Nutrition Final Exam

Anthropometrics

(Skin fold measures) Estimate a person's percentage of fat by using calipers

Behavior modification strategies

1. Cognitive restructuring (changing frame of mind regarding food--workout instead of eating when stressed) 2. Chain Breaking (breaking the tie that connects two or more behaviors) 3. Stimulus control (remove the temptation) 4. Contingency management (chewing gum to avoid snacking) 5. Self monitoring (food diary)

Benefits of regular physical activity

1. Increased CV function 2. Reduced stress 3. Lower blood pressure 4. Weight loss/control 5. Reduced risk of certain cancers 6. Improved sleep 7. Improved immune function 8. Improved blood glucose control 9. Slowing of the aging process 10. Improved self image

Strategies used by the World Food Bank to counter undernutrition

1. Increasing diversity of the food supply 2. Fortifying food with nutrients 3. Providing nutrient supplementation

3 processes that the body can use to absorb nutrients

1. Passive diffusion - move easily without energy 2. Facilitated diffusion - special protein carriers help; no energy required 3. Active transport - energy is needed

3 functions of nutrients

1. Provide energy 2. Regulate body process 3. Contribute to cell and body structure

Recommended percentages of each nutrient

10-35% from protein 45-65% from carbs 20-35% from fat

Maximum heart rate

220-age

Folate and vitamin B-12

A deficiency in both can result in megaloblastic anemia

Kwashiorkor

A disease occurring in young children who consume insufficient amounts of proteins and marginal calories

Selenium deficiency

A particular form of heart disease.

1D, 2B, 3A, 4E , 5C

A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Insoluble Fiber D. Soluble Fiber E. Functional Fiber 1. Slows glucose absorption and lowers cholesterol 2. Sucrose and lactose are examples 3. The simplest form of carbs 4. Promotes intestinal health and is not naturally occurring 5. Improves passage through the large intestine

Under-nutrition

An individual's intake does not meet their nutritional needs. Health begins to decline.

Good sources of vitamin B-12

Animal products and fortified breakfast cereals.

ABCDEs of nutritional assessment

Anthropometric assessment (body composition-weight, height, skin fold, circumference), Biochemical a. (nutrients in blood, urine, feces), Clinical a. (physical-eyes, skin, tongue, teeth, threat, blood pressure, mobility), Dietary a., Environmental a. (living conditions, history, education, economics)

Android obesity

Apple shape, common in males; upper body obesity, where fat is stored in the abdominal area; linked to high blood testosterone levels.

Fat soluble vitamins

Are organic, are absorbed into the lymph system, are stored in large quantities, include A, D, E and K vitamins (they are not synthesized by the body and do not provide energy)

Sub-clinical deficiency

As nutrient levels decline the metabolic processes begin to slow or stop. There are no symptoms at this point.

MyPlate concepts

Balance, moderation, and variety

Target heart rate

Between [0.6 x (220-age)] and [0.9 x (229-age)] beats/minute

Clinical guidelines for diagnosis of anorexia nervosa

Body weight under 85% of the norm for a person's age, height and gender and a BMI less than or equal to 18.

Brain, arachidonic, allergies

Both human milk and formula are rich in fat to provide a concentrated source of calories and for ____ and nervous system development. _________ and docosahexaenoic acid are long chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye development. Solid foods can be introduced at 6 months. A new food should be introduced at the rate of one per week to check for ____.

Hemolysis

Breakdown of red blood cells caused by a deficiency of vitamin E

Waist to hip ratio

Can be an indicator of obesity; males with a circumference >40 and females >35 are considered obese; divide the waist by the hip measurement; in males <0.9 is desired and <0.8 for females.

Calorie calculation

Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/gram Proteins = 4 kcal/gram Fats = 9 kcal/gram Alcohol = 7 kcal/gram Multiply grams of each nutrient by the appropriate number and add together to get this

6 classes of nutrients

Carbs, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, water

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Causes bloating, abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea and/or constipation. Not well understood.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characteristics: competitive, obsessive, critical of self; NOT impulsive.

Disordered eating

Characterized by the use of steroids, striving for perfection and/or shape preoccupation; does not include exercising for fitness.

Polysaccharides

Complex CHO; common: starch (vegetables, beans, breads, pasta rice), glycogen (storage form in liver and muscles), and fiber (3 kinds).

Organic nutrients

Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen; Carbohydrates, protein, fat and vitamins

Pellagra

Deficiency of niacin; symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and death

Heat exhaustion

Dehydration can lead to serious consequences including ______ _______, cramps and heat stroke.

Very low density lipoproteins

Deliver triglycerides to the cell

Marasmus

Disease state that results from very little protein and calorie intake.

Soluble fiber

Dissolves in water; broken down by intestinal bacteria; slows glucose absorption and can lower cholesterol; and provide satiety.

