Nutrition - Exam 3

Men's Diet Factors that affect conception

* Adequate intake of zinc and folate has been associated with the production of healthy sperm. * Vitamins E and C and carotenoids may help protect sperm from damage by free radicals * Eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy protein foods, like lean meats, fish, nuts, low-fat dairy foods, and legumes

Calorie Changes During the 2nd Trimester

340 more calories per day than before pregnancy and gain about 1 pound per week.

Age category for toddler

Ages one to three years old.

Age category for preschooler

Ages three to five years old.

What are concerns with importation of food?

All told, almost 20 percent of food available to U.S. consumers comes from outside the United States, and this number has continued to climb over the past several years. Farming in the United States is an expensive endeavor. This opens the door to outsourcing agricultural production to poorer, developing nations with lower overhead costs and hence can provide cheaper food to the consumer. Although this outsourcing can provide jobs and income for developing countries, there are environmental costs of shipping these foods long distances to the United States and ultimately to your plate. In addition to the environmental costs, the other downside to importing foods is the potential for contamination. The globalization of the food supply will require that uniform, global food safety standards be developed and implemented to keep imported foods safe.

Amount of food produced in the US and the ability to export

An estimated 30 percent of the income from a U.S. farm is derived from trading with other countries. Grains (corn, soybeans, and wheat) and oilseeds (seeds used to make oils such as corn oil and soybean oil) are the most popular exports from the United States. Since the mid-1940s, the United States has exported more agricultural products than it has imported. Exports of consumer-oriented products such as dairy products, meats, fruits, and vegetables are also on the rise.

Bone growth in adolescents

Bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate of a long bone (femur and tibia/fibula in legs and humorus and radial/ulnar in arms). Once the plate closes, growth stops.

Importance of breakfast for young children

Breakfast aids mental function, academic performance, school attendance rates, psychosocial function and mood. It also may be associated with a healthier body weight.

Benefits of breastfeeding

Breastfeeding provides physical, emotional, and financial benefits for mothers. Breast milk is less expensive and more convenient than formula. It promotes bonding with the baby. Breast milk is best for an infant's unique nutritional needs, and the composition of breast milk changes as the infant grows. Breastfeeding protects against infections, allergies, and chronic diseases and may enhance brain development. If a baby is breastfed beyond six months, it may reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Role of carbohydrate during physical activity

Carbohydrate: Provides energy and nutrients. It is the primary energy source during high intensity exercise through blood glucose and stored glycogen. Glucose derived from stored muscle glycogen is the preferred carbohydrate energy source during exercise. However, liver glycogen stores are just as crucial to your body during activity. Glycogen stored by the liver can be converted into glucose and delivered to the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels, both during activity and while you are at rest.

Child and Adult Care Food Program

Child and Adult Care Food Program: Available to communities based on income data. Program provides nutritious meals and snacks to low-income children and seniors who receive day care or adult care outside the home. There are income guidelines and specific menu requirements for participation.

Consequences of food insecurity and malnutrition

Children suffer from impaired growth and development: When children do not receive the nutrients they need to grow and develop properly, they are likely to experience both physical and mental problems, including insufficient weight gain, improper muscle development, lowered resistance to infection, growth stunting, and impaired brain development. Their bodies attempt to adapt to a lack of food by decreasing physical and intellectual growth.

Why and how lifelong choices can help prevent chronic disease

Compounds like fiber, vitamins, and minerals can help prevent age-related diseases like cancer and heart disease. Antioxidants help protect the body from free radicals and may reduce the risk of cognitive problems like Alzheimer's.

Congregate Meals and Meals on Wheels Program

Congregate Meals and Meals on Wheels America: Age 60 or over. The programs provide meals at a community site or delivered to the home.

