Nutrition Final exam one review

Reliable source of nutrition information

A nutrition blog about dietary fiber that has the health on the Net symbol and a review about taking ginger to treat nausea website ends in . gov, information at www.diabetes.org

Abbey Farmer wants to raise dairy cattle, which would produce milk that can be certified and labeled as organic. If several of her cows develop a bacterial infection, she cold treat the animals with antibiotics, and the USDA would still allow the milk from those cows to be labeled as being organic. T or F?

False

Scientific question

"scientists think that taking vitamin D supplements regularly to reduce the risk of colon cancer."

A commercial website contain ads for gluten-free products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal probelms.

.com

A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease.

.edu

The Department of Health and Human Services promotes a campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls.

.gov

According to the Nutrition Facts panel on a box of granola bars, a single bar provides 5 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrate and 7 grams of protein. After working, Carter ate 4 of the granola bar. Calculate the number of kcal he consumed before eating the 4 bars.

150 kcal

Although Alfonzo doesn't like many kinds of vegetables, he is willing to eat large salads that are made with leafy greens with meals. According to the USDA, Alfonzo can count

2 cups of raw spinach as a serving a of a vegetable

Avoiding research bias in studies is important when scientists collecting reliable information that can be used by the public.

A drug company that makes dietary supplements fund a study that indicted the health benefits of taking megadoses, an organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk, a uni researchers team who eat chicken has been injected with salt have higher blood pressure levels than people who chicken that has not been injected and a soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administration in those schools

EAR

Amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of a healthy people who are in a particular life stage/sex group

"In an earlier study involving laboratory rats, adding a daily vitamin D supplement to the animals' diet for 12 months reduced the risk of cancer in the rodents."

Treatment

The gallbladder releases bile into the first segment of the small intestine, which is the

duodenum

function of kidneys

elimination of salts and liquids

The endocrine system has blank that secrete hormones

glands

Fruits

grapefruit juice and dried apricots

The stomach produces blank which is important for the digestion of protein

hydrochloric acid

Grains

instant oatmeal and brown rice

A nutrient content claim describes

levels of nutrients in packaged foods

Bile is produced in the

liver

Immune system is found in the tissues, organ or structure?

lymph nodes

The order of how food moves through the system before it's eliminated

mouth and salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

Slippery substance that protects the stomach wall is

mucus

Waves of muscular activity help propel food material through the digestive tract. The muscular action is called

peristalsis

Risk Factor

personal characteristic that increase a person's chances of developing a disease

To become a careful and critical consumer of nutrition information, you should be wary of the advice provided by

persons who claim to be nutritionists, faculty who teach or research in a university's nutrition and dietetics department, magazine articles that are easy to read, even though they include scientific-sounding terms, salespeople in health food stores, dietary supplement websites that include testimonials from well known people and physicians who provide information about the potential health risks of using herbal products.

Dietary supplements ARE NOT

products that are always helpful and are never harmful and products that contain a wide variety of phytochemicals

Dietary supplements ARE

products that increase the intake of vitamins and minerals and products that can contain a herb or other plant product

Low- fat popcorn

provides 3 grams or less of fat per serving

Low-calorie candy

provides 40 calories or less per serving

The blank controls the rate at which the semisolid food mixture leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

Emmy is obese and has a condition called fatty liver disease. To help her liver heal, Emmy needs the advice of a specially trained health care professional. Her physician recommended a...

registered dietitian nutritionist who counsels patient in a hospital clinic

Sources of Empty Calories

regular soft drink, fatty meals such as hot dogs and bacon, sugar ready-ready-to-eat cereals

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the

small intestine

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the United States population should consume more

solid fat, fiber, salty snacks, nutrient-dense and fruits

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

The order in which food or chyme passes through it

stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Petra likes to eat 2 hard-cooked eggs for lunch. According to the USDA, she could consume about the same amount of protein by

substituting 2 ounces of cooked chicken, 1/2 cup of regular tofu and 1/2 ounces of sunflower seeds for the 2 eggs.

Diet

usual pattern of food choices

The equivalent of four dice

1 oz swiss cheese

1 tennis ball is equivalent to

1 small apple

Hands wrapped around the throat is a common sign of

Choking

UL

Exceeding this recommended value of a nutrient will increase the risk of a toxicity disorder.

Pastries

Food that contain a lot of energy and few micronutrients and protein

Reduced-fat crackers

Has less than 25% of the fat in the regular product

What are the top leading causes of death in the United States that are associated with poor diet?

Heart disease and cancer

Coenzyme Q

May benefit immune system

Ginger

May help relieve nausea from morning sickness and reduce other nausea

Undernutrition and over-nutrition are both problems in the US which leads to this false statement..

