Nutrition Exam 1

Where is the site of most nutrient absorption specifically? What is the structure that enables nutrient absorption (hint: absorptive cells lining the villi of the si and their microvilli.

Small intestine

What is the purpose of the GI tract? Are the muscles of the gi tract flexible or rigid? Are they permeable (can things be secreted/come out and absorbed/get in from it)?

The GI tract is the pathway food takes from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine within where the nutrients are extracted for the needs of the body. The residue then passes to the rectum where it is evacuated.

What is a risk factor? How does a risk factor relate to a given disease state? What is the difference between a person with one risk factor for a disease and the person with 5 risk factors?

A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) and what is the benefit of following them?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Adults (as a percentage of Calories) are as follows: Protein: 10-35% Fat: 20-35% Carbohydrate: 45-65%

What is a bolus? What is chyme? When/where does food change from a bolus to chyme?

BOLUS is the soft mass of chewed food within the mouth and CHYME is the liquid substance found in the stomach before heading toward the Pyloric sphincter.

How is food energy measured? Which of the six classes of nutrients can yield energy when metabolized in the body? Which classes cannot? What non-nutrient beverage also provides energy?

Calories. carbs, Fat, and Protein Alcohol provides energy

What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients? What makes them essential?

Carbs( main energy source for brain) Protein (major structural component of cells and repair body tissue) Fat (energy source and increase absorption of V and M) Vitamins( necessary for synthesis of collagen) Minerals (helps maintain fluid volume ouside of cells) Water(maintain homeostasis in body)

How many calories/gram are provided by each class of energy yielding nutrients and one non-nutrient?

Carbs-4. Protein-4. Fat-9, Alcohol-7

What is nutrient density? What is energy density? What are some examples of nutrient dense foods? What are some examples that are less nutrient dense and more energy dense? Be able to distinguish between foods.

Foods that supply generous amounts of one or more nutrients compared to the number of calories they supply are called nutrient dense. Eggs, for example, have a high nutrient density, because they provide protein and many vitamins and minerals in proportion their calories.Energy density' is the amount of energy (or calories) per gram of food. Lower energy density foods provide fewer calories per gram of food. They often have a high percentage of fiber, which retains their natural water.

Know the MyPlate icon. What is it? Why was it created? What are the food groups in the icon? How are the food groups proportioned?

Fruits, grain, veggies, dairy, protein. veggie largest, then grain, fruit and protein about equal and dairy smallest

Why is control of calories important? What will happen if you consume more calories than your body needs? What will happen if you consume less than your body needs?

If your consume more calories than you will gain weight and if you consume less then you will lose weight

What does macronutrient and micronutrient mean?

Macronutrients are the nutrients that give your body energy to perform essential functions. The word "macro" means large, and these nutrients are needed in large quantities. Micronutrients are also essential to your body, but you need smaller amounts. The word "micro" means small, so you need smaller amounts of micronutrients than of macronutrients. Micronutrients are usually called vitamins and minerals. There are 28 essential micronutrients your body needs to survive.

What is motility and why is it important? Does increasing motility speed up or slow down gi tract contents? What about decreasing motility?

Motility confers bacteria an ability to change direction. This is important when bacteria require moving away or towards repellents or attractants respectively. Motile bacteria are effective root colonizers and can swim towards root exudates or other nutrient gradients earlier than nonmotile bacteria.

Know the sequence of organs of the gi tract from beginning to end, and the accessory organs. Be able to identify them on a diagram

Mouth/salivary glands → esophagus → stomach → small intestines → large intestine → rectum → anus Accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas) aid in the process of digestion

What are phytochemicals/phytonutrients? Are they essential?

Non-nutrient components of food with health benefits. They are not essential

What does organic and inorganic mean in terms of the chemistry of the nutrients.

Organic nutrients are the necessary building blocks of various cell components that certain organisms cannot synthesize, while inorganic nutrients are elements and minerals that are essential for the growth of living things, such as water and oxygen. Examples of organic nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, amino acids and proteins.

What is peristalsis and why is it important?

Peristalsis is an automatic and important process. It moves: Food through the digestive system.

What are the principles of diet planning? Why are they important? What are the food groups? What are some common foods in each food group?

Six concepts to remember when planning a healthy diet include adequacy, balance, calorie control, moderation, variety, and nutrient density.

Of the 6 classes of nutrients, which are macronutrients and which are micronutrients

The three macronutrients are fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Micronutrients are usually called vitamins and minerals.

What nutrient makes up the largest proportion of the body?

Water

What are sphincters? What do they do? The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) can impact a person's comfort level after eating. What is its role in the gi system?

circular muscles surrounding sections of the GI tract that differentiate on section from another Periodically open and close and control the pace of movement of GI tract contents

What is an empty calorie food? What are discretionary calories? What foods fall into the discretionary calorie category?

empty calories applies to food such as solid fats or added sugars supplying food energy but little or no other nutrition. Discretionary calories are excess calories to enjoy once your required nutrient needs are met. They can be used toward higher-fat forms of foods like milk, cheese and meat, and high-fat and sugary toppings such as butter, sauce, sugar and syrup.

What is digestion? What are the two types of digestion that occur in the gi tract? What are some fluids that are secreted in the gi tract to aid digestion?

the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body. There are various digestive juices utilized within the human body, but digestive enzymes such as sucralase and peptidase are all in the hydrolase class. Additional juices are produced in the mouth and by other organs.

What is excretion? What is being excreted?

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.Excretion is the removal of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substance in excess of requirements from organisms.