Nutrition Exam 3

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

DEXA scan

The adult Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for vitamin C is ______ mg for men and _______ mg for women

90 and 75

Folate supplements can mask a __________ deficiency

B12

Which B vitamin is critical for cell replication and proper nerve functioning?

B12

Deficiency of these 2 water-soluble vitamins can lead to anemia...

B12 and folate

________________ is valued in the diet because of its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in children and adults.

Fluoride

Risk factors for osteoporosis include older age, being of African American/black heritage, and of low body weight

False

T or F: Calcium, iron, and potassium are major minerals that are essential for the body's proper functioning.

False (Iron is a trace element)

The nonfood source that can produce vitamin K making a deficiency in humans unlikely

Intestinal bacteria

What deficiency disease is attributed to a lack of vitamin C?

Scurvy

These people should increase their intake of vitamin C because they typically have low vitamin C blood concentrations.

Smokers

T or F: Active forms of vitamin A that are readily absorbed in the body are only found in foods derived from animals

True

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins works as an antioxidant?

Vitamin E

Which 2 fat-soluble vitamins act like hormones?

Vitamins A and D

Which statement regarding fluid and electrolyte imbalance is FALSE? a. It will resolve without intervention. b. It disrupts the heartbeat. c. It can lead to death. d. It can be caused by vomiting and diarrhea. e. It is a medical emergency.

a. It will resolve without intervention.

Which statement regarding water-soluble vitamins is FALSE? a. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and stored in the liver. b. Foods never deliver toxic doses of the water-soluble vitamins. c. Water-soluble vitamins easily dissolve and drain away with cooking water. d. Some water-soluble vitamins are destroyed when exposed to light, heat, or oxygen during processing. e. Water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in the urine.

a. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and stored in the liver

Which nutrient is LEAST likely to play a role in bone health? a. copper b. vitamin D c. vitamin A d. vitamin K e. magnesium

a. copper

Which symptom is not associated with vitamin B deficiency? a. increased appetite b. forgetfulness c. muscle pain d. nausea e. irritability

a. increased appetite

Water accounts for what percentage of the human body's weight?

about 60%

Vitamin C acts as an:

antioxidant

All the following minerals are important to bone health EXCEPT: a. magnesium. b. iron. c. calcium. d. phosphorus.

b. iron.

All the following inhibit iron absorption EXCEPT: a. calcium and phosphorus. b. vitamin C. c. tea and coffee. d. nonheme form of iron.

b. vitamin C.

The plant-derived precursor to vitamin A is

beta-carotene

For someone with lactose intolerance, what is the best alternative source of calcium?

broccoli and rutabaga

All of these are important functions of iron EXCEPT _______. a. aids in enzymatic activity for energy metabolism b. transports oxygen in the blood c. acts as a buffer d. prevents anemia

c. acts as a buffer

Which nutrient transports, dissolves, and reacts with chemicals; provides lubrication and shock protection; and aids in temperature regulation? a. minerals b. vitamins c. water d. lipids

c. water

Which food item has the highest amount of vitamin C? a. ½ cup rice b. 1 cup yogurt c. ½ cup sweet red pepper d. ½ cup carrots e. 1 ounce steak

c. ½ cup sweet red pepper

______________ is the most abundant mineral in the body.

calcium

__________ and ____________ are important for the infrastructure of bone

calcium and phosphoras

The mineral ____________ is responsible for the stomach's toxicity

chloride

What does iodine deficiency during pregnancy cause?

cretinism in newborns

The following steps will help prevent vitamin losses EXCEPT which one? a. Store milk in opaque containers. b. Wash intact fruit and vegetable before cutting or peeling. c. Refrigerate most fruits and vegetables to slow down vitamin losses. d. Cook vegetables at high temperatures to retain vitamin content.

d. Cook vegetables at high temperatures to retain vitamin content.

All the following are characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins EXCEPT which one? a. Easily lost or destroyed in food preparation and processing. b. Foods that supply the water-soluble vitamins must be consumed frequently. c. Easily absorbed and excreted from the body. d. Overconsumption of food sources should be monitored because the vitamins can accumulate leading to toxicity

d. Overconsumption of food sources should be monitored because the vitamins can accumulate leading to toxicity

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed similarly to fat absorption. b. They are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. c. They are not readily excreted and tend to build up in tissues. d. Toxicities are unlikely, even when taking supplements.

d. Toxicities are unlikely, even when taking supplements.

All of these statements are true EXCEPT which one? a. Fat-soluble vitamins require bile to be absorbed in the body. b. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. c. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored, and therefore overconsumption may lead to toxicity. d. Vitamins are essential, caloric nutrients that are needed in tiny amounts.

d. Vitamins are essential, caloric nutrients that are needed in tiny amounts.