List and describe community nutrition programs for older adults

Congregate meals are one type of service available to elders due to the Older Americans Act. Nutritious hot meals are served at specified sites in the community, such as churches, synagogues, and senior centers, helping older adults meet their nutrient needs and offering opportunities for socializing. Often, transportation to these meals is available in the community. Homebound elders can receive home meal delivery as part of the Meals on Wheels program. The Meals on Wheels Association of America is the largest organization in the United States, providing meals to the homes of older adults who need them.

Calorie Changes During the 3rd Trimester

Consume 450 calories more per day to gain about 1 pound per week.

Women's Diet Factors that affect conception

Consume adequate folic acid. Consumption of fish and caffeine should be moderate.

How are complications like gestational diabetes and hypertension managed

Exercise is key to managing the risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension. Keeping weight gain within a healthy range by sticking to a healthy diet can manage the risk of developing gestational diabetes and hypertension.

How can diabetes and hypertension affect mother and baby

Gestational diabetes can result in macrosomia, a large baby weighing more than eight pounds 13 ounces and increasing the risk of the baby having jaundice, breathing problems, and birth defects. Hypertension can lead to preeclampsia and, if untreated, can result in eclampsia. Preeclampsia signals a sign of kidney damage in the mother. Eclampsia can cause seizures in the mother and may lead to death. Preeclampsia increases the risk of low birth weight in the baby, babies who are delivered early, and stillbirth. The only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia is delivery of the baby.

High Food Security

High Food Security: Households had no problems or anxiety about consistently accessing adequate food.

Low Food Security

Low Food Security: Households reduced the quality, variety, and desirability of their diets, but the quantity of their food intake and normal eating patterns were not substantially disrupted.

Primary energy sources during low, moderate, and high-intensity exercise

Low intensity: Fat is the primary energy source. Moderate intensity: ½ to 2/3 of energy is carbohydrate, and the rest is fat. High intensity: Carbohydrate is the primary energy source.

Marginal Food Security

Marginal Food Security: Households had problems or anxiety at times about accessing adequate food, but the quality, variety, and quantity of their food was not substantially reduced.

Social, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to food insecurity in older adults

Older adults are normally on a fixed income, while medical, pharmaceutical, and food costs are rising. Some elders may be able to afford food but lack the physical means to obtain it, prepare it, or, because of health issues such as tooth loss, consume it.

Benefits of regular physical activity

Physical activity helps you achieve and maintain a healthy body weight which makes you less prone to developing chronic diseases. It can help you get restful sleep and reduce stress. It improves body composition, bone health, and mental well-being.

Poverty

Poverty: A family of four was considered impoverished if its annual income was at or below $23,283.

Common diseases and nutritional deficiencies among the malnourished

Some diseases are: diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, malaria, and measles.

Cause of sports anemia

Some people experience decreased levels of hemoglobin because of training, especially when the training is quite strenuous. During exercise your blood volume increases, which in turn causes lower concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood. This is often referred to as sports anemia, or pseudoanemia, and is not the same as iron-deficiency anemia.

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC): At-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children less than 5 years old. The program provides a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits and vegetables, to supplement the diet. There are even some organic forms of WIC-eligible foods. The program also emphasizes nutrition education and offers referrals to health care professionals.

Summer Food Service Program (SFSP)

Summer Food Service Program: Federal program that combines a meal or feeding program with a summer activity program for children.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (formerly the Food Stamp Program): Low income (for a family of four, the net monthly income cannot exceed $2,184). Individuals who are eligible for food stamps are issued a debit card to purchase foods at their local authorized supermarket. (Items such as alcohol, tobacco, nonfood items, vitamins and medicines, and hot foods are not covered.)

Regulating hormones for milk production

The hormone prolactin causes milk to be produced in the breast, while the hormone oxytocin causes breast milk to be released in a let-down response.

Define hunger

The physiological need for food

Very Low Food Security

Very Low Food Security: At times during the year, the eating patterns of one or more household members were disrupted, and food intake was reduced because the household lacked money or other resources for food.