Over-nutrition can be caused by long-term excessive energy intake

swallowing food stimulates blank, waves of muscular activities that help propel food through the digestive tract

Peristalsis

Function of bones

Protection against infectious agents

AMDR

Ranges of total energy intake from carbohydrate, fat and protein that provide adequate amounts of nutrients

The integumentary system is found in the tissues, organ or structure?

Skin

RDA

The amount meets the nutrient needs for almost everyone in a particular life stage/sex group

EER

The average caloric intake for healthy people who are maintaining their weight.

Ryan is taking nutrition class and learning about the digestive process. When he learned that after a meal, the contents of the stomach become very acidic, he wondered why the acid in the stomach doesn't digest the organ. Why doesn't the acid break down the stomach's lining and cause holes to form in the stomach's walls?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

Endocrine is found in tissues, organ or structure?

Thyroid gland

A nutrition scientist would like evaluate the typical American diet to determine whether it supplies adequate amounts of micronutrients. Based on this information , the researcher would determine the ..

Vitamin E, potassium, resveratrol

Al

When there is not sufficient research to make a more definitive recommendation, this amount appears to maintain good health.

Nutrient-Dense Foods

Whole wheat bread, peanuts, leafy greens salad, low-fat yogurt

cardiovasular is found in tissues, organ or structure

blood vessels

Beta-carotene example

body can convert some this phytochemical into vitamin A

Function of nerves

coordination of movements

The blank is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the windpipe

epiglottis

The blank is a long tube in the digestive tract that connects the back of the mouth with the top of the stomach

esophagus

Examples of Micronutrients

Body needs 130 milligrams of the nutrient per day

empty calories

Candy, chocolate chip cookies, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks are rich sources

Which of the following foods supplies a lot of empty calories, including solid fat?

Doughnuts, peanut butter, energy drinks, pizza

Which of the following digestive system structures are listed in the correct order for food/chyme to move through them?

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

True statements about nutrients

Essential nutrients must be suppled by food to prevent a deficiency, water is the most essential nutrient, if a nutrient is missing a deficiency disease will develop and the essential nutrients support normal body functions

A tissue is a collection of organs that have a closely relation function (True or False)

False

Which of the following personal characteristics is highly likely to influence a person's food choices?

Financial situation, ability to prepare foods, number of teeth, and blood type

Nutrient-dense

Food low in calories and high in vitamins and minerals are referred to

Theo developed a disease that caused thick mucus to form in his small intestine. How was he affected by this disease?

His ability to digest and absorb nutrients was reduced.

Lifestyle

Includes diet, physical activity habits, use of tobacco and alcohol, and other typical patterns of behavior

Echinacea

Mixed scientific evidence to support common cold prevention claims

Protein

Salmon and scrambled eggs

Caffeine

Stimulant in cocoa, coffee, and tea

Quercetin

Substance in fruits, vegetables, and red wine that may inhibit cancer and reduce risk of heart disease

Dairy

Swiss cheese and soy beverage

Briggs is a careful and critical consumer of nutrition information because he

doesn't believe advice provided by nutritionists, unless they have RDN credentials, follows recommendations of celebrity bloggers who sponsor their own nutrition websites and follows recommendations of sales clerks in health food stores, ignores testimonials about weight loss products that are promoted by professional athletes, pays attention to the recommendations of his best friend, who reads a lot of books about nutrition

Bile aids in the digestion of

fat

Nutrients

life-sustaining chemicals in food that are necessary for proper body functioning

vegetables

some foods are more nutrient-dense than others

Not reliable source of nutrition information

a pop-up ad for melatonin that promotes "safe sleep" appears on the main page melatoninforgreatsleep. com and website that offers subscriptions for monthly update

This semester, Darlene is taking an introductory microbiology class. During the laboratory component of the course, Darlene's instructor gives her a small sealed container with bacteria in it. The instructor tells Darlene to identify the kind of bacteria that's in the container. While performing tests on the bacterial sample, Darlene determines that the bacteria don't need air to survive. Based on this information, Darlene notes that the bacteria

anaerobic

Examples of Macronutrients

body needs 50 grams of the nutrient each day, carbohydrate, fat, energy-yielding nutrient, protein

A nationally recognized, not-for-profit heath association provides information about choosing healthful food for diabetes management.

.org

1 human fist

1 cup ready-to-eat corn flakes cereal

Sondra is allergic to raw fruit. When eats fresh apples her lips begin to swell. She can consume cooked, canned or heat-treated forms of fruit. According to the USDA, she can substitute .

