Nutrition Exam 4

Using only your knowledge about basal metabolic rate, estimate total daily energy expenditure for an average, sedentary, 143-pound American woman.

2,500 kcal this is a good estimate of her total daily energy expenditure

Which of the following individuals is overweight, but not obese?

5'10", 206 pounds the BMI is 29.6, which is very close to but not obese.

Which of the following is NOT true about the labeling of supplements?

A cautionary statement must appear when there are known adverse effects. no cautionary statement is required even when there are known serious adverse effects.

Which of the following is associated with an increased risk of hypertension?

African-American descent being of African-American descent is associated with an increased risk of hypertension

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding the regulation of water balance?

Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to excrete less water. antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to retain more water.

If someone who is trying to lose weight reduces their calorie intake by 800 kcal per day, and maintains the same calorie intake for the duration of their weight loss, the rate of weight loss will continually slow. What is the best explanation for this continued slowing in the rate of weight loss?

As body weight decreases the calorie deficit decreases. the rate of weight loss slows because a lighter body expends less calories, which reduces the calorie deficit

Research using the supplement was stopped early due to possible harm?

Beta Creatine

Heme iron is found in...

Both hypoglemia and myboglobin

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

Why can diarrhea lead to death especially among children?

Causes dehydration

Which of the following is true of zinc?

Excess zinc can decrease copper absorption. excess zinc will decrease copper absorption.

What hormone increase hunger?

Grehlin

Which of the following is true of iron sources and functions?

Heme iron is always better absorbed than non-heme iron. heme iron is better absorbed than non-heme iron.

The most common mineral deficiency worldwide is...

Iron

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the regulation of dietary supplements?

It is not uncommon for supplements to be contaminated with banned substances. there are numerous incidences of supplements being contaminated with banned substances

Which of the following is TRUE about the regulation of thyroid hormone production and its function?

It regulates the synthesis of numerous proteins. thyroid hormone regulates the synthesis of many proteins.

Which of the following is true regarding the mechanisms by which energy balance is regulated?

Lower levels of ghrelin will increase satiety. ghrelin is the "hunger hormone," so lower levels of ghrelin between meals will increase satiety.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the quality of dietary supplements?

Manufacturers often ignore FDA regulations. supplement manufacturers often ignore FDA regulations.

Which of the following is true of iodine?

Many pregnant women in the United States are likely deficient in iodine. it is estimated that 50% of pregnant American women are deficient in iodine.

Which of the following is true of minerals?

Minerals can't be synthesized by the body. minerals can't be synthesized by the body.

What is the most common dietary supplement taken by Americans?

Multivitamin

Which of the following is true of nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?

NEAT is part of the "physical activity" component of total energy expenditure.

Which of the following is true of abdominal obesity?

Normal weight individuals can have abdominal obesity. normal weight individuals can have abdominal obesity.

Which of the following statements regarding water is true?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane toward lower solute concentrations. osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane toward higher solute concentrations

Which of the following is true of osteoporosis?

Physical inactivity and smoking are risk factors for osteoporosis. physical inactivity and smoking are risk factors for osteoporosis

Which of the following is true of sodium?

Sodium and potassium content of foods tend to be inversely related. foods that are high in sodium tend to be low in potassium, and vice versa.

Mild to moderate depression may be helped by...

St. John's Wort

Which of the following statements about the safety of dietary supplements is TRUE?

Supplements may provide dietary ingredients at levels that are toxic. supplements may provide ingredients at levels that may be toxic.

Which of the following is NOT a major reason why obesity increases the risk of chronic disease and premature death?

The excess fat mass puts a strain on the body and critical organs. the increased weight of the adipose tissue only increases the risk of sleep apnea and osteoarthritis.

Which of the following is NOT true of herbal supplements?

The herb listed on the product label may not be present. herbal supplements are often found to contain little or none of the ingredient listed on the label.

Which of the following is true of trace minerals?

Their content in plant foods is strongly influenced by the mineral content of the soil where they are grown. soil mineral content is the primary factor affecting the mineral content of plant foods.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of those who have successfully maintained long-term weight loss?

They skip one meal per day. skipping meals is not associated with successful weight maintenance.

Which acronym may appear on a dietary supplement indicating that it has been certified by an independent laboratory to be pure and produced using good manufacturing processes?

USP USP stands for "United States Pharmacopeia" which does certify supplements

Which of the following is true of anemia?

Young women have a higher risk of anemia than women over 50 years of age. women who are still menstruating are at a greater risk of anemia that those who are not

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the "toxic food environment"?

abundance of food additives and genetically modified foods the abundance of food additives and genetically modified foods does not contribute to the "toxic food environment."

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs the hormone(s) needed to achieve the effect listed?

active vitamin D—increased release of calcium from bone both active vitamin D and parathyroid hormone acting together are required to increase the release of calcium from bone.