Concerns of young and older mothers-to-be

Young women are still growing and may likely have unbalanced diets. They may be short on their intake of iron, folic acid, calcium, and calories. They are at a higher risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature and low-weight babies. Women older than 35 are more likely to develop diabetes and hypertension. Conception may take longer. Older mothers are more likely to conceive multiples.

Five basic components of fitness

· cardiorespiratory endurance · muscular strength · muscular endurance · flexibility · body composition

Vitamins and minerals and fiber needed for young children

* Calcium: 1-3 years: 700 mg/day, 4-8 years: 1,000 mg/day * Iron: 1-3 years: 7 mg/day, 4-8 years: 10 mg/day * Vitamin D: Over 1 year: 600 IU/day *Fiber: 1-3 years: 19 g/day, 4-8 years: 25 g/day

Supplements a pregnant woman might need to take to meet increased nutritional needs

* Folic acid * Iron * Zinc * Copper * Calcium * Vitamin D These can be obtained through a prescription or over-the-counter prenatal supplement.

Three populations at highest risk for experiencing food insecurity

* Households headed by single women * Households with members in a minority group * Households with children

Men's Lifestyle Factors that affect conception

* Smoking * Abusing drugs and alcohol * Eating a poor-quality diet * Obesity These factors can result in poor production of sperm.

Female athlete triad

A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising) followed by lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea/oligomenorrhoea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis)

Role of antibiotics in food production

A pressing health concern worldwide is that treating food-producing animals with antibiotics contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. If a human contracts a foodborne illness from this animal food source, treatment with the same antibiotic that was used in the feed, which killed the bacteria in the past, may no longer be effective. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria may also develop in the environment if antibiotics used to treat livestock are delivered in water or feed that may seep into the soil or water supplies.

Women's Lifestyle Factors that affect conception

Attain a healthy weight and avoid cigarettes and other toxic substances.

Optimal food sources before, during, and after exercise

Before: Complex carbohydrates like whole-grain bread and pasta, brown rice, oatmeal, and corn are ideal a couple of hours before exercise because they take longer to digest than simple carbohydrates and enter the bloodstream much more slowly, thereby providing a sustained source of energy. During and immediately after: Simple carbohydrates like sports drinks, bars, and gels, bananas, bagels, or corn flakes.

Role of pesticides in food production

By using pesticides on agricultural crops, food plants can flourish and produce a hearty bounty. This enables farmers to offer affordable crops to consumers. Biopesticides are less toxic than chemically based pesticides, generally affect only the targeted pest, and often decompose relatively quickly, minimizing the potential for environmental pollution. Biopesticides are typically safer than chemical pesticides; however, for biopesticides to be effective, the user must understand exactly which pests are the problem. Chemically based organophosphates, which are used on fruits, nuts, vegetables, corn, wheat, and other crops, affect the nervous systems of the pests they destroy but also affect other animals and even humans. Exposure can lead to developmental disabilities, neurological and hormonal disorders, and cancer. The problem with pesticides, especially chemically based pesticides, is that they can cause unintended harm to the environment, animals, and humans. Chemical pesticides require a large amount of fossil fuel to produce, have been shown to affect soil fertility, and may pollute the environment in unintended ways.

Ergonomic aids to improve athletic performance and physical fitness: creatine, caffeine, anabolic steroids

Creatine: Creatine monohydrate is one of the best-known dietary supplements in the fitness industry today. Research revealed that creatine supplementation increased creatine stores in the muscles, which increased the amount of ATP generated. Caffeine: Caffeine may decrease perception of effort by stimulating the central nervous system, directly affect the breakdown of muscle glycogen, and increase the availability of fatty acids during exercise, therefore sparing glycogen stores. Anabolic Steroids: Anabolic steroids are testosterone-based substances designed to mimic the bodybuilding traits of testosterone. There are two primary effects of anabolic steroids. The anabolic effect, which is the one users are seeking, results in the promotion of protein growth and muscle development.

