Nutrition Exam 3 content
Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day? Your body can synthesize vitamin D. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. The foods you eat on a daily basis provide all the vitamins you need each day.
-Your body can synthesize vitamin D. -Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. -Body cells can store vitamins to some extent.
What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?
Free radical
Which is the first step of the visual cycle?
in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin
Who is least at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?
Children who like vegetables
Most vitamins are ____ bioavailable from natural food sources, rather than from supplements alone.
More
An oxidant ______ electrons from atoms or molecules.
removes
The is the primary site of vitamin absorption.
small intestine
The body does not make toxic levels of vitamin D when exposed to because skin limits the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
sunlight
An agent that causes birth defects is called a
teratogen
An agent that causes birth defects is called a
teratogen.
Excessive intake or exposure to which vitamin may be particularly harmful to a developing fetus?
vitamin A
When excess vitamin D is consumed through supplementation, too much _____ is absorbed and deposits in soft tissues.
calcium
Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to - (RBP).
retinol binding protein
Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are
taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods.
When taken in excess during pregnancy, vitamin A is a , an agent that causes birth defects.
teratogen
Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body?
vitamin E
Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?
vitamin K
Long-term studies ______ in showing that high intakes of vitamin E consistently reduced the risk of chronic disease.
failed
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by
free radicals
When fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase produce in order to receive the most vitamins.
frozen
When fresh produce is not available, which type of foods should be purchased in order to receive the highest vitamin content?
frozen
Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.
have not
During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs ______.
increase
About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.
intestinal bacteria
The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called ______.
osteomalacia
Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally.
reduce
Plant oils, such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing, are rich food sources of ______.
vitamin E
What is the primary site of vitamin absorption?
Small intestine
What is the name of a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules?
Oxidant
List the steps of the visual cycle beginning with dark conditions at the top.
(1) in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin; (2) light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which cases opsin to change shape; (3) activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision; (4) following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin; (5) energy is required to bring retinal back to its original form; (6) retinal attaches to opsin to form rhodopsin
Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored?
liver
Clinical studies have provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD. (T/F)
False
In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity. (T/F)
False
Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease. (T/F)
False
Which of the following is true about vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables are good food sources
The body is able to make vitamin when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
D
Which roles does vitamin D play in the body? Assists with absorption of calcium Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones Production of bones Production of epithelial cells
-Assists with absorption of calcium -Maintains phosphorus levels in blood -Maintenance of bones -Production of bones
What roles does vitamin A play in the body? Reduction of white blood cell production Cell growth Cell production Formation of epithelial cells
-Cell growth -Cell production -Formation of epithelial cells
Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K? Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing Poultry and fish Soybean and canola oils
-Green leafy vegetables -Margarine and salad dressing -Soybean and canola oils
Which of the following is true about free radicals? Multiple select question. It causes excess oxidation which helps prevent chronic disease It is highly reactive It is a substance with an unpaired electron It removes electrons from more stable molecules
-It is highly reactive -It is a substance with an unpaired electron -It removes electrons from more stable molecules
Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? People who do not exercise frequently People with fat malabsorption Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables Older adults
-People with fat malabsorption -Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables -Older adults
Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins?
-Regulates a variety of body processes -Involved in the growth and development of tissues
Which foods are good sources of vitamin D? Salmon Milk Herring Grapes
-Salmon -Milk -Herring
Where does the healthy body store vitamin E? Skin Pancreas Skeletal muscle Body fat Liver
-Skeletal muscle -Body fat -Liver
What are some signs and symptoms of rickets? Soft bones Muscle pain Tall stature Misshapen bones
-Soft bones -Muscle pain -Misshapen bones
Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of? Vitamin E Vitamin D Thiamin Vitamin C
-Vitamin E -Vitamin D
When are the body's requirements for vitamins highest? adolescence adulthood pregnancy infancy
-adolescence -pregnancy -infancy
What increases a person's risk for a vitamin toxicity? taking a "once daily" multivitamin supplement consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods taking a megadose of a vitamin eating foods in their natural state
-consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods -taking a megadose of a vitamin
Preserving water-soluble vitamins in food preparation can be achieved by cutting produce into large pieces. cooking vegetables in small amounts of water. cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins. discarding water used to cook vegetables.
-cutting produce into large pieces. -cooking vegetables in small amounts of water. -cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins.
Factors associated with low vitamin D status include ______. drinking sodas less than once a week drinking milk less than once a week screentime more than 4 hours daily excess body fat
-drinking milk less than once a week -screentime more than 4 hours daily -excess body fat
The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by: food preparation a person's height food processing GI transit time
-food preparation -food processing -GI transit time
Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______. have a condition that impairs fat absorption have type 2 diabetes have liver disease have cystic fibrosis
-have a condition that impairs fat absorption -have liver disease -have cystic fibrosis
Adults who may be at higher risk for osteomalacia include those who ______. have covered skin for religious reasons are homebound consume dairy products daily
-have covered skin for religious reasons -are homebound
What are some signs and symptoms of rickets? muscle pain misshapen bones soft bones tall stature
-muscle pain -misshapen bones -soft bones
Vitamin E functions to ______. protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes maintain nervous tissue initiate blood clotting factors maintain immune system function
-protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes -maintain nervous tissue -maintain immune system function
What are some common foods fortified with vitamin D? ready-to-eat cereal orange juice milk fatty fish
-ready-to-eat cereal -orange juice -milk
According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.
50%
Certain acne medications, like Accutane, containing high levels of vitamin ______ should not be prescribed during pregnancy due to the increased risk for harm to the fetus.
A
Vitamin participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.
A
Which statement is most accurate? A healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or AI of each vitamin on a daily basis. A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins ______.
A, D, E, and K
Why is a vitamin E deficiency rare?
Because the healthy body stores the vitamin in body fat, skeletal muscle, and the liver
What describes the degree of potency of a vitamin?
Biological activity
What is the primary function of vitamin K?
Blood clotting
Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin D?
Cucumbers
Vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.
D
Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?
Sunflower seeds and plant oils
Some free radicals formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits. (T/F)
True
Which vitamin can the body make when exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively?
Vitamin K
What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?
Vitamin K
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of
chlorophyll
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids contain _____ which hides the yellow-orange pigment.
chlorophyll
