Nutrition Exam 2
The part of bone termed "hydroxyapatite" is made up of which two minerals?
Calcium and phosphorus
Dario was outside playing basketball on a very hot day. He is feeling dizzy and has sat down on the bench to rest when his teammate notices that his skin is dry and feels quite warm. What should Dario's friend do to best help him?
Call 911 for medical help and get Dario to a cooler area.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
Cancer cells always originate in the liver and then travel to other organs by way of the blood or lymphatic system.
Free radicals cause damage to things such as DNA and proteins, which can ultimately be associated with disease.
Choose the answer that best describes the behavior of free radicals in the body.
Potassium and sodium are both found in significant amounts in fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole grains.
Choose the incorrect statement about the micronutrients sodium and potassium.
turn skin an orange color; beta carotene
Chronically eating an excess of orange and red colored fruits and vegetables can __________. This is due to eating excess amounts of ___________.
Which of the following would be the most prudent recommendation for someone who has a cold caused by a virus?
Consume vitamin C in order to reduce the duration of the cold.
Your friend Sasha has recently started looking a bit like an oompa loompa from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory in that her skin appears to have an orange tint. Which of the following behaviors may have caused this to happen?
Consuming an excess amount of beta carotene from carrots and peppers.
Which of the following descriptions best describes the above picture?
Fluorosis, caused by consuming too much fluoride.
Which of the following nutrients is added to grain products in the U.S. in order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects in children?
Folate
How are free radicals related to the formation of plaque in the arteries?
Free radicals attack LDLs, producing oxidized LDLs. Oxidized LDLs are very likely to get caught in the plaque that is forming in arteries, contributing to the growth of that plaque
Free radicals can oxidize LDLs which are likely to contribute to plaque formation in the arteries.
Free radicals can contribute to plaque formation in the arteries by which of the following mechanisms?
Louie is running his first marathon and wants to know the best way to maintain his fluid and electrolyte balance. Which of the following would you recommend to him?
He should drink water and sports drinks throughout the race.
Consuming an excessive amount of water in a short period of time (hours)
Hyponatremia (water intoxication) is most likely to be caused by
infusing a salt water (saline) solution into the body through an IV. This solution should have a higher concentration of salt than normal.
Hyponatremia could be treated by:
The blood will not clot so a serious injury could lead to excessive bleeding.
If an individual is deficient in vitamin K, what is the risk?
osteoporosis
In a woman, amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle) can lead to:
vitamin E; vitamin C
In cell membranes, _________ is involved in managing free radicals. Once this antioxidant has neutralized a free radical, it is dependent upon _____________ for reactivation.
What is a risk associated with amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle) in a woman?
Increased risk for osteoporosis
Which statement regarding potassium is false?
It is a major component of hydroxyapatite in bone
Kahlen has purchased the calcium supplement pictured above. Why was this supplement not the best choice?
It is likely that, because of the presence of minerals other than calcium, the amount of calcium that will be absorbed will be reduced
It is likely that, because of the presence of minerals other than calcium, the amount of calcium that will be absorbed will be reduced.
Kahlen has purchased the calcium supplement pictured above. Why was this supplement not the best choice?
Pavel is trying to increase his calcium intake but does not like to consume dairy. Which of these would be a better food group to focus on?
Leafy greens often provide an adequate amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability.
A variety of fruits and vegetables
Mabel just completed her family health history and found out that several of her relatives have had or currently have cancer. Which of the following foods would you recommend for Mable in order to reduce her risk of developing cancer?
Select the individual who is likely to have the greatest percentage of body fluid.
Macy, a 1-year old girl.
Where do most Americans get the fluoride in their diet?
Many cities put trace amounts of fluoride in tap water.
You should talk with your doctor to make sure it will be safe for you, but elderly individuals can certainly benefit from weightlifting.
Mildred is 80 years old and would like to start weightlifting to reduce her risk for osteoporosis. What is the best thing to say to Mildred?
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Milk is packaged in containers that do not allow the transmission of UV light in order to avoid the destruction of which vitamin?
There is no guarantee that any of the supplements will be safe or effective and he should do independent research to assure he purchases a safe and effective product.
Moe goes to the store to purchase a weight loss supplement. As he looks at the different supplements, what can he assume about all of them?
Pregnant women need more iron than nonpregnant women. Why is this?
More iron is needed to support the development of the baby
More iron is needed to support the development of the baby.
Pregnant women need more iron than nonpregnant women. Why is this?
Which of the following will not contribute to the development of dehydration?