DHA

DHA is docosahexaenoic acid, a fatty acid essential for a baby's nervous system and brain development. Research suggests that breast-fed infants may have greater cognitive function, measured by IQ and academic success in school through adolescence.

Role of fat during physical activity

Fat: Provides energy. It provides nearly all of the energy required during prolonged low-intensity activity. Since fat doesn't contain water, the amount of energy in stored body fat is greater and more concentrated than glycogen.

Food Insecurity

Food Insecurity: A household experiences food insecurity when any of its members do not have the resources they need to obtain adequate amounts of nutritious food.

Food Security

Food Security: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) describes an American household as experiencing food security if it has access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members.

Define food security, food insecurity, poverty, and the working poor

Food Security: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) describes an American household as experiencing food security if it has access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. Food Insecurity: In contrast, a household experiences food insecurity when any of its members do not have the resources they need to obtain adequate amounts of nutritious food. Poverty: In 2021, a family of four was considered impoverished if its annual income was at or below $26,500. Working Poor: In 2018, about 7 million Americans in 3.6 million families were classified as working poor, living below the poverty level despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more.

What to do for food jags

Food jags are usually temporary (favoring some foods to exclude others). A parent or caregiver can keep a food diary of what the child eats and drinks for a few days to help identify any major problems.

What to do for picky eaters

For picky eaters, parents should encourage them to try and accept new foods. To promote acceptance, parents and caregivers may need to repeatedly expose children to new foods (2 to 10 times or more).

Ergonomic aids to improve athletic performance and physical fitness: growth hormone, erythropoietin, blood doping, multivitamin/mineral supplements

Growth hormone: Growth hormone has been promoted with claims that it will increase muscle mass and strength and decrease body fat, thereby improving performance. Growth hormone also decreases glycogen synthesis and the use of glucose for energy, causing an increase in fat breakdown and the use of fatty acids for energy. Erethropoietin and blood doping: Erythropoietin travels to the bone marrow and stimulates the formation of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to tissues. Increasing the number of red blood cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This results in the athlete's being able to train at a higher intensity without becoming fatigued as quickly. Blood doping, or red blood cell reinfusion, involves removing 250 to 500 milliliters (about 0.5 to 1 pint) of an athlete's own blood, extracting the red blood cells, and storing them for a few weeks prior to competition. The stored red blood cells are reinfused as the competition day approaches. This results in an increase in the amount of oxygen in the blood, which can increase aerobic endurance. Multivitamin/mineral supplement: Will improve health and performance only when deficiencies exist. Avoid multivitamin/mineral supplements containing more than 100% RDA of contents. Vitamins and minerals do not directly supply energy, but assist with the breakdown of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to use for energy.

Describe the levels of food security (high, marginal, low, very low)

High Food Security: Households had no problems or anxiety about consistently accessing adequate food. Marginal Food Security: Households had problems or anxiety at times about accessing adequate food, but the quality, variety, and quantity of their food was not substantially reduced. Low Food Security: Households reduced the quality, variety, and desirability of their diets, but the quantity of their food intake and normal eating patterns were not substantially disrupted. Very Low Food Security: At times during the year, the eating patterns of one or more household members were disrupted, and food intake was reduced because the household lacked money or other resources for food.

Role of hormones in food production

Hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides are used to increase the yield of animal foods and crops. some people have concerns over the long-term safety for humans when products from animals and plants treated with these substances are consumed by humans. In addition, contamination of water supplies by these products may harm the environment. Because hormones are proteins, they are digested by gut enzymes and absorbed as amino acids; therefore, there should be no concern that hormones in milk may impact functions in the bodies of humans that consume them. An additional concern is that the runoff from sewage sludge containing these hormones can reach surface waters and may interfere with the reproductive cycle of wildlife.

