Nutrition Exam 1 (PS #1, PS #2, PS #3 and PS #4)

An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may: (3 things)

- decrease risk of diabetes - lower blood lipid values - decrease risk of certain cancers

Diabetes can be improved or controlled by: (3)

- diet - exercise - insulin treatments

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include:

- promoting digestion of protein. - destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods. - dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption.

Ketosis may result from:

- starvation - a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day - untreated diabetes mellitus

Proteins should fill what percentage of our diet?

10-35%

A granola bar's Nutrition Facts panel says that it has 5 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrate, and 7 grams of protein per bar. Approximately how many kilocalories are in this bar?

150

Lipids should fill what percentage of our diet?

20-35%

In lecture, we discussed a newly released CDC report on heart disease and stroke in the US. There are ~800,000 deaths per year in the US from heart attack and stroke. Approximately how many of these deaths could be prevented through lifestyle changes and better access to health care?

200,000

The AI for fiber for women is:

25 g/day

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of carbohydrate to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

280-400 grams per day.

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________.

4, mucus, digestive enzymes, antibacterial substances

Carbohydrates should fill what percentage of our diet?

45-65%

If a total of 2000 kcal were consumed (250 grams of carbohydrates, 66 grams of fat, and 102 grams of protein), what percentage of energy comes from carbohydrates, fat, and protein?

50% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 30% fat

A cheeseburger has 25 grams of protein, 29 grams of fat, and 46 grams of carbs. Approximately how many kilocalories are in this sandwich?

545

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of lipid to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

56-97 grams per day.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of protein to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

63-218 grams per day.

How many calories are in a gram of alcohol?

7

Normal blood glucose levels range between:

70 and 100 mg/dL

How many essential amino acids are there?

9

Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1° Celsius.

High fructose corn syrup is:

A mixture of approximately 50% fructose and 50% glucose.

Because of stress at work, Linda's stomach has been acting up. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

The taste sensation umami can be best described as:

A savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate.

Amylopectin is:

A type of starch that is branch-chained.

Adult men are advised to have 120 micrograms of Vitamin K per day, and women, 90 micrograms. There is not enough research to make a more definitive recommendation, but this amount appears to maintain nutritional health. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

AI

These provide recommended percentages of energy intake for carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

The stomach can absorb ___

Alcohol

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include A) farming conditions B) ripeness of plants when harvested C) cooking processes D) length of time food is stored E) All of these factors affect nutrient content of foods

All of these factors affect nutrient content of foods

Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is a/an ___

Alpha bond

Proteins are formed by linking together ___

Amino acids

Which of the following is TRUE about the digestion of carbohydrates? A) Amylase is secreted by the gallbladder and digests proteins and carbohydrates B) Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas and digests starches C) Amylase begins simple sugar breakdown in the mouth D) Starches are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine

Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas and digests starches.

Which of the following is classified as a non-nutritive sweetener? A) sorbitol B) honey C) aspartame D) mannitol E) high fructose corn syrup

Aspartame

To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain:

At least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food

Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves:

Back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass.

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by ___

Bacteria

Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as:

Beans and other legumes

__________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption.

Bile

What is not a good source of phytochemicals?

Broiled chicken

What is the leading cause of death in people under 85 years of age?

Cancer

Energy-yielding nutrients include:

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

This carbohydrate is NOT digested or fermented:

Cellulose

Which is NOT a cause or risk factor for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes? A) Autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas B) Genetic link C) Consuming excessive amounts of sugar D) An advanced case of Type 2 diabetes

Consuming excessive amounts of sugar.

The nutrient standards used on Nutrition Facts panels are called ___

Daily values

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are:

Designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97-98%

What is the primary cause of death in children around the world?

Diarrhea

The set of scientifically based recommendations designed to promote health and reduce the risk for many chronic diseases through diet and physical activity is known as the ___

Dietary Guidlines for Americans

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means:

Dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy.

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. There are several dietary practices that can help Lisa achieve her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. Which is NOT a helpful recommendation for Lisa? A) Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. B) Drink low lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. C) Drink milk on an empty stomach. D) Drink calcium-fortified soy milk that contains no lactose. E) Take pills that contain lactase before eating or drinking dairy foods.

Drink milk on an empty stomach.

The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the ___

Duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi.

The amount of nutrients that will satisfy the needs of half of the people in any one age/gender group is known as the:

EAR (Estimated Average Requirements)

The average caloric intake for a male aged 9-13 is estimated to be 2279 calories per day. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

EER

The main function of vitamins is to:

Enable chemical reactions in the body to occur.

Most dietary fats will:

Enter the lymphatic system

Nutrients causing some signs of poor health when consumed in less than adequate amounts are called ___.

Essential nutrients

How would you respond to someone who states that all carbohydrates are bad and should be decreased in the diet?

Explain that this is untrue and that the most healthful foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans are carbohydrate foods.

Clinical signs occur in the early stage of nutrient deficiency. True or False?

False

Glycogen is made of glucose units linked by beta bonds. True or false?

False

Heart disease has both preventable and non-preventable risk factors that contribute to its development. What is not a lifestyle risk factor for heart disease?

Family history and genetic predisposition for heart disease.

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ___

Fat

Lymph transports:

Fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation.

Complex carbohydrates not broken down by digestive processes are classified as:

Fiber

Which nutrients are contributed by the fruit group of My Plate?

Folate

Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with ___

Gastric juices

A low blood glucose concentration will stimulate the increase of ____ in the blood.

Glucagon

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ___.

Gluconeogenesis

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly ___ as fuel.

Glucose

What is not a complex carbohydrate?

