Nutrition Exam 2

Blood flow to parts of the brain is blocked resulting in the death of brain cells which results in a disease called?

Cerebrovascular accident (a stroke)

Isoleuchine, valine, and leucine are all __________ amino acids

Branched-chain

What are some components of plaque?

Calcium, white blood cells, and cholesterol

What lipid can be synthesized by the body?

Cholesterol

_________ uses x-ray technology to determine body composition

DEXA

_______-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol

High

What elements can be found in amino acids?

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon

What is the primary health risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?

Increased risk of heart disease

What lipoprotein carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells?

LDL

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol

Low

In the process of ______, the information contained in _______ is used to determine the number, types, and arrangement of amino acids in the protein.

Translation; mRNA

What are the four groups of lipoproteins?

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL (based on their densities)

A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as a(n)

emulsifier

Indispensable amino acid is another term for a(n) ________

essential amino acid

True or false: Blood proteins have no influence on body fluid balance

false

What step is this in dietary fat absorption process: Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells.

first step

What step is this in dietary fat absorption process: Chlyomicrons enter the lymphatic system

fourth step/last step

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the ________ of each protein.

function

Fats have a 3 carbon backbone called _________

glycerol

What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?

hypothalamus

_________ measures the respiratory gas exchange, which is the amount of oxygen a person consumes and the amount of carbon dioxide he or she expels.

indirect calorimetry

What happens in the hydrogenation process?

it produces trans fat

What enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

lipase

Fat released directly from abdominal adipose tissue is transported directly to the:

liver

Every cell contains

protein

_________ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient.

protein

slightly exceeding your needs for _______ may be beneficial when cutting calories to lose weight.

protein

Almost all enzymes are _________.

proteins

Antioxidants may be helpful for preventing cardiovascular disease because they _____________.

reduce the oxidation of LDLs

What step is this in dietary fat absorption process: Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine.

second step

A ________ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure and a hydroxyl group

sterol

what lipid has a glycerol backbone with a multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group?

sterol

What lipoproteins are made by the liver?

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of:

water loss, and lean muscle mass depletion

What step is this in dietary fat absorption process: Triglycerides are packaged into chlyomicrons.

third step

A trigylceride is a glycerol bound to ______ fatty acids

three

A(n) _______ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

What lipid has a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids?

triglyceride

A diglyceride is a glycerol bound to ______ fatty acids

two

Omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated fats?

unsaturated

When a fatty acid has one or more double bonds it is called a _________ fatty acid

unsaturated

Negative energy balance leads to weight loss or weight gain?

weight loss

What lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells?

Chylomicron

What component of total energy expenditure is most easily altered to achieve weight management goals?

Energy for physical activity

What lipoprotein contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body?

HDL

______ -protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High

What picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion?

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

What amino acids promote and signal protein synthesis and turnover in muscles? These are called the branched-chain amino acids.

Isoleucine, valine, and leucine

What digests fats, absorbs and transports nutrients, and the formation of cell membranes?

Phospholipids

_________ are important for fat digestion and absorption because they help to emulsify lipids in chyme.

Phospholipids

What are found in body cells and participate in fat digestion, absorption, and transport?

Phospholipids/lecithin

What reduce cholesterol absorption in the small intestine?

Phytosterols

Are omega 3 fatty acids monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?

Polyunsaturated

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods, not dietary supplements

Digestion of dietary fats results in a mixture of:

glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids

If you witnessed a person experiencing shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, irregular heartbeat, sweating, and radiating pain in the upper body, you would suspect that this person is having a(n):

heart attack

What is the function of prostaglandins?

help cells communicate with eachother

A ________-protein diet can lead to dehydration because an increased protein intake leads

high

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is _________ basal metabolic rate (BMR).

higher than

what is the fat digesting enzyme?

lipase

The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of __________, now considered an epidemic in the United States

obesity

A monoglyceride is a glycerol bound to ______ fatty acid

one

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been __________.

oxidized

_________ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.

pepsin

A(n) ______ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein

peptide

What lipid has a glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group?

phospholipid

Some plants contain natural cholesterol-lowering compounds called ___________.

plant sterols

A peptide bond is formed when a molecule of water is ________ (dehydration) and the peptide bond is broken when a molecule of water is _________ (hydrolysis).

removed; added

When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.

resting

The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ___________.

ribosome

when a fatty acid chain has only single bonds it is called a _________ fatty acid.

saturated

What behavior modification technique reveals patterns of unconscious overeating?

self-monitoring

The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 _________ per day.

steps

What behavior modification technique puts us in charge of temptations? (ex: covering tempting food with foil, and avoiding bringing home especially tempting items.)

stimulus control

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg

The body uses 20 different amino acids to function. How many of these amino acids are nonessential?

11

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?

