Nutrition exam 4

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: risk factor is smoking and laying babies on their tummies

Recommended Weight Gains

Underweight -single birth 28-40lb Healthy weight -single 25-35 -twins 37-54 Overweight -single 15-25 -twin 31-50 Obese -single 11-20 -twin 25-42

What 2 nutrients are important to intake during pregnancy to help with fetal bone development?

Vitamin D Calcium

preclampsia

a condition with High blood pressure and protein in the urine.

Pica

a craving for and consumption of nonfood substances such as clay, baby powder chalk, starch, paint, ash. related to women with iron deficiency.

why is preclampsia dangerous

affects almost all of mothers organs, separates uterus from placenta. restricts fetal growth. risk for epilepsy for infant.

high risk pregnancy associated with

age, BMI < 18 or > 35, weight gain too< or > during pregnancy, multiple births, HBP, diabetes, chronic disease

Why are carbs important in fetal development?

allow for glucose to be used by mother and baby

after implantation

becomes a embryo as cell division continues.

When should solid foods be incorporated into a babies diet?

between 4 and 6 months and there on *depends on individual child's development though

full term

birth occurring at 39-40 weeks of gestation.

Why is malnutrition before pregnancy a worry?

can cause infertility placental development may be affected... therefore baby is affected

What does prolactin do?

causes lactation and milk production

What does oxytocin do?

causes milk to be ejected into ducts for consumption by baby (let down reflex, builds child/maternal bond)

first critical period after implantation

development of the CNS brain and spinal cord, 17-30 day. (neutral tube development.)

placenta

devlops in the uterus in the early stages of pregnancy.

Which of the three stages is most critical to development?

embryo stage

Conception

fertilization with union of the sperm and egg

what are crucial periods?

finite periods during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later development stages, usually period of rapid cell division.

where does the blastocyst travel to?

floats down into the uterus, where it will embed itself in the inner uterine wall as a process called implantation.

What 4 micronutrients are essential to eat during pregnancy to help with fetal DNA and new cell development?

folate B12 Iron Zinc

______ nutrient is associated with reduction in risk of NTDs.

folate, pregnant woman should consume 400 micrograms (.4 milligrams) daily.

cow milk

food allergies not the same amount of nutrients

Zygote

formed by the union of the sperm and the egg (single cell)

Gestational diabetes

glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

Why is protein important in fetal development?

helps with building and growing of structures *increase by 25 grams per day

What types of foods should you avoid (omit) with babies first solid foods?

high sugar foods *corn syrup (increase risk for botulism) -high fiber -sweets

spina bifida

incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement. accompanied by various degrees of paralysis.

Common mineral deficiencies in women:

iron and calcium (no menstruation to preserve iron after pregnancy) --> amenorrhea during breastfeeding

sarcopenia

loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and quality -loose ability to balance -ability to move -<falls -

what are neural tube defects?

malformations of the brain, spinal cord or both during embryonic development that often returns in lifelong disability or death.

65 year

middle-old age. <65 older age

common nutrition related concern during pregnancy

nausea, constipation, heartburn and food sensitiveness

folate

need 400-600 micrograms daily -supplements, fortified foods, fruits, green veggies and whole grains.

20% population

older adult pop

How should solids be introduced to infants?

one at a time *simple fruits and vegetables

What two hormone regulate breastfeeding?

prolactin oxytocin

Embryo

the developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks.

fetus

the developing infant from 8 weeks after conception until term.

blastocyst

the developmental stage of the zygote when it is about 5 days old and ready for implanation.

Implantation

the embedding of the blastocyst in the inner lining of the uterus.

fetal programing

the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life. Ex: mothers nutrition can change gene expression, can lead to infant developing obesity and related adult diseases.

let down reflex

the reflex that forces milk letdown when the infant begins to nurse

anencephaly

the upper end of the neural tube fails to close, the brain is either missing or fails to develop. often end in miscarriage.

factors the decrease physical strength and muscle mass

they become less active as they get older

greater amount of B vitamin are required

to activate folate enzymes B12

Women who are _____ during pregnancy have a higher risk of having a preterm delivery.

underweight

Pregnant women should not take supplements of:

vitamin A

food allergies

wait 3 to 5 days before introducing new food, watch for rashes, discomfort, respiratory or digestive -rice cereal is usually first introduced

Weight Gain Patterns

• 3.5 pounds in first trimester • One pound per week thereafter • Components of weight gain • Placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, fluid volume, and healthy baby • Maternal fat stores provide energy for labor and lactation

• Birth weight • Most reliable indicator of infant health • Weight prior to conception • Influences fetal growth • Underweight • Higher rates of preterm births and infant deaths • Overweight and obese • Medical complications • Risks for infant

• Birth weight • Most reliable indicator of infant health • Weight prior to conception • Influences fetal growth • Underweight • Higher rates of preterm births and infant deaths • Overweight and obese • Medical complications • Risks for infant