Properly managed diabetes
Amaro consumes an excess of sodium each day. What would be the best option for Amaro to reduce his sodium intake and how much is needed each day?
Reduce consumption of boxed and canned food; <2300 mg/day
The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:
Salt
Fahdi, a 16-year-old male who enjoys reading and takes a weightlifting class at school.
Select the individual who is the most likely to have the greatest percent of body fluid.
Which of the following is not a function of an active antioxidant enzyme system in the body?
Stimulate the production of antioxidant minerals, such as zinc
Which of the following foods and their associated nutrient would be best for someone who wants to decrease free radicals in their body?
Strawberries, which are high in vitamin C
coenzymes in converting macronutrients to ATP.
The B vitamins act as:
Choose the incorrect statement about sodium and potassium.
The DRIs for sodium and potassium are the same (4700 mg/day)
If an individual is deficient in vitamin K, what is the risk?
The blood will not clot so a serious injury could lead to excessive bleeding.
Which of the following statements is true regarding bone health?
The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age
Water intoxication can occur as a result of consuming a large amount of water in a short time. How will the cells of the body respond to this?
The cells will enlarge because of water moving into the cells
Which of the following statements about cancer is correct?
The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce cancer risk by decreasing cell proliferation (division).
salt, either in processed foods or used at the table
The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:
Calcium and phosphorus
The part of bone termed "hydroxyapatite" is made up of which two minerals?
The amount of red blood cells in the blood, known as the hematocrit.
The picture below is a blood sample that has been spun and settled into layers based on density. What does the bottom red layer represent?
Your friend tells you that she is going to buy a supplement that contains 2,000% of the recommended amount of each of the B vitamins, as it is going to give her energy to make it through finals week. Given what you have learned in this class, what should you tell your friend?
The supplement could make someone who takes it feel more energetic only if they are deficient in the B vitamins, as the additional B vitamins will help to turn macronutrients into energy
Heat stroke
A football coach sees that one of his players has collapsed during an outdoor practice. After pulling him into the shade, the coach touches the player's forehead and notices that his skin is hot and dry. What heat illness is the player most likely suffering from?
An atom with paired electrons is:
A stable atom
Which claims can or cannot be made on dietary supplement labels?
A supplement label cannot make a claim that is not supported by scientific data, but labels can use words such as "support" or "promote" when referring to a disease or condition.
Which of the following statements regarding dietary supplements in the US is false?
According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, dietary supplements are categorized as prescription drugs.
Which of the following individuals should consume extra vitamin C each day?
Alvie, a cigarette smoker.
Reduce consumption of boxed and canned food; <2300 mg/day
Amaro consumes an excess of sodium each day. What would be the best option for Amaro to reduce his sodium intake and how much is needed each day?
Stimulating the production of antioxidant minerals, such as iron and zinc
An active antioxidant enzyme system in the body will reduce free radicals by all of the following mechanisms except:
Leafy greens often provide a surprisingly high amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability.
Theo is trying to increase his calcium intake but does not like to drink milk. Which of these might be a better food group to focus on?
Which statement most accurately describes the potential concerns in regularly consuming dietary supplements?
There are no federal guidelines for recommended serving sizes for supplements and supplements cannot be taken off the shelves until they are proven unsafe for consumption.
Which of the following individuals would be most likely to benefit from a dietary supplement?
Tua, who is recovering from major surgery as a result of burns on 60% of his body.
Heat exhaustion
Veronica, a collegiate soccer player, collapsed during an outdoor summer practice. Her teammates moved her into the shade, noticing that she was sweating profusely and that her skin felt cool. She then complained of feeling dizzy and vomited. What heat illness does Veronica likely have?
Milk is packaged in containers that do not allow the transmission of UV light in order to avoid the destruction of which vitamin?
Vitamin B2
Consuming iron along with ______________ will increase the amount of iron that is absorbed into the body.
Vitamin C
Once vitamin E has neutralized a free radical, it is dependent upon ________________ for reactivation.
Vitamin C
Why is vitamin D toxicity most likely to be caused by dietary supplements and not other means?
Vitamin D is not widely available in the diet, and production as a result of UV exposure is regulated.
What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?
Vitamin D is required for calcium to be absorbed into the body.
Vitamin D is required for calcium to be absorbed into the body.
What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?
Eating sunflower seeds at an outdoor Colorado Rockies baseball game in June.
Which of the following activities would increase an individual's vitamin D and vitamin E status?
Tap water and dental products.
Which of the following are typical sources of fluoride in the American diet?