Calcium, iron, nutrient dense

During growth spurts adolescents have increased need for ___ for bone formation and _____to prevent anemia. A typical diet is also low in zinc, fat soluble vitamins and folate. Teenagers should moderate their intake of fast food, sugar laden snacks and sugary beverages and focus on ______ _____ food choices from the five food groups. The media, peer pressure, concern over appearance and exertion of independence all affect their food choices.

Sources of non heme iron

Elemental iron is added to non-meat sources such as grains, vegetables, milk, eggs and other plant products.

Bioelectrical impedence

Estimated a person's body fat by measuring the degree of resistance to an electrical flow.

Over-nutrition

Excess consumption of calories, fat and saturated fat.

Pound

For every ______ lost during a workout, 2.5-3 cups of fluid should be consumed during the exercise or afterwards.

Estimated Energy Requirements

Formulas based in gender, age, height, weight and physical activity; method is known as indirect calorimetry. Males: EER = 662-(9.53 x age) + PA x (15.91 x wt + 539.6 x ht) Females: EER = 354-(6.91 x age) + PA x (9.36 x wt + 726 x ht) wt in kg ht in m

Nature vs. nurture

Genes account for 70% of an individual's body weight, and we inherit specific body types. Inactivity, socioeconomic status, friends and family, culture/ethnicity, emotional eating, etc are factors in weight gain/loss.

Dangerous/fatal conditions that can affect mom and baby

Gestational diabetes and pregnancy induced hypertension

Purge

Getting rid of food and calories through use of laxatives, diuretics or vomiting.

Iodide deficiency

Goiter

Complete proteins

High quality; from animal sources; all essential amino acids are provided and the body can use this type efficiently.

Blood sugar regulation

Hormones are responsible for control; should maintain levels between 79-100mg/dl

Zinc deficiency

Hyposmia

Protein calorie malnutrition

Inadequate intake of protein and calories over a period of time which leads to muscle-wasting, and increased risk of infection due to a compromised immune system.

Overweight/obesity in children and teens

Increased incidence of this and poor dietary habits have led to CV disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, risk for osteoporosis, and low bone mass in this population; allergies are not increasing.

Body Mass Index

Indicator of a healthy weight; equal to weight (in kg) divided by height squared (m); can be used as a measure of a healthy weight, overweight or obesity in the general population; may not be accurate for children, teens, pregnant women, breast feeding women, short statute adults, very muscular individuals and the elderly.

Vitamin D deficiency

Lack of this vitamin can cause rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults

Iron deficiency

Low levels of hemoglobin

Megaloblastic (macrocytic) and pernicious anemia

M.A. Is associated with abnormally large RBCs that grow but never divide or mature, affecting their ability to carry oxygen through the blood stream; PA means leading to death and is associated with nerve degeneration that can lead to paralysis and death.

Bioavailability, major, light

Minerals are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their _____. Minerals needed in amounts >100mg per day are called ____ minerals while those needed in quantities <100mg daily are trace minerals. Unlike vitamins they are not destroyed by heat, ____, and exposure to air.

Parts of the GI tract

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

Calculating grams of nutrients based on calories

Multiply total calories by desired percentage of nutrients, then divide based on the kcal/gram of that nutrient

Macronutrients

Needed in large amounts in the body; Carbohydrates, protein, fat, and water

Micronutrients

Needed in small amounts in the body; Vitamins and minerals

Insoluble fiber

Not broken down by bacteria in the GI tract; doesn't dissolve in water; increases stool mass; speeds passage through the large intestines.

Hunger/Satiety process

Nutrients in the blood decline after not eating for a while; this drop stimulates the feeding center in the hypothalamus which signals us to eat; when nutrient levels rise, the satiety center is activated and our desire to eat declines; GI tract/stomach communicate with the brain in this process, too.

Bulimia nervosa

Ox hunger, cycle of restriction, binging and guilt, and normal weight. Does NOT involve a preoccupation with food.

Ileocecal sphincter

Passes undigested food that could not be absorbed for other uses, will be expelled from the body; prevents any backward movement of food particles from the large intestine back to the small intestine (ileum).

Common feeding problems with preschoolers

Picky eaters who snack frequently. Avoidance of vegetables and food jags are common.

Incomplete proteins

Plant sources of protein; lower quality; lacks one or more essential amino acids; can combine more than one plant protein to form complementary proteins that make a complete protein.

Intake, expended, maintenance

Positive energy balance occurs when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure resulting in weight gain. A negative energy balance occurs when intake is less than energy expended resulting in weight loss. Most adults should be in a state of energy balance where energy _____ is equal to energy ______. This results in weight ____.

Esophageal sphincter

Prevents the contents of the stomach from re-entering the esophagus.

Carbohydrates

Primary fuel used for a 100m sprint

Hormones, pituitary, lobules, protein

Prior to delivery, ___ prepare the breast for milk production. Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the ___ gland for milk production. As the baby suckles oxytocin stimulates the ___ and the letdown reflux to secrete milk. During the first few days following birth colostrum, which is high in ___ and immune factors, is secreted. This helps protect the intestinal health of the infant.