Exercise During Pregnancy

• Can continue exercise throughout pregnancy • Adjust duration and intensity • Benefits • Low-impact activities recommended • Swimming and water aerobics allow body to remain cool • Excessively high internal body temperature or dehydration • Harmful to fetal development

What factors can improve fertility

• Choose an adequate and balanced diet • Be physically active • Receive regular medical care • Manage chronic conditions • Avoid harmful influences

Fetal Growth and Development

• Fertilization of an ovum by a sperm • Zygote • Rapidly divides to become blastocyst • Implantation • Embryo • Has a complete nervous system by eight weeks • Fetus • Organs grow to maturity • Full term is 39 to 40 weeks

Weight Gain During Pregnancy

• Fetal growth and maternal health • Depend on sufficient maternal weight gain • Correlates closely with infant birth weight • Predictor of health and development • Recommended weight gains • Number of fetuses • Beginning weight

Nutrition Prior to Pregnancy

• Nutrition can affect fertility • Risks with both overweight and underweight • Preparation before pregnancy • Achieve and maintain healthy body weight • Choose an adequate and balanced diet • Be physically active • Receive regular medical care • Manage chronic conditions • Avoid harmful influences

Growth and Development During Pregnancy

• Placental development • Develops in uterus • Amniotic sac and umbilical cord • Expelled during childbirth • Interweaving of fetal and maternal blood vessels • Metabolically active organ • Requires energy and nutrients • Produces hormones

Weight Loss after Pregnancy

• Return to prepregnancy weight • Depends on whether mother stayed within gain recommendations • Most women tend to retain a couple of pounds with each pregnancy • Additional weight retention increases risk for: • Diabetes and hypertension • Chronic diseases later in life

Critical Periods

• Times of intense development and rapid cell division • Cellular activities can occur only during these times • Damage during these periods has permanent consequences for fetus' life and health • Critical period for neural tube development • Between 17-30 days of gestation

factors that contribute to Gestational diabetes

- age > 25 - BMI >25 - complication of previous pregnancy -family history -certain ethnicity ( mother is increased to glucose intolerance late in life._

food borne illnesses are dangerous

- can lead to pneumonia, meningitis, fetal death, vomiting and diarrhea

breast feeding benefit to mother

- contracts the uterus -delays return of ovulation -conserves iron storage -protects against breast and ovarian cancer. - increases energy, weight loss

If preclampsia is untreated it can lead to....

- eclampsia: condition characterized by seizures and coma . can be fatal to the mother rare in developed countries.

mammary gland

- glands of the breast secrete milk

What are the 3 important prenatal supplements? *actually supplement these into diet while pregnant

- iron - folate - calcium

What chronic diseases are more likely?

- undernutrition can limit liver growth can lead to risk of CVD as an adult. -over nutrition can lead to obesity -diet rich in folate can protect fetus against certain cancers in adulthood. -malnutrition -> type 2 diabetes -hypertension -small mass of kidney cells

What is considered a low birthweight?

-5.5lb can be caused by high risk pregnancy

breast feeding benefit to infant

-balance nutrients -hormones that promote physical development -protects against infection and illness -protects against food allergies - supports healthy weight

seafood is not recommended

-contains mercury and toxins

breast feeding benefit to environment and cost

-cost/ time saving - not needing to buy purchased formulas -connivence

how does the placenta provide nourishment?

-develops an interweaving of fetal and maternal blood vessels embedded in the uterine wall. -mother transfers O2, nutrients and picks up fetal waste products.

gestational diabetes treatment

-diet - exercise -insulin or drugs if needed

How does maternal malnutrition during critical periods of other tissues and organs affect the infant's risk of developing chronic diseases later on in its life? What chronic diseases are more likely?

-dietary influences during crutial times can affect development the infants future, development, metabolism and health.

alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes

-irreversible mental and physical retardation. directly: baby becomes intoxicated as mother's BAC increases indirectly: baby does not receive adequate nutrients (malnutrition)

Complications of gestational diabetes

-labor and delivery complications -high birth weight -heart damage -neural tube defects -limb deformities

healthy habits

-physiological age (health status) -chronicle age

lactation

-production and secretion of breast milk for nourishment of infant.

2 goals older adults have in relation to health

-promoting health - slow aging

placenta performs

-respiratory, absorptive and excretory function the fetus lungs, digestive and kidneys will provide after birth. -also release hormones that prepare mothers breast for lactation after birth.

How long should a woman wait between children to allow for body to regenerate?

1 to 2 years

two associated structures of the placenta

1. amniotic sac-fluid filled sac that houses developing fetus 2. umbilical cord- rope like structure containing fetal blood vessels that extend through the fetus belly button to the placenta.

6 lifestyle behaviors

1. sleeping regularly, adequately 2. eating well balanced diet 3. physical activity 4. not smoking 5. not using alcohol or adequate amount 6. maintaing healthy weight

How much more energy intake does a pregnant woman need?

15 to 20% increase in energy consumption

recommended supplements when breast feeding

B6, B12, A and D and iron

What two fats are very important in fetal development?

Omega 3 and Omega 6 provide for brain development

The fastest growing age group is

People older than 85