Fluorosis, caused by consuming too much fluoride.
Which of the following descriptions best describes the above picture?
Being overweight or obese
Which of the following factors would not contribute to a reduced bone density over time?
Sunflower seeds, which are high in vitamin E
Which of the following foods and their associated nutrient would be best for someone who wants to decrease free radicals in their body?
Daphne, a 25-year-old woman who is pregnant
Which of the following individuals should avoid taking a high-dose vitamin A supplement?
Paul, a smoker.
Which of the following individuals should consume more vitamin C than is recommended each day?
Tua, who is recovering from major surgery as a result of burns on 60% of his body.
Which of the following individuals would be most likely to benefit from a dietary supplement?
Cancer cells always originate in the liver and then travel to other organs by way of the blood or lymphatic system.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
Enhanced absorption of iron into the body
Which of the following is not a side effect of cancer treatment killing healthy rapidly dividing cells?
He should cook acidic foods like spaghetti sauce in a cast iron pot to increase the iron content in the food.
Which of the following methods could Salvatore use to increase the amount of iron in his diet?
The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age.
Which of the following statements is true regarding bone health?
According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, dietary supplements are categorized as prescription drugs.
Which of the following statements regarding dietary supplements in the US is false?
It is a major component of hydroxyapatite in bone
Which statement regarding potassium is false?
Kristoff, a 10 month old who has a fever and diarrhea.
Who is at the greatest risk for developing dehydration?
Vitamin D is not widely available in the diet, and production as a result of UV exposure is regulated.
Why is vitamin D toxicity most likely to be caused by dietary supplements and not other means?
Wilma was hiking for several hours in the heat without water and now is feeling dizzy, has a rapid pulse, and is sweating heavily. What is she mostly likely experiencing?
Wilma is most likely experiencing heat exhaustion.
The B vitamins act as:
coenzymes in converting macronutrients to ATP.
Because of evaporative cooling, the body is able to get rid of excess ___________ and the body's temperature will remain relatively ____________.
heat; stable
The percentage of whole blood that is comprised of red blood cells is termed as:
hematocrit
Iodine plays a role in the production of _____________ and is often added to ____________ in the US.
thyroid hormone; salt
Low blood sodium level; consuming only water throughout the race.
An endurance athlete who runs a marathon over a period of several hours could be at risk of hyponatremia. What is hyponatremia and what behavior may cause this?
Which of these does not affect vitamin D synthesis in the body as a result of UV ray exposure?
An individual's iron status (hemoglobin level)
heat; stable
Because of evaporative cooling, the body is able to get rid of excess ___________ and the body's temperature will remain relatively ____________.
Which of the following factors would not contribute to a reduced bone density over time?
Being overweight
Spinach
Benita is trying to become pregnant and wants to avoid any chance of birth defects in her child. Which of the following foods would you recommend Benita consume in her diet in order to decrease the risk of birth defects?
Due to iodine toxicity, a goiter will develop.
Blocking the synthesis of thyroid hormones is a result of what and has what effect on the body?
Which of the following individuals should avoid taking a high-dose vitamin A supplement?
Daphne, a 25-year-old woman who is pregnant
oxidized
Dietary supplements that contain omega-3 fatty acids risk becoming ___________ and, as a result, their function will be compromised.
Which of the following is not a side effect of cancer treatment killing healthy rapidly dividing cells?
Enhanced absorption of iron into the body
An individual's sodium intake
Exposure to UV rays results in vitamin D synthesis in the body. Which of the following does not influence this relationship?
Mildred is 80 years old and would like to start weightlifting to reduce her risk for osteoporosis. What is the best thing to say to Mildred?
You should talk with your doctor to make sure it will be safe for you, but elderly individuals can certainly benefit from weightlifting.
He could take one packet of Emergen-C each day, which may help reduce the duration of his cold; this amount is not likely to be dangerous.
Your friend has developed a cold and is consuming three packets of Emergen-C each day. What is the most accurate thing to tell your friend?
The supplement could make someone who takes it feel more energetic only if they are deficient in the B vitamins, as the additional B vitamins will help to turn macronutrients into energy.
Your friend tells you that she is going to buy a supplement that contains 2,000% of the recommended amount of each of the B vitamins, as it is going to give her energy to make it through finals week. Given what you have learned in this class, what should you tell your friend?
In the body, vitamin E acts as:
an antioxidant in cell membranes
Hyponatremia could be treated by:
infusing a salt water (saline) solution into the body through an IV. This solution should have a higher concentration of salt than normal.