Nutrition Final
Which of the following are advantages of breastfeeding for the mother? Select all that apply.
- Decrease risk of disease ( type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis) - Decrease risk of ovarian and premenaupausal breast cancer.
Parents of small children are advised to acknowledge that kids' eating habits and behaviors differ significantly from that of adults and that they will fluctuate over time. Consider the following scenarios. Which of the following are recommended as ways to develop healthful eating patterns? Select all that apply.
- You are leaving your 3 year old with a new babysitter for two days and have outlined meals and activities. On your schedule, you give suggestions for 6 small meals each day. - Eggplant is being served to the child for the first time. They should be encouraged to take 1 bite go this new food.
Which of the following are at increased risk for iron deficiency anemia? Select all that apply.
- premature infant, women in their childbearing years, frequent blood donors
Label the sequence of events that triggers milk production.
- suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola that travel to the hypothalamus. - the hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin and the anterior pituitary to release prolactin. - oxytocin stimulates lobules in the breast to let down... - oxytocin prolactin
Popular diets include restricted carbohydrate, low-fat, and novelty diets. Which of the following are some of the negative health outcomes associated with these types of diets? Select all that apply.
Constipation, Malnutrition, Flatulence, Halitosis, and Ketosis.
Digestive health is affected by age. Determine whether each of the digestive processes increases or decreases with age.
Decreases with age - Hydrochloric acid production - Intrinsic factor production - Lactase production - Gallbladder function Increases with age - Constipation
Categorize each of the following statements to indicate if they pertain to deficiency, normal function, or toxicity of vitamin D.
Deficiency - rickets - fractures - bowed legs - osteomalacia Normal functions - Maintain blood (Ca) and (P) - Immune function - Cell cycle regulation Toxicity - Hypercalcemia - Bone demineralization - Kidney dysfuntcion - Joint pain
Determine whether each label describes water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins.
Fat soluble - Vitamin that travel with dietary fats through the blood stream - Vitamins that are stores mostly in the liver and fatty tissues - Vitamins A,D,E and K Water soluble - Vitamins that are readily excreted from the body - Vitamins that are easily lost during food processing and preparation - Vitamins that include the B vitamins and Vitamin C
Choosing a diet low in sodium means knowing which foods are high in sodium and which foods are low in sodium. Classify each of the following foods based on its sodium content.
High- Sodium Food - Deli meat - Canned Soup - Cheese Low- Sodium Food - Brown rice - Pears - Asparagus
There are many factors that influence fat storage. Determine whether the label's scenario promotes more or less fat storage.
Less fat storage - Males vs. females -More vs. less physical activity . - Meals eaten at home vs. meals eaten at restaurants. More fat storage - Adults vs. Adolescents - High ratios of fat to lean muscle tissue - Living in certain communities in the midwest and south vs. northeastern areas of the US
New parents are often overwhelmed with the amount of information about feeding and care of infants. Determine whether each recommendation should or should not be implemented when caring for or feeding an infant.
Not Recommended - Using bottles water products marketed to infants instead of using formula or electrolyte- replacement fluids. Feeding 8 cups of water per say to infants to prevent dehydration. Heating a baby bottle in the microwave. Putting the baby toned with a bottle. Recommended - Giving 400 Iu vitamin D per day to breastfed infants. Feeding iron- fortifies cereals and foods to children over 6 months of age. Placing the baby on his or her back when putting to bed. Avoiding bulky, high fiber foods that are low in calories for infant feeding.
Categorize the factors associated with negative and with positive pregnancy outcomes.
Positive - Nutritious diet, physical activity, early prenatal care Negative - Shortened gestation length, low birth weight, smoking, teenage mother, pre-pregnancy weight substantially above or below a healthy weight, teenage mother.
Some foods commonly cause an allergic response in children under a year and should not be included in the initial introduction of solid foods. Determine whether each food is likely or unlikely to be allergenic.