Two steps you can take to help eradicate food insecurity

Hunger can seem like an overwhelming problem, but there are things an individual person (you!) can do to help. (1) If you have the funds, you can give money or food to organizations that will distribute your offerings where needed. (2) Giving time is just as important and possibly more satisfying. Contact a local food bank to ask how you can help gather and distribute food to those in need.

Extent of food insecurity in the US and worldwide

In 2019, 10.5 percent (13.7 million) of American households were food insecure at least sometime during the year, including 5.3 million with very low food security. Globally, food insecurity is rising: the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that almost 690 million people (8.9 percent) were undernourished in 2019, nearly 60 million more than in 2014.

What constitutes a US farm and what are changes in the numbe of farms?

In the United States, a farm is considered an establishment that produces and sells at least $1,000 of agricultural products annually. However, the number of U.S. farms is declining: In 2017, for example, there were 67,000 fewer farms than in 2012. At the same time, the average farm size continues to increase, and farms feed more people than ever. In 1935, there were more than 6.5 million farms feeding approximately 127 million Americans. Currently, 2.1 million farms produce food to feed the country's 300-plus million people.

Protein Changes During the 2nd Trimester

Increase protein intake by 25 grams per day.

Compare Infant Growth Weight to Toddler Growth Rate

Infants double their birth weight by about six months and triple it by 12 months. Length will also increase by 50 percent around the end of the first year. Growth is faster in infants and will slow when a child reaches the toddler stage of one to three years old.

Nutritional needs of infants and when to start solid foods

Infants grow at an accelerated rate. They double their birth weight by about six months and triple their birth weight by 12 months. If they do not gain enough weight during this time they may have failure to thrive (FTT). A six month old should be consuming 82 calories per kilogram of body weight. As they age they need increased carbohydrates, 60 grams per day in the first six months and 95 in the second six months. Fat and overall calories should not be limited. Solid foods can be started once the infant is nutritionally ready at about six months. They need to be physiologically ready and should have doubled their birth rate to at least 13 pounds. The tongue-thrust reflex should have faded, swallowing skills have matured, they should have head and neck control, and be able to sit without support. Introduce solid foods gradually, first pureed.

Importance of iron and calcium as they relate to physical fitness

Iron: Iron is important to exercise because it is necessary for energy metabolism and transporting oxygen throughout the body and within muscle cells. Iron is a structural component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, two proteins that carry and store oxygen in the blood and muscle, respectively. If iron levels are low, hemoglobin levels can also fall, diminishing the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the cells. Calcium: Athletes are particularly susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Therefore, they need to consume enough calcium in their diets to reduce their risk of sustaining these types of injuries. Calcium affects both skeletal and heart muscle contraction, and hormone and neurotransmitter activity during exercise. It also assists in blood clotting when you have a cut or other minor hemorrhage, which may occur during exercise or competition. Many people may not be aware that calcium is lost in sweat, and the more you sweat the more calcium you lose.

Key Diet Factors Associated With a Healthy Pregnancy

Make sure you have enough folate, zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and vitamin D in the diet. A pregnant woman must meet nutrient needs but not exceed. Use MyPlate to personalize dietary recommendations during pregnancy. Avoid fish containing high levels of mercury. Consume enough calories, carbohydrate, and protein to support growth of the baby. Do not consume raw meats or fish due to the chance of ingesting harmful bacteria.

Morning Sickness

Morning sickness symptoms are nausea and vomiting. Even though it is called morning sickness, symptoms can appear at any time of day. The cause of morning sickness is unknown but it is felt that fluctuating hormone levels are involved.

National School Lunch Program (NSLP)

National School Lunch Program (NSLP): Children with families with incomes at or below 130% of the poverty level are eligible for free meals and those with incomes between 130% and 185% of the poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals. Eligible children receive free or reduced-price lunches. A subsidized breakfast is sometimes also available at schools.

Most common changes in nutrient needs for older adults and why needs change for vitamin B12

Older adults need fewer calories but NOT less nutrition. They need nutrient-rich foods because they have lower metabolic rates, reducing their calorie needs. They need adequate protein, fiber, and fluid. They need vitamin-D-rich foods due to their decreased ability to make the active form, which also decreases calcium absorption. They need adequate amounts of calcium to help prevent bone loss. They need adequate iron-rich foods for a strong immune system and transportation of oxygen to cells and tissues. They need synthetic vitamin B12 due to reduced production of stomach acid that typically releases naturally occurring vitamin B12, and synthetic B12 does not require stomach acid. Also needed are zinc for a healthy immune system. Do not overconsume vitamin A which may increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

Define organic and standards for qualifying for the organic seal

Organic farming involves growing crops without the use of some synthetic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, bioengineering, or irradiation. For animal food products, only antibiotic-free or growth hormone-free animals can be used to produce organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy foods. You can identify organically produced foods in your supermarket by looking for the USDA Organic seal. Foods that display this seal or otherwise state that they are organic must contain at least 95 percent organic ingredients. However, organic food producers can choose to display this seal, so it may not be on all organic products. Other label claims and standards exist for foods that are 100 percent organic or that use organic ingredients. If the label says "100% organic", then the food must be composed entirely of organic ingredients. If the label says "organic" and/or displays the USDA Organic seal, the food contains at least 95% organic ingredients. If the label says "made with organic ingredients," the food must contain at least 70% organic ingredients. If the label says nothing about organic claims, then the food contains less than 70% organic ingredients, or the food producer or the manufacturer decided not to disclose information about the organic ingredients. Finally, organic foods are not always healthy foods. Plenty of processed foods contain high amounts of salt, sugar, and fat made with some organic ingredients and, therefore, bear the organic label. The bottom line is that organic farming offers some benefits to human and environmental health; however, it may not be the solution to a sustainable food system on a global scale.

Pica

Pica is a craving for and ingestion of non-food substances, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda. The cause of pica is unknown, but anemia or iron and zinc deficiencies are suspected to trigger this.

Causes of food insecurity and poverty worlwide

Political Sanctions: Sanctions have various goals, including restoring democracy, condemning the abuse of human rights, and punishing groups that protect terrorists or international criminals. Although the goals of the sanctions may be noble, they can cause widespread harm. Agricultural embargoes, for example, can create food shortages by decreasing access to agricultural supplies, fuel, or crops. As with sanctions, embargoes more often hurt the average citizen than affect government authorities. Armed Conflict: War, armed conflict, and civil unrest may cause famine because of the disruption to agriculture, food distribution, and normal community activities. Corruption: Rising corruption in developing nations is contributing significantly to higher food insecurity and lower life expectancies. The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) is 50 percent lower in the most corrupt countries compared to the least corrupt countries. Lack of Irrigation: Lack of irrigation also contributes to crop failures and low yields. Proper irrigation can increase crop yield by 100 to 400 percent. Only 20 percent of the world's land used to grow crops is irrigated, and this land contributes 40 percent of global crop production. Unsustainable Agricultural Practices: Unsustainable agricultural practices also threaten limited resources. The depletion of natural resources through practices such as overcropping, overgrazing of livestock, aggressive timber harvesting, and the misuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and water may increase food yield in the short term at the cost of long-term sustainability.

Role of protein during physical activity

Protein: Used primarily to build and repair muscle. The body can also use protein for energy.

Key Lifestyle Factors Associated with a Healthy Pregnancy

Remain active, avoid alcohol, smoking, and other toxins.