Weight loss ____ occurs when energy expenditure exceeds energy intake.

always weight loss "always" occurs when energy intake exceeds expenditure

What technique of assessing body composition will significantly overestimate body fat content if the subject is dehydrated?

bioelectrical impedance because bioelectrical impedance uses estimates of total body water content to determine fat mass, its results are significantly altered by dehydration.

Which choice lists all of the major minerals, and NO trace minerals?

calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, and chloride this is a complete list of all the major minerals.

Which of the following CORRECTLY identifies the fluid compartments where the concentration of each electrolyte is highest?

chloride: extracellular; potassium: intracellular; sodium: extracellular the fluid compartments where each electrolyte is most concentrated has been correctly identified.

Which of the following lists only essential trace elements?

copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, molybdenum all of these are essential trace minerals.

Hypothermia is the result of...

excess water consumption

The primary factor determining basal metabolic rate is:

fat-free mass fat-free mass is the primary factor determining basal metabolic rate.

Which of the following does correctly match the mineral with one of its functions?

fluoride—hardens tooth enamel fluoride prevents dental caries by hardening tooth enamel.

Which of the following is NOT a dietary ingredient?

gelatin gelatin is an inactive ingredient used in the manufacturing of the supplement

Which of the following is NOT a factor that has contributed the rise in obesity in the last four decades?

genetics while genetics influences an individual's risk of obesity, the gene pool of the population has not changed in the last few decades

Which of the following is NOT a component of basal metabolic rate?

glycogen synthesis glycogen is being broken down in a fasted state, it is not being synthesized, and BMR is determined in subjects after an overnight fast.

Which of the following IS a botanical ingredient but is NOT an herbal ingredient?

green tea extract green tea extract is a botanical ingredient because it is derived from a plant, but it is not an herbal ingredient

Which of the following foods would NOT be considered a functional food?

grilled chicken breast a grilled chicken breast is not considered a functional food.

What population is NOT at risk for a zinc deficiency?

individuals eating a diet high in meat meat is a good source of zinc.

Which of the following does NOT function as an enzyme co-factor?

iodine iodine does not function as an enzyme co-factor.

What mineral is not included in children's multivitamin/mineral supplements because it is a major cause of unintentional poisoning deaths?

iron iron is often left out of children's multivitamin/mineral supplements.

The absorption of what mineral is enhanced by vitamin C?

iron vitamin C enhances iron absorption.

Which of the following is NOT a function of sodium?

major component of cell membranes sodium is not a component of cell membranes.

Which of the following claims could NOT appear on a supplement label without FDA approval?

may reduce abnormally elevated blood sugar levels this statement claims to treat one of the symptoms of diabetes, and is not allowed without FDA approval.

Which of the following minerals is NOT involved in antioxidant functions?

molybdenum molybdenum has no antioxidant function.

Which of the following characteristics of a food's composition would NOT cause it to be considered a functional food?

naturally high in several vitamins and minerals a food that is naturally high in several health-promoting vitamins and minerals is not supplying health promoting substances beyond the traditional nutrients it normally provides.

Which of the following foods IS a source of prebiotics?

oatmeal oatmeal is a source of prebiotics.

Which of the following does NOT decrease the absorption of non-heme iron?

oxalates oxalates do not decrease iron absorption

Which mineral is NOT involved in generation of nerve impulses?

phosphorus phosphorus is not involved in nerve impulse generation.

What mineral is NOT a structural component of bone?

potassium potassium is not a structural component of bone.

Which minerals are increased in the DASH diet helping to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease?

potassium, calcium, and magnesium The DASH diet is high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Which of the following does NOT correctly match the mineral with one of its major functions?

potassium—component of DNA phosphorus, not potassium, is a component of DNA.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a healthy population of gut bacteria?

reduced incidence of diabetes there is no evidence in humans that a healthy population of gut bacteria will reduce the risk of diabetes.

The FDA routinely monitors supplements for:

reports of adverse reactions the FDA tracks reports of adverse reactions.

In which group is BMI an appropriate method to assess body fat?

sedentary adults the BMI is appropriate for this group.

A deficiency of what mineral can increase the likelihood of developing a vitamin E deficiency?

selenium selenium deficiency increases the likelihood of developing a vitamin E deficiency.

In which of the following circumstances is the use of a multivitamin/mineral supplement MOST likely to have a beneficial effect?

smokers and alcohol-dependent individuals smokers and alcohol-dependent individuals often have higher nutrient needs and will benefit from the use of a multivitamin/mineral supplement.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the bioavailability of minerals?

sugar content in foods

Which of the following choices CORRECTLY ranks the routes of water loss from largest source of water loss to smallest source of water loss, by their average volume?

urine, skin, lungs, feces this correctly ranks the routes of water loss by volume.

Satiation affects eating because...

you feel full