Potentially Allergenic food - egg whites - nuts - cow's milk - chocolate Unlikely to be allergenic food - Vegetables - fruits - Meat - rice cereal
Identify effects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Symptoms of anorexia Nervosa - hair loss - fainting/fatigue - lanugo - loss of menstrual periods Symptoms of both disorders - constipation - iron deficiency anemia - dental decay - blood potassium imbalance Symptoms of Bulimia nervosa - Stomach ulcers - Irritation of the esophagus - Swollen salivary glands
Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are ________.
readily excreted
Although the Body Mass Index (BMI) is at times useful for determining appropriateness of weight, it is not a perfect measurement as it fails to account for many other factors that affect health and weight. Which of the following are not accounted for with BMI? Select all that apply.
activity level, age, gender
Tracy had lunch with her friends. She had 3 ounces baked chicken, 1 small baked potato, 1/2 cup steamed broccoli, and 1/2 cup steamed carrots. What part of her meal provided the most vitamin K?
steamed broccoli
Identify factors associated with increasing and reducing hunger.
stimulates Hunger - Endorphins - Cortisol - Ghrelin Reduces Hunger - Cholecystokinin - Peptide YY - Glucagon- like peptide- 1
Match each of the following conditions seen in young children to one possible dietary solution for the problem.
- (colic) Switch formulas or try decreasing consumption of caffeine, chocolate, and strong flavored foods in the mother's diet if breast-fed. - (Constipation) Increase intake of fluid and fiber. - (Dental caries) Avoid allowing the baby to sleep with a bottle and use appropriate fluoride treatment. - (Diarrhea) Ensure adequate hydration with electrolyte fluid replacements such as Pedialyte and use a soy-based, lactose-free formula for several days if bottle-fed.
Describe treatments for severe obesity.
- +Very-low-calorie diets +, or modified +fasts+, are used to treat severe obesity if more traditional dietary changes have failed. - They provide +400 to 800+ calories daily, often in+ liquid+ form, and tend to be used if a person has obesity-related diseases that are not well controlled. - +Gastroplasty+ may be recommended for those who are morbidly obese (BMI ≥+40+), have been obese for at least +5+ years with several nonsurgical attempts to lose weight, and have no history of +alcoholism+ or major +psychiatric+ disorders.
During anaerobic cell metabolism, athletes sometimes complain of short-term muscle fatigue. What may be causing this fatigue? Select all that apply.
- Acidity in muscle cells increases potassium loss from muscles. Lactate accumulating in the muscle cells increases acidity of the muscle, which inhibits the activity of some enzymes
Click to select the strategies that are both useful and healthful to help underweight individuals gain weight.
- Add dried milk powder to a smoothie made of fruit and yogurt. - increase energy intake by 500kcal/d - Use olive oil to prepare a meal of pasta and sautéed vegetables - Increase portion sizes at each meal and snack - Add peanut butter to a snack of apple slices
There are three primary energy systems utilized by exercising muscles. Match each system with the duration of exercise the system supports:
- Atp- PCR Energy System: Exercise lasting a few seconds - Anaerobic carbohydrate energy system:Exercise lasting 30- 40 min - Aerobic energy system: Endurance exercise activities
Fat is the primary fuel muscles use while resting or engaged in low- to moderate-intensity physical activities. Put the activities in order from greatest percentage of energy utilized by fat (1) to least percentage of energy utilized by fat (4).
- Bench press wright lifting - Two hour, 12- mile run - Playing professional basketball game - 50 yard dash
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body get carbohydrate? Select all that apply.
- Carbohydrate can come from glycogen stores in the muscle cells. - Carbohydrate can come fro glucose available in the bloodstream.
Insufficient intake of vitamins can result in a variety of deficiency diseases. Match the symptoms with the most likely vitamin deficiency based on information obtained about each patient.
- Vitamin B-12: Patient presents with pernicious anemia and neurological symptoms and ... - Iodine: Following a "natural" foods, vegetarian diet pregnant patient uses only "gourmet, ... -Riboflavin: Pateient presents with stomatitis (mouth..... - Thiamin: Patient presents with double vision, ataxia, hallucinations.. - Niacin: Patient presents with rough, red rash ..
There are a number of intervention strategies that can be employed to promote behavior modification geared toward weight loss. Determine which behavior modification strategy is explained by the scenario in the label and drag the label to its appropriate strategy category.