Government agencies that help the food insecure

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (formerly the Food Stamp Program): Low income (for a family of four, the net monthly income cannot exceed $2,184). Individuals who are eligible for food stamps are issued a debit card to purchase foods at their local authorized supermarket. (Items such as alcohol, tobacco, nonfood items, vitamins and medicines, and hot foods are not covered.) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC): At-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children less than 5 years old. The program provides a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits and vegetables, to supplement the diet. There are even some organic forms of WIC-eligible foods. The program also emphasizes nutrition education and offers referrals to health care professionals. National School Lunch Program (NSLP): Children with families with incomes at or below 130% of the poverty level are eligible for free meals and those with incomes between 130% and 185% of the poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals. Eligible children receive free or reduced-price lunches. A subsidized breakfast is sometimes also available at schools. Summer Food Service Program: Available to communities based on income data. Child and Adult Care Food Program: Available to communities based on income data. Program provides nutritious meals and snacks to low-income children and seniors who receive day care or adult care outside the home. There are income guidelines and specific menu requirements for participation. Meals on Wheels America: Age 60 or over. The programs provide meals at a community site or delivered to the home.

What are changes in breast milk and nutrition?

The nutritional composition of breast milk changes as the infant grows. Right after birth, a new mother produces a carotenoid-rich, yellowish fluid called colostrum with little fat but a lot of protein, vitamin A, and minerals. Colostrum also contains antibodies that help protect the infant from infections, particularly in the digestive tract. The nutrient composition of breast milk continues to change as babies grow and their needs change.

Major crops grown in the US and how they are used

The top three agricultural food crops grown in the United States are corn, soybeans, and wheat. Most of the corn grown in the United States is feed for livestock, poultry, and fish. In addition to products like tofu, soy sauce, and edamame, soy is used to produce soybean oil, the number-one oil Americans consume. Over 30 million tons of soybean meal (the part of the soybean left after the oil is extracted), 70 percent of the total soybeans grown in the United States, is used to feed livestock annually. More than 70 percent of wheat is used for food products, such as bread and cereal; about 22 percent is used for animal feed; and the rest is left for seeds to replenish the crops.

Protein Changes During the 3rd Trimester

There are not protein changes during the 3rd trimester.

Calorie range of young children

Toddlers ages 2-3 need 1,000 to 1,400 calories per day. Be mindful of portion sizews and avoid the choking hazards of hot dogs, nuts, whole grapes, round candy, popcorn, raisins, and raw carrots. These shouldn't be given to a child under 4. Always have them eat sitting up.

Governing agencies regulating food

USDA: Monitoring agriculture and food production and ensuring safe and accurately labeled meat, poultry, and eggs. The USDA enforces tolerances for pesticide residues in meat, poultry, and eggs set forth by the EPA. FDA: Overseeing domestic and imported foods except for meat and poultry products. Ensuring that these foods are safe, sanitary, nutritious, wholesome, and honestly and adequately labeled. Overseeing food-processing plants and approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives. FDA enforces tolerances for pesticide residues that are set by the EPA. EPA: Protecting you and the environment from harmful pesticides. EPA is responsible for the safe use of pesticides and fertilizers, as well as food-plant detergents and sanitizers on foods and in the environment. It establishes the safe tolerances for pesticide residues in or on food commodities and animal feed. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS): Protecting against plant and animal pests and disease. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS): Overseeing a voluntary seafood inspection for quality and a grading program. CDC: Surveillance and investigation of human and animal diseases. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Regulating food advertising. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS): Protecting the health of and providing essential human services to Americans, including those who are less able.

Causes of food insecurity and poverty in the US

Unemployment: No money to purchase food Low Wages: Not enough money to purchase food because money has to go to housing, child care, etc. Disability: Many adults who have disabilities lead highly productive lives, but others are limited to low-skilled, low-wage jobs, partly because of discrimination. Some cannot work and must depend on disability income, which may not provide adequate money for nourishing food. As with chronic illness, disability can make it difficult for a person to shop for food and prepare meals. Poor Health: Adults who experience chronic illness are less likely to earn a steady income and, therefore, are at risk of having a poor diet. Chronic illness can also reduce mobility, making it difficult to get to a grocery store or to prepare nourishing meals.

Working Poor

Working Poor: In 2018, about 7 million Americans in 3.6 million families were classified as working poor, living below the poverty level despite having at least one member in the labor force for half the year or more.