino acids be made in our body? (check all that apply)

- must be obtained by foods - body cells cannot make carbon skeleton of amino acid - cannot attach an amino group to carbon skeleton - cannot do the whole process fast enough to meet the body's needs

proteins serve which of the following functions?

- regulate and maintain essential body functions - aid in cell synthesis - play a role in enzyme and hormone production

how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

- serve as buffers that resist changes in pH - pump ions into and out of cells

the role of gastrin is to (select all that apply)

- stimulate the production of acid in the stomach - control the release of pepsin

the amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by (select all that apply)

- the diet - recycling of body protein

Damage to liver in long-term alcohol intake, put the following terms in order from first to occur to last to develop

1. fatty liver 2. alcoholic hepatitis 3. cirrhosis

process of protein digestion from start to finish

1. proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid 2. The final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine 3. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver 4. Little dietary protein is present in the feces

egg what protein has a biological value of ____

100

there are ___ nonessential amino acids

11

A standard drink is equal to a _____

12 ounce beer

How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink?

14 grams

Over the course of a year, approximately ___ of North American adults consume alcohol

70%

how many amino acids are considered essential

9

Which pathway is capable of metabolizing 10 to 30% of alcohol via the cells in the stomach lining

ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase

Which of the following beverages are sources of alcohol in the diet?

Beer, cordials, distilled spirits, wine

Alcohol is derived from the process of ___ when yeast consumes carbohydrates and converts them to alcohol and carbon dioxide

Fermentation

Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism

Liver

Which pathway is the main one responsible for metabolizing excessive amounts of alcohol?

MEOS

Which pathway is the main responsible for metabolizing excessive amounts of alcohol?

MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

this score is derives by multiplying a food's chemical score by its digestibility

PDCAAS

Chyme triggers the release of which hormones? (check all that apply)

Secretin, CCK

Which other factors besides the alcohol content of the beverage, the amount of alcohol consumed, and the individual's usual alcohol intake affect alcohol metabolism?

Sex, age, ethnicity

Which shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary

Which of the following affect alcohol metabolism?

The individual's usual alcohol intake Alcohol content of the beverage The amount of alcohol consumed

identify a key component of the immune system

antibody proteins

Which individuals experience uncomfortable effects after consuming alcohol, likely leading to low alcohol use in this population?

asians

pepsin acts to digest protein by ___ in the protein molecule

breaking only a few peptide bonds

Amino acids that are dispensable ___

can be made from other amino acids

amino acids that are dispensable ___-

can be made from other amino acids

like carbs and lipids, proteins are made up of ___ (check all that apply)

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

plant proteins are heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ___ than animal sources of protein

cholesterol saturated fat

___ triggers the release of hormones from the walls of the small intestines that go on to stimulate the pancreas to release proteases

chyme

____ triggers the release of hormones from the walls of the small intestines that go on to stimulate the pancreas proteases

chyme

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of the body protein? (select all that apply)

collagen, actin, and myosin