2 cups of canned applesauce for 2 small fresh apples.

The churning movements of the stomach mix food with gastric juice. At this point, the food is semisolid mixture called

chyme

Function of heart

circulation of blood throughout the body

Which of the following functions is not a roe of the Food and Drug administration (FDA) that involves food labeling?

Allowing a food manufacturer to claim that a food is "nutrient-dense" because it provides 100 kcal or less per serving

Resveratrol

Antioxidant in red wine, dark chocolate, and cocoa that may inhibit cancer growth

"I'm a subject in this study. I can't tell if I'm in the control group or the treatment group, and the researchers also don't know which group I'm in."

Double-blind study

Iron, potassium, and fiber

Foods that contain key beneficial nutrients are good sources

Which of the following foods is an example of a "fortified" food?

Fresh fat-free milk has vitamins A and D added to it

Rank the foods in order from foods that should be consumed in the highest amounts to foods consumed in smallest amounts

Fruits and veggies, fish and seafood, poultry and eggs, and meats and sweets

The blank is a first aid technique that can help clear blocked airway of a choking person

Heimlich maneuver

There is an abundance of nutrition misinformation spread by the media and individuals. Why is there so much misinformation?

Many people are willing to promote nutrition-related products, manufacturers may promote false or one- sided information about their profit, physicians often distort nutritions facts to attract more patients and make more money, the first amendement to the united states constitution guarantees freedom of speech, people can make a lot of money by writing books that include nutrition misinformation

Fish Oil

May provide mild relief for symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Acidophilus

May restore the balance of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract

Respiratory is found in tissues, organ or structure?

Nose

The blank produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Pancreas

Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Pancreas, Spleen, Liver, Kidneys, Gallbladder

"I'm a subject in this study but I thin the experimental pill that the researchers gave to me to take each day doesn't contain anything that reduces my risk of colon cancer."

Placebo

"I'm in a group of healthy people who are being studied for the next 10 years. As participate in the study, scientists have us complete surveys about our personal medical histories, environmental exposures, and dietary practices.

Population study

Linda just finished taking the antibiotics prescribed by her physician to treat a bacterial infection. Why would you recommend that Linda use a dietary supplement or food that contains probiotics?

Probiotics may help restore the healthy balance of bacteria in her intestines.

Isoflavonoids

Substance in legumes that have antioxidant activity and may reduce risk of heart disease

beta-carotene

Substance in orange, red and yellow fruits and vegetables that may reduce risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration

Isoflavonoids

Substance in soybeans with antioxidant activity that may inhibit cancer and reduce risk of heart disease

Caffeine

Substance that has a stimulant effect that's in cocoa, coffee and tea

Capsaicin

Substance with pain-relieving properties

Sulfur-containing Compounds example

Substances in garlic, onions and broccoli that may inhibit that growth of cancer

Which of the following actions is an example of the mechanical aspects of digestion?

Tearing food into small chunks and mashing it up by the teeth, churning movements of the stomach to mix its contents, and moving chyme through the small intestine by peristalsis

which United States federal agency enforces consumer protection laws and investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims that are used in advertising?

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

False Statements about Nutrients

The body makes enough of essential nutrients, there are no signs and symptoms of a deficiency disease

Catabolism

refers to metabolic processes that break down larger substances into smaller ones

Sharia is a 24-year-old college student with white ancestry. Sharia doesn't smoke cigarettes, eats nuts and whole grains, drinks alcohol and she doesn't like the consume vegetables. Which of the following characteristics increase Sharia's risk of chronic diseases later in her life?

Avoiding tobacco use, eating nuts, being a 24-year-old college student and avoiding vegetables

The 2015-2020 dietary guidelines for Americans has five overarching guidelines

Bekka dips her bread in olive oil instead of spreading it butter, Kelly includes fish in her meals twice a week, when Drew makes sandwiches he uses whole- grain buns or rolls, Mandy is a 24 year old pregnant woman who avoids alcohol, and Colin consumes mainly water and low-fat milk as beverages with meals

Which of the following roles is a food regulatory function of the FDA?

Establishing structure claims food manufacturers are allowed to use on labels and allowing dietary supplements manufacturers to use specific labeling statements that claim their products cure certain diseases, especially cancer and receiving and monitoring reports of negative side effects that resulted from the use of dietary supplements.

Which of the following statements is very likely to be a "red flag" that signals nutrition misinformations?

ProteosMilk is made from 100% purified proteins and has been clinically tested at a major U.S university to be safe and effective

A healthy diet

generally changes during different stages of life

Bile flows from the liver into the blank where it is stored until needed

gallbladder