Nutrition Exam #3

- acetyl CoA - lactic acid - oxaloacetate - citrate

4 fates of pyruvate

Antioxidants

A team of chemists have isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom. The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons. Based on this information, the chemists are likely to have discovered a/an ________.

enzymes cleave the bond between the two phosphate groups of ATP

ADP

a high energy phosphate compound

ATP

is reduced

Darrell suffers from frequent diarrhea as a result of IBS. Because of the frequent diarrhea, the bioavailability of vitamins in his diet

Ingesting largedoses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.

Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________

Folate

Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are rich sources of ________.

True

Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that enter the catabolic pathways as acetyl CoA. T or F.

False

Long-term trials have shown that high intakes of vitamin E reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers. T or F.

aerobic metabolism

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

Anemia

Mia lacks sufficient amounts of intrinsic factor. As such, she is at risk for

Tryptophan

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.

Thyroid

The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

Glycogenesis

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of

Cytoplasm

The chemical pathway that initiates the breakdown of glucose and produces some ATP occurs in the

hyperglycemia,

The consequences of insulin resistance include which of the following? Check all that apply.

Coenzymes

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.

The Citric Acid Cycle

The oxidation of acetyl CoA is the second phase of glucose catabolism Acetyl CoA is converted to CO2 and H2O • Coenzymes are important products • Oxaloacetate • Four-carbon molecule that is an important intermediate of the citric acid cycle

True

The term vitamin comes from vita (necessary for life), and amine (a type of nitrogen-containing substance). T or F.

pyruvate to lactate

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate converts to lactic acid, three-carbon molecule Lactate is released into the bloodstream • Liver removes lactate from the bloodstream and recycles it into glucose

Iron

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ________.

height and weight

What do you use to measure BMI?

True

When a person consumes more protein than needed, the excess amino acids can be converted into glucose or fat. T or F.

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.

Which Statement is False?

Vitamins A and D

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins are involved in growth and development?

Foul-smelling feces that contain mucus Chronic cough with significant mucus accumulation Abdominal pain, bloating, and gassiness

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

Alcohol, Protein, Lipids, Carbs

Which of the following compounds can human cells metabolize for energy? Check all that apply.

Sardines

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

anaerobic metabolism

Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell? metabolic pathways that do not require oxygen

Cannot walk without assistance, mental confusion, and/or may pass out

Which of the following physiological and/or psychological effects often occurs when a person reaches a BAC of 0.20?

E

Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following vitamins is important in protein metabolism as a component of PLP? As a result of a ________ deficiency, Christopher's cells have difficulty converting homocysteine to cysteine.

Pyruvate Fates

With plenty of oxygen available, pyruvate enters the mitochondria • Converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), a 2‒carbon molecule

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin

________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. apart of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism.

Thiamin

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

ATP production that occurs in the presence of oxygen (1 mile run)

aerobic metabolism

method of estimating body composition by determining body volume

air displacement

metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones

anabolism

metabolic pathways that do not require oxygen (50 yd sprint)

anaerobic metabolism

desire to eat appealing food

appetite

Mitochondria

are organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function

- measurement of basal metabolism - basal metabolism: minimum number of calories the body uses for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

body's rate of energyuse a few hours after resting and eating • A person's RMR is about 10% higher than their BMR

metabolic pathways that break down larger molecule into smaller molecules (glycogen to glucose)

catabolism

technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low energy x-rays

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

- linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism - coenzymes NADH and FADH carry hydrogen ions here 30-32 molecules of ATP are produced with the complete catabolism of glucose

electron transport chain

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

glycogenolysis

- first phase of glucose catabolism - anaerobic pathway - glucose is converted in to pyruvate - 2 NADH and 4 ATP molecules are formed

glycolysis

height and weight

how do you measure BMI

uncomfortable physiological sensation that drives a person to consume food

hunger

structure in the brain that controls hunger and satiety

hypothalamus

Phosphorylation

is the anabolic reaction that results in the attachment of a Pi group to ADP

condition that occurs when excess acetoacetate and beta-hydroybutyrate in the bloodstream lower the blood's pH

ketoacidosis

ketone body formation

ketogenesis

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

measurement of basal metabolism

calorie intake is less than calorie output

negative energy balance

bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed

osteoblasts

bone cells that tear down bone tissue

osteoclasts

substance found in spinach, collard greens, and sweet potatoes that interferes with mineral absorption

oxalic acid

compound found in grains, seeds, and beans that interferes with mineral absorption

phytic acid

calorie intake is greater than calorie output

positive energy balance

- to produce energy that is stored or transported as ATP

purpose of the kreb cycle

bodys rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger

satiety

technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites

skinfold thickness measurements

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. (Glucose to Pyruvate) Anaerobic pathway Glucose is converted into pyruvate, a 3‒3-carbon molecule Two NADH and four ATP molecules are formed Two ATP molecules are used, so there is a net gain of two