All of the following are functions of vitamin C EXCEPT which one? a. collagen synthesis b. boosting iron absorption c. antioxidant d. cell differentiation

d. cell differentiation

All of the following are good food sources of vitamin D EXCEPT: a. tuna. b. salmon. c. fortified milk. d. citrus fruits

d. citrus fruits

Which characteristic is LEAST likely to apply to a fat-soluble vitamin? a. dissolves in lipids b. toxic in excess c. commonly found in foods that contain fat d. easily absorbed and excreted in urine e. requires bile for absorption

d. easily absorbed and excreted in urine

A woman who is on a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss may have difficulty maintaining an adequate level of the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. What characteristic of her diet would cause this? a. exclusion of meat and fat b. exclusion of fruits c. exclusion of dairy d. exclusion of grains and cereals e. exclusion of starchy vegetables

d. exclusion of grains and cereals

Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to cases of rickets in the United States? a. use of UV-blocking sunscreen b. dark skin pigmentation c. increased time spent indoors d. increased physical activity in organized sports e. a preference for soft drinks over milk in adolescents

d. increased physical activity in organized sports

Choose the situation that decreases the body's ability to make vitamin D. a. living in a warmer climate b. young age c. lighter skin d. living in the northern United States

d. living in the northern United States

Which of the following is NOT a major function of vitamin A? a. immune function b. reproduction and growth c. cell differentiation d. muscle contraction and nerve transmission

d. muscle contraction and nerve transmission

Which vitamin is mismatched with its deficiency? a. vitamin C - scurvy b. niacin - pellagra c. vitamin K - excessive bleeding d. vitamin D - pernicious anemia e. thiamin - beriberi

d. vitamin D - pernicious anemia

What type of water does NOT contain any dissolved minerals?

distilled water

A ______________ is a compound that causes increased urinary water excretion.

diuretic

Which statement about the function of water in the human body is FALSE? a. Water aids in the maintenance of the body's temperature. b. Water cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes. c. Water acts as a lubricant around joints. d. Water participates in the body's chemical reactions. e. Water is a good source of energy

e. Water is a good source of energy

Which statement about calcium metabolism is true? a. The greatest amount of calcium is absorbed from plant sources. b. Regulation of calcium metabolism is not very tight because there is a wide range of normal values. c. There is an unlimited amount of calcium storage capacity in bones and teeth. d. When the body has enough calcium, proteins in the bloodstream carry calcium to where it is needed. e. When the body needs more calcium, proteins in the intestinal lining increase its absorption.

e. When the body needs more calcium, proteins in the intestinal lining increase its absorption.

What is one of the major roles of calcium in the body?

essential for muscle contraction

The nutrient needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

fat

To make new cells, tissues must have which vitamin?

folate

Current recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes are for us to consume a variety from each category on a daily basis. What are the two vitamins that are abundant in leafy greens and citrus fruits, as well as other fruits and vegetables?

folate and vitamin C

What is the main function of vitamin K?

helping blood to clot

Most of the iron in the body is a component of two proteins, _______________ in red blood cells, and _____________ in muscle cells

hemoglobin and myoglobin

A deficiency in _________ can lead to pellagra

niacin

Large doses of _______________ a water-soluble vitamin, have been prescribed to help improve blood lipids associated with cardiovascular disease.

niacin

What would you tell someone who is considering taking chromium supplements for weight loss and diabetes?

no benefit has been proven

Dietary iron associated with plant sources is called _____________ iron

non-heme

The need for vitamin E rises as people consume more of what because it requires antioxidant protection by the vitamin?

polyunsaturated fat

Another name for provitamins, when consumed they are converted into active vitamins

precursors

A reaction between a base and an acid produces a

salt

The cells direct where the salts go, which determines where the fluids flow because water follows what?

salt

Hard water is high in calcium and magnesium while soft water is high in what?

sodium

What is the most abundant mineral in soft water?

sodium

Transport proteins in cell membranes maintain the proper balance of _________ (mostly outside the cells) and _________ (mostly inside the cells)

sodium and potassium

Which individual has a valid reason to take a vitamin/mineral supplement?

someone who is addicted to drugs and alcohol

If you eat a food that contains a large dose of thiamin and riboflavin, what will most likely happen to the thiamin and riboflavin?

they will be excreted if not used on the day that they are absorbed

What is the primary food source of vitamin E for Americans?

vegetable oils

Which vitamin supplement is known to cause malformations of a fetus?

vitamin A

These 2 vitamins help cells to multiply

vitamin B12 and folate

When exposed to sunlight, the skin makes

vitamin D

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins were originally named tocopherol?

vitamin E

You have a friend who eats a lot of highly processed foods, fast foods, and convenience foods, but does drink fortified milk. What type of deficiency is your friend at risk for developing?

vitamin E

Which vitamin's main role is to help activate proteins that help blood clot?

vitamin K

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which of the following are classified as water-soluble vitamins?

vitamins B and C

Sodium attracts ___________, causing an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.

water

___________ is the nutrient that is most indispensable.

water

What trace mineral is essential to sperm production and taste perception, and assists in immune function?

zinc