Functional fiber

Promotes intestinal health and is added to foods

5 factors that influence our eating patterns

Psychological, social, genetic, environmental influences and cultural patterns.

Lipoproteins

Required for fats to travel through blood to get the cells in our body

Ariboflavinosis

Riboflavin deficiency; leads to an inflamed tongue known as glossitis; also cheilosis, or cracks around the mouth.

Other organs that aid in digestion

Salivary glands, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Liver--produce and secrete substances

DETERMINE

Screening tool that can be used to asses an older person's risk for malnutrition.

External forces influence our eating habits

Sensory (taste, smell, texture, color, moisture, temperature), cognitive (habits, comfort foods, advertising, social factors, nutritional value), environmental, (economics, lifestyle, cultural/religious beliefs, environment), health status

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars; common: glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (found in milk)

Psychosocial changes related to aging

Social isolation, depression, Alzheimer's, dementia, and economic factors

Six ions important to fluid regulation

Sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium

60

Sports beverages are good for events lasting greater than ____ minutes and provide carbs, sodium and potassium which will stimulate thirst and make the beverage taste good.

Food jag

The desire to eat the same foods only, or to only eat a certain color at each meal. Common issue for preschoolers.

Appetite

The external drive that encourages us to find and eat food. Associated with positive sensations involved with eating food like smelling something tempting.

Cell division

The first stage of gestation, during which rapid _________ occurs is known as the blastogenic stage.

Food insecurity

The inability to get enough food or the quality and variety of the food is inadequate to meet nutrient needs.

Hunger

The internal drive to find food. Related to the negative sensations caused by a lack of food like stomach pains.

Basal metabolic rate

The number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state; males require 1kcal/kg/hour and females require 0.9kcal/kg/hour to support the function of various body organs and to stay alive; varies per person based on numerous factors (gender, lean body mass, body size, temp, age, nervous system activity, caffeine, smoking, pregnancy); largest component of energy expenditure; decreases in older adults; typically decreases on a weight loss diet.

Environment, usual, successful

The rate at which we age is influenced by several factors including lifestyle, _____, and heredity. Physical and physiological changes that are an expected part of aging such as increased fatty tissue, high blood pressure and declining bone and lean body mass is referred to as ___ aging. Individual's who make wise diet and lifestyle choices can decrease the risk for disease and age-related decline of functions occur at a slower rate. This is called ____ aging.

Pyloric Sphincter

The valve that controls the release of the chyme formed in the stomach into the small intestine; also prevents the food product from going back into the stomach once it's passed through.

Beriberi

Thiamin deficiency

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

This compound is broken down into phosphate and creatine to form more ATP; can maintain muscle contractions for up to 10 seconds.

Aldosterone, pituitary gland

To prevent dehydration two hormones are secreted. ____ is secreted from the adrenal glands to conserve sodium and water. The _______ release antidiuretic hormone to decrease urine output.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharide units joined together; common: sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and galactose), maltose (2 glucose - rare in food; alcohol)

Mal-nutrition

Under- or over-nutrition

Collagen, antioxidant, scurvy

Vitamin C is important in the formation of ___, a connective tissue. Like Vitamin A & E it is working as an ____ scavenging free radicals. Combining iron with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption. A deficiency results in ______ which can be prevented by consuming citrus fruits. The vitamin is often marketed as a cure for the common cold.

Hypoglycemia

When blood glucose drops below normal levels because the body does not have enough fuel; this happens in diabetic individual's as a result of a hormone imbalance.

Night eating syndrome

Which eating disorder? Although Tony's parents encourage him to eat breakfast, he rarely feels hungry. He can sleep more if he skips. After school he has soccer then comes home for dinner. In the evening he studies and snacks. He usually goes to bed at 11:30 but rarely sleeps through the night. Once he wakes he checks out the left overs from dinner and makes a snack before heading back to bed.

Binge eating disorder

Which eating disorder? Caitlin is going thru a rough spot and has no close friends for advice. She has found cooking helps with stress. Last night she made brownies and ate most of the pan. Today she made cookies and ate most of the batter before she could bake them. The cookie dough just made her feel so good about herself.

Vegans

Will eat all plant products, but no animal products--no dairy, eggs, and no flesh.

Undernutrition

______ is the most common form of malnutrition in developed as well as developing countries.

Organ system development, growth

________ occurs from about week two through the eighth week and is called the embryonic stage. The fetal stage occurs from week nine to the end of the pregnancy and is a period of ____

Height from in to m

in/39.37 = m

Weight from lbs to kg

lbs/2.2 = kg

Percentage of calories from each nutrient

Calculate total calories, then divide the calories from each nutrient by the total and multiply by 100.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

Gynoid obesity

Pear shape, common in females; small waist with fat deposited in the hips and thighs.