15-35%

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

What are the 3 omega-3 fatty acids?

ALA: Alpha-linolenic acid (found in plants) DHA: (found in marine sources) EPA: (found in marine sources)

Typical warning signs of a heart attack especially in women include?

Nausea & vomiting; jaw, neck, and shoulder pain; dizziness

What class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

What are some functions of cholesterol?

Synthesis of certain bile acids, and certain hormones. And incorporation into cell structures

A ______ is a lipid with three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

Trigylceride

True or false: Due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. This wastes muscle tissue and can lead to edema

True

True or false: The denaturation of proteins is useful during digestion.

True

True or false: Vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron

True

True or false: adults need only about 11% of their total protein requirement to be supplied by essential amino acids

True

True or false: changing a proteins shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

True

What lipoprotein carries lipids made an taken up by the liver to cells?

VLDL

The ability of the body to regulate body temperature within narrow limits as a result of fidgeting, shivering, and maintaining body posture is called ________ ___________.

adaptive thermogenesis

An error in the DNA code results the incorrect sequence of

amino acids in a polypeptide chain

_________ metabolic rate should be assessed upon waking after a 12-hour fast

basal

Which of the following techniques estimates body fat content by measuring the resistance to an electrical current that passes through the body?

bioelectric impedance analysis

Direct calorimetry measures ______ while indirect calorimetry measures _________

body heat, oxygen consumption

The purpose of ______ is to carry the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur.

mRNA

The purpose of _________ is to carry the DNA code from the cell's

mRNA

Transcription or copying of a segment of DNA results in ______, a copy of the information in DNA needed to make a protein.

mRNA

What transfers the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

mRNA (messenger RNA)

What fatty acid has this structure? One carbon-carbon double bond

monounsaturated fatty acid

What blood pressure is pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart?

systolic blood pressure

_______ is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis.

tRNA

what brings specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

tRNA

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is variation in.....

the DNA code

The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the __________

thermic effect of food

Lipids are less dense than?

proteins

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

Edema

In extreme starvation, _________ from muscle tissue start to be converted to glucose, which wastes muscle and produces edema.

Amino acids

_____________, the building blocks of proteins; are carried to the ribosomes by _______ containing the code that matches that on the mRNA.

Amino acids; tRNA

What serves to stop the damage done to cells by oxidation?

Antioxidants

The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters)^2 is the _________.

BMI

What behavior modification technique prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating? (ex: when snacks are served at a party, rain)

Contingency management

______ contains the information necessary to produce proteins

DNA

What are potential causes of denaturation?

Exposure to heat, exposure to acid, and agitation

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids

False

True or false: essential amino acids are also known as dispensable amino acids.

False (they are considered as indispensable (absolutely necessary) )

What lipid has a chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens?

Fatty acid

What foods have omega 3 fatty acids?

Flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil, soybean oil, anchovies, mackerel, salmon, sardines

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries

_______ is a phospholipid and a major component of cell membranes

Lecithin

What contain a single row of seeds

Legumes

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the ____________

Limiting amino acid

What are the functions of proteins?

Necessary for fluid balance, supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use, and necessary for the visual process.

What amino acid can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Non-essential

what reduces the shelf life of a product creating a problem for the food industry and restaurants?

Rancidity

What two components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?

Saturated fat and trans fat

What fatty acid has this structure? No carbon-carbon double bond

Saturated fatty acid

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH and pump ions into and out of cells

People of African descent are more prone to what genetic disease?

Sickle cell anemia

True or false: the set-point theory of weight maintenance proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat content

True

A(n) _______________ is the instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food

bomb calorimeter

A__________ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution

buffer

What are compounds that causes a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions

buffers

The body ______ (can or cant) produce all the phospholipids it needs.

can

What behavior modification separates behaviors that tend to occur together (ex: overindulging on potato chips while watching television)

chain-breaking

What behavior modification technique changes our frame of mind? (Ex: after a hard day, avoid using alcohol or comfort foods as quick relief for stress. Instead, plan for healthful, relaxing activities for stress reduction)

cognitive restructuring

Where does protein synthesis occur?

cytoplasm

What is the alteration of a proteins three-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acid or alkaline solutions, or agitation.

denaturation

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be _______ during digestion.

denatured

What blood pressure is pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats?

diastolic blood pressure

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ______ of nutrients.

digestion, absorption, and processing

_________ calorimetry predicts energy needs by measuring the amount of heat released by a person.

direct

________ measures the amount of body heat released by a person.

direct calorimetry

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from he digestive tract except in _________.

infants

Blood flow surrounding the heart is blocked resulting in damage to the heart muscle which results in a disease called?

myocardial infarction (a heart attack)

A(n)_________ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. It is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion

polypeptide

What fatty acid has this structure? two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acid