Glucose

All of the following are thought to be primary causes of ulcer disease EXCEPT: A) Having a high-stress lifestyle. B) Disorders that cause excessive acid production in the stomach. C) Infection of the stomach by the acid-resistant bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). D) Heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin.

Having a high-stress lifestyle.

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

Heart disease

The results of low amounts of fiber in the diet may be __________.

Hemorrhoids

Energy dense foods are:

High in calories

What term is used to describe an elevated blood sugar level?

Hyperglycemia

The liver is important in carbohydrate digestion as it processes the monosaccharides galactose and fructose into glucose. Several things can happen to this glucose once it is done being processed in the liver. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? A) If glucose is present in excess, some can be turned into fat. B) If glucose is present in excess, some can be stored as glycogen. C) If glucose is present in excess, the liver makes it back into disaccharides. D) The liver can release the glucose directly into the bloodstream for transport to organs.

If glucose is present in excess, the liver makes it back into disaccharides.

The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the ___

Ileocecal sphincter

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. All of the following are recommendations for preventing ulcers and heartburn from occurring or recurring EXCEPT: A) Limit consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol (especially wine). B) Increase consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach. C) Limit consumption of pepper, chili powder, and other strong spices. D) Chew foods well and lose weight if she is currently overweight.

Increase consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach.

Nutrition-related objectives of Healthy People 2020 include:

Increasing vegetable intake, increasing calcium intake, and reducing childhood obesity.

The best type of fiber to eat for constipation is ___

Insoluble fiber

What hormone regulates blood sugar by signaling it to leave the blood and enter the cells?

Insulin

Which is a trace mineral? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) potassium

Iron

Which nutrients are contributed by the protein foods group of My Plate?

Iron

Which statement is true regarding Healthy People 2020?

It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education.

Which is most likely to be true about a food with a low glycemic index? A) It contains soluble fiber B) It is high in amylopectin C) It has a low fat content D) It is a food that people with diabetes should avoid

It contains soluble fiber.

Which of the following is FALSE about the typical American diet? A) It is typically low in protein and fiber B) It is usually excessive in total calories and saturated fat C) It usually has more fats and oils than necessary D) It is typically low in calcium, iron and potassium

It is typically low in protein and fiber

What is true about My Plate?

It shapes the key recommendations of the dietary guidelines into an applicable visual.

What percentage of our body mass is stored carbohydrate?

Less than 1%

A triglyceride is an example of a ___

Lipid

After sugars from a breakfast of cereal and milk are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to this organ:

Liver

Once absorbed into the body, the majority of carbohydrates are ultimately transformed into glucose by the ___.

Liver

What eating behavior does My Plate encourage? A) Make half your plate vegetables B) Make half your plate grains C) Make at least half your grains whole grains D) Switch to fat-free or low-fat milk E) Both 3 and 4.

Make at least half of your grains whole grains and switch to fat-free or low-fat milk.

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates? A) Energy for every cell B) Sparing protein as an energy source C) Preventing ketosis D) Making enzymes

Making enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a high nutrient density food? A) maple syrup B) black beans C) low fat milk D) oranges E) salmon

Maple syrup

Carbohydrates typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Which of the following meals would NOT contribute significantly to meeting carbohydrate needs? A) Bowl of chili with kidney beans B) Meat and cheese platter C) Bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top D) Bowl of whole wheat pasta with red sauce E) Vegetable and rice stir-fry

Meat and cheese platter

Simple carbohydrates are:

Mono- and di-saccharides

Glucose, galactose and fructose are:

Monosaccharides

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas:

Neutralize the acid contents in duodenum.

Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?

Nitrogen

Saturated fatty acids A) are liquid at room temperature B) contain multiple double bonds C) contain Nitrogen D) are an essential nutrient E) none of the above

None of the above

Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be ___

Nutrient dense

Sucrose contains:

One glucose monomer and one fructose monomer.

Undernutrition and overnutrition are both problems in the United States. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A) Overnutrition is a type of malnutrition. B) Overnutrition is often characterized by obesity. C) Overnutrition can be caused by long-term excessive energy intake. D) Overnutrition is less common in the United States than undernutrition.

Overnutrition is less common in the United States than undernutrition.

Amylase is synthesized in the ___

Pancreas

Where do phytochemicals come from?

Plant foods

Which nutrient is OPTIONAL on a Nutrition Facts panel? A) sodium B) calcium C) trans fats D) potassium E) fiber

Potassium

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with primary lactose intolerance? A) Primary lactose intolerance is more common in some ethnic groups. B) Primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease. C) Symptoms of primary lactose intolerance include gas, bloating, and diarrhea. D) Diarrhea is caused by the osmotic effect of lactose in the large intestine . E) It can be treated by adding enzymes to the diet.

Primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease.

The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the ___

Pyloric sphincter

Non-pregnant females are advised to have 60 mg of Vitamin C per day. This amount meets the needs of 97% of this age and gender group and is based on extensive scientific data. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

RDA

The daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage is called ___

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Rotavirus infection causes:

Severe diarrhea and dehydration

Villi are found mainly in the ___

Small intestine

Secretions from the pancreas include:

Sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is ___

Sorbitol

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ___

Starch

What type of claim is "calcium builds strong bones and teeth"?

Structure/function claim

Food components that must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include:

Sugars, dietary fiber and calcium

Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when:

Too little research is available to establish an RDA.

Very high fiber diets can impair the absorption of trace minerals. True or false?

True

Adults are advised to limit intake of synthetic folate to 1000 micrograms per day out of concern that higher amounts could mask vitamin B-12 deficiency. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

UL

Which of the following nutrients is an inorganic substance? A) vitamin A B) zinc C) protein D) polysaccharides

Zinc

Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch.

mouth, amylase