- Chain breaking: Bill used to go to the sick bar for a large bag of peanuts at his son's T-ball game, just because he always eat peanuts with baseball; now he bypasses the snack bar - stimulus control: Brenda has asked her receptionist to put the baked goods that are usually open on the break room counter into a package to be stories in the cabinet -Cognitive restructuring: Tina has stopped organizing happy hour with margaritas and tortilla chips after a stressful day ar work; instead, she now conducts an after work walking group with co workers to relive stress. -Contingency management: Louis knows that if he goes home after work he will never leave again to ho to the gym; now, hw packs his gym clothes and takes his bag..., - Self monitoring: Wendy was concerned because she was gaining weight when she ate what thought was a 1,500 calorie per day....
Which of the following are true about food jags? Select all that apply.
- Common in preschool children - Tend to last only a few weeks.
Tracy was at a normal weight at the beginning of her pregnancy. Tracy gained 45 pounds in the first seven months of pregnancy. Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for Tracy to take to address her weight gain during pregnancy? Select all that apply.
- Continue to gain weight through the remainder of pregnancy. - Slow down weight gain to parallel to weekly recommended rise in prenatal weight gain even if that mean total weight gained for the pregnancy will ebde yo venue above recommendations. - Minimize intake of foods that provide unnecessary calories.
Dana is intending to breastfeed her baby after he is born. She has read that breast milk differs significantly from cow's milk and that cow's milk should not be introduced until the baby is at least one year old. How does breast milk differ from cow's milk and why? Select all that apply.
- Cow's milk proteins introduced to early can spur infants allergies. - Cow's milk is to high in calcium which can cause bleeding in the stomach. - Cow's milk is to high in minerals and too high in protein, overtaxing the infant's kidneys.
Rank the following approaches from the one that should be the most emphasized to the least for insuring adequate nutrients are.
- Diet rich in vitamins and minerals - Fortified foods - Multi- vitamin & mineral supplements - individual supplement
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of malnutrition occurring during the adult years. What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia? Select all that apply.
- During reproductive years, blood is lost during menstruation. - A decline in stomach acid production leads to impaired iron absorption.
Match the following symptom to its nutrition-related problem of infancy.
- Gastreoesophagea; reflux--- Spitting up - Milk allergy---- Blood in the stool - Food allergies-- Wheezing and/or a rash. Colic- Sharp abdominal pain
Match the causes to the following nutrition-related problems women may experience during pregnancy.
- Heartburn: expandingg uterus crowds abdominal organs and compresses them, reducing the stomach ability to stretch; hormones slow the speed of digestion and relax sphincters and intestinal muscles - Constipation: Hormones slow the speed of digestion and relax sphincters and intestinal muscles; iron supplements; fetus compresses the GI tract - Nausea and vomiting: pregnancy relates hormones increasing the sense of smell - Edema: Placental hormones; expanded blood volume; enlarging uterus compresses volts vessels in the legs, which slows down blood circulation and the removal of waste products.
Which of the following are a consequence of iron deficiency anemia? Select all that apply.
- Impaired hemoglobin synthesis. - Impaired growth and cognitive development in children. - Impaired oxygen transport
Many of the water-soluble B-vitamins are easily lost during food storage and preparation. Which of the following methods are recommended to preserve the B-vitamin content of foods? Select all that apply.
- Microwave, steam, or stir-fry vegetables in a small amount of oil - Trim, peel, and cut fruits and vegetables minimally, removing only rotten or inedible parts
Which of the following statements are true concerning iodine in food? Select all that apply.
- Most of the iodine in te American diet comes from table alt added to food in processing, cooking, or at the table. - Goitrogens, found in plants such as turnips, cabbage, and potatoes, as well as other food products, decrease the availability of iodine.
Asses the following situations and match with their appropriate condition.
- Muscle dysmorphia: Your friend has been going to the gym daily, usually for several hours, discussing how he wants to get his muscles bigger. Recently, he injured himself, but he is "pushing through it," as he doesn't want to lose any muscle size. He is always planning his food around what will work best for his workouts. Orthorexia: Your aunt took a nutrition class a year ago and, since that time, has been eating what she calls a "clean," plant-based diet. She used to make the best chocolate chip cookies and caramel brownies. You ask her if she will make some for a party that you are having, but she declines, offering that she is only willing to come if she can bring a fruit and vegetable platter. Pregorexia; Your sister is 5 months pregnant and everyone is very excited about the baby. You went to lunch with her the other day, after she finished a long run, and noticed that she only ordered a salad without dressing and an unsweetened ice tea. She confides in you that her doctor is worried that she hasn't gained enough weight but she knows she weighs more than she used to and she doesn't want to become overweight. Binge eating disorder: Your roommate has been refusing to go out to dinner with friends, stating that he is too busy and doesn't have time to eat. However, in your garbage, you find empty cartons of ice cream, empty chip bags and large pizza boxes, all foods that you know only he has eaten in a short period of time.
Which of the following statements are true in relation to vitamin C? Select all that apply.
- Vitamin C absorption occurs in the small intestine. A deficiency of vitamin C can cause scurvy.
Ergogenic aids can be useful in some circumstances, some are possibly useful but still under study, and still others are downright dangerous and illegal. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term related to ergogenic aid use in athletic performance.
- One ergogenic aid that may be useful in some circumstances is the use of +creatine+ at 20 grams per day for 5-6 days and then a maintenance dose of 2 grams per day to improve performance in those who undertake repeated bursts of activity, such as in sprinting or weight lifting. - Promotion of mental alertness by athletes can be achieved through the use of +caffeine+ in a dose of about 3-9 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. - An ergogenic aid that has not been found to be effective but that is taken as an energy source to be used when carbohydrate stores are depleted are +branched-chain amino acids+ such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine. - An ergogenic aid that increases muscle mass but may also cause uncontrolled growth of the heart or other organs and is banned by the International Olympic Committee is +growth hormone+.
Now that Quinn is six months old, her mother, Kelly, is wondering if she is ready to start solid foods. What factors determine if Quinn is ready for solid foods? Select all that apply.
- Quinn can control her own head and neck - Quinn can sit up with support - Quinn puts her hands or toys to her mouth - Quinn no longer thrusts her tongue forward and pushes out food when it is introduced
Many vitamins were named in the order that they were discovered. Some vitamins were or are known by different names. Match the vitamin with another name for that same vitamin.
- Riboflavin Vitamin B-2 - Ascorbic acid Vitamin C - Niacin Vitamin B-3 - Pyridoxine Vitamin B-6
Match the water-soluble vitamin with its function in cellular metabolism.
- Riboflavin: Participates in oxidation and reduction reactions in energy metabolism. - Folate: Functions in the exchange of single carbon groups - Biotin: Adds carbon dioxide to compounds such as pyruvate. - Pantothenic acid: Is a part of the molecule acetyl CoA Thiamin: Removes carbon dioxide from compounds such as pyruvate
Match each mineral with a description of its function.
- Sodium: Major positive ion of the extracellular fluid; aids nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction; regulates water balance; aids glucose and amino acid absorption - Potassium: Major positive ion of intracellular fluid; aids nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction; regulates water balance. - Chloride: Major negative ion of extracellular fluid; participates in acid production in stomach; aids nerve impulse transmission; regulates water balance. - Calcium: Component of bones and teeth; aids blood clotting; aids in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction; regulates enzyme activities. - Phosphorus: Major negative ion of intracellular fluid; component of bones and teeth; component of ATP and other metabolic compounds; maintains acid-base balance. - Magnesium: Assists bone formation; aids enzyme function; essential for nerve and heart function. Sulfur: Component of vitamins and amino acids; aids in drug detoxification; maintains acid-base balance
Describe the impact of genetics and environment on body weight and composition.
- Studies of identical twins provide some insight into the contribution of nature (genetics) to body weight. When identical twins are raised apart, they tend to show +similar+ weight-gain patterns, both in overall weight and in body fat distribution. Nurture—eating habits and nutrition, which vary between twins who are raised apart—seems to have +less+ to do with weight-gain patterns than nature does. - The +set-point theory+ proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat content, which the body closely regulates. - Some individuals are thought to have a genetic predisposition to+ being obese +because they inherit a "thrifty metabolism"— one that uses energy +frugally+. This metabolism enables them to store fat readily and use +less+ energy to perform tasks than a typical individual.
Which of the following statements are true concerning chromium? Select all that apply.
- Symptoms of chromium deficiency include glucose intolerance, weight loss, and nerve damage. - Chromium is widely distributed in food. - Chromium can be transferred to food through food processing equipment
Which of the following statements are true concerning selenium? Select all that apply.
- The best source of Selenium are seafoods, meats, cereals and grains. - Supplementation of selenium can result in toxicity.
A compound must meet a number of criteria to be an essential nutrient. Which of the following are part of the criteria used to classify a nutrient as essential? Select all that apply.
- The body can't synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health. - Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that if caught I'm time, are quickly cure when the substance is resupplied.
Which of the following statements are true about dietary supplements? Select all that apply.
- They may contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, botanicals, or plant extracts - Supplements manufacture may claim that the supplement can aid a condition, such as " increase energy" even though scientific data to support this claim does not exist.
If you were a subject in a scientific study measuring body fatness, the scientists might assess your anthropometric measurements using one of a variety of methods. Determine which method is being explained and drag the method description to its appropriate classification category.
- Underwater weighing: you are weighted on a standard scale and then weighted again while submerged.. - Air displacement: You are places in a chamber that measures body volumes by measuring the volume... - Bioelectrical impedance: You lie down and a clinician places electrode patches and wires on your body that run a low level electrical... - Skinfold thickness: A clinician uses fat calipers to measure the layer of fat directly under the skin from a number of point on your body. - Dual energy X-ray aborptiometry: You lie on your back and a machine distributing low levels of radiations scans over you..
Which of the following factors limit vitamin B-12 absorption and thereby may lead to vitamin B-12 deficiency? Select all that apply.
- Use if certain diabetes medications - Decrease production of hydrochloric acid - Decreased production of intrinsic factor
Match the nutrients with their antioxidant functions.
- Vitamin E: A fat- soluble vitamin that protects cell membranes by halting lipid per oxidation. - Selenium: A trace mineral that helps prevent lipid per oxidation and cell membrane damage by functioning as a part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system. - Carotenoids: Yellow and Orange pigments round in foods that may act as cellular antioxidants by preventing damage to tissues. - Ascorbic acid: A water- soluble vitamin that is concentrated in neutrophils, where it may protect them against free radicals produced during immune functions.
Complete each sentence about folate vs. vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia.
- With insufficient folate intake, precursor red blood cells cannot form new DNA and therefore cannot divide normally to become mature red blood cells. - The cells grow larger because there is a continuous formation of RNA. - Over time, this causes the folate deficiency condition called macrocytic anemia or megaloblastic anemia. - A disease that damages the stomach cells that produce intrinsic factor can lead to inadequate vitamin B-12 absorption. This results in the presence of large, immature red blood cells as well as neurological problems. This condition is called pernicious anemia.
Engaging in regular physical activity is an important component of a weight-management or weight-loss program. In addition to the effects on weight, regular physical activity also decreases chronic disease risk. What disease risk does regular physical activity help reduce? Select all that apply.
- type 2 diabetes/glucose regulation - certain cancers - high blood pressure
Li is interested in ways to maximize the vitamin content in his fresh fruits and vegetables. Which of the following practices should he use to ensure maximum vitamin content? Select all that apply.
- use cooking methods that minimize/eliminate contact with water. - cut vegetables just before cooking/serving
Which of the following are steps that a lactating woman can take to reduce contaminants entering breastmilk? Select all that apply.
- wash and peel fruits and vegetables - avoid freshwater fish from polluted waters.
Put the vitamin A-containing foods in order of highest vitamin A (mcg RAE) content (1) to lowest vitamin A content (4).
1. 3oz beef liver, 2. 1/2 cup sweet potato, 3. 1/2 cup cooked carrots, 4. 1 cup fat free milk with Vitamin A.
Pellagra is a niacin-deficiency disease that is more prevalent in some populations than in others. Put the statements in the proper order so that the relationship between food preparation and pellagra prevention in certain N. American Hispanic populations is correct.
1. Niacin in corn is bound by a protein in the corn that makes it unusable by the body 2. When preparing tortillas, Hispanic people in N. America traditionally soak corn in a basic solution like the lime water ( water with calcium hydroxide). 3. The bound niacin is released. 4. Releases niacin is then usable by the body. 5. Risk of pellagra in this population is eliminated as usable niacin is available in the body.
Pellagra is a niacin-deficiency disease that is more prevalent in some populations than in others. Put the statements in the proper order so that the relationship between food preparation and pellagra prevention in certain N. American Hispanic populations is correct.
1. Niacin in corn is bound by a protein in the corn that makes it unusable by the body. 2. When preparing tortillas, Hispanics people in N. America traditionaly soak corn in a basic solution like lime water (water with calcium hydroxide). 3. The bound niacin is released 4. Released niacin is then usable by the body. 5. Risk of pellagra in this population is eliminates as usable niacin is available in the body.
The effects of dehydration can range from thirst to death. Put the effects of dehydration in order from initial and least severe symptoms (1) to advanced and most severe symptoms (5).
1. The body experiences thirst. 2. Reduced movement and apathy. 3. Tingling in arms, headache, heat exhaustion. 4. Muscle cramps and general incapacity. 5.Failing kidney function.
Which of the following are good sources of manganese? Select all that apply.
1. leafy vegetables 2. nuts and legumes 3. Meats and dairy 4. Whole grain cereals
Sort the following aspects of the diet of adolescents as to whether teenagers consume too much or too little of each nutrient group.
Consume too little - Fruits and vegetables - Calcium and iron - Vitamin A and C and Folate Consume too much - Soft drinks - Cholesterol, fat and trans fat - sodium - Protein
Determine whether the label scenario's comparison lends to an increased or decreased basal metabolism by dragging the label to its appropriate classification category.
Decreased basal metabolism - Having more fat vs. more lean body mass - Being female vs. male Increased basal metabolism - being pregnant vs. not pregnant - smoking cigarettes vs. not smoking cigarettes.
Gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. The doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?
Having a cup of orange juice or an orange with the iron-fortified breakfast cereal because vitamin C in the orange increases iron absorption
Classify each sign or symptom as to characteristic of heat stroke or heat exhaustion.
Heat Exhaustion - characterized by profuse sweating - signs and symptoms are due primarily to dehydration - heat cramps often occur Heat stroke - characterized by hot, dry skin - signs and symptoms are due primarily to rapidly increasing body temperature - can be Fata if not treated quickly.
Based on both usual intake and physiological changes, older adults should make the following changes to their diets. Select all that apply.
Increase vitamin D intake, maintain fiber intake, increase protein intake to slightly above the RDA.
A variety of factors can inhibit or enhance calcium absorption. Indicate whether each situation increases or decreases calcium absorption by dragging it to the appropriate column.
Increases calcium absorption - Having a healthy GI tract .. - Eating Vitamin D - Pregnancy Decrease calcium absorption - Being over 70 years old - Having a high fiber diet rich in physic acid - oxalic acid in spinach
Classify the factors as either being associated with increasing blood pressure or decreasing blood pressure.
Lower blood pressure - Calcium - Magnesium - Fiber High Blood Pressure - Obesity - Low- potassium diets - High- sodium diets
Anemia can result from deficiency of a number of different micronutrients. Features of the red blood cells, such as size and color, can help health professionals to determine the cause of anemia. Classify the following micronutrients based on whether deficiencies lead to macrocytic (megaloblastic) or microcytic anemia.
Macrocytic anemia - Folate - Vitamin B-12 Microcytic anemia - vitamin b-6
Classify each of the dietary factors as protective against cancer development or as a cancer promoter.
May prevent cancer - Adequate vitamin D - Adequate calcium - Adequate selenium - Adequate antioxidants May promote cancer - Excessive alcohol - fried foods - meat - excessive energy intake
Folate functions in metabolic reactions that involve the transfer of single carbon groups, including synthesis of DNA, amino acids, and neurotransmitters. Which of the following physical problems result from folate deficiency? Select all that apply.
Megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida.
The B vitamin content of a whole grain is dramatically decreased during the refining process. To counteract these losses, in the United States, food manufacturers are required to enrich or fortify breads and cereals from milled, refined grains with which B vitamins? Select all that apply.
Niacin, Riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid
Excessive intake of some vitamins and minerals can cause toxicity-related side effects. Match the micronutrient with the potential side effect when that micronutrient is taken in excessive quantities:
Niacin: Liver damage Vitamin B-6: Nerve damage. Iodine: Enlargement of thyroids gland Folic acid: Can mak vitamin B-12 deficiency
Proper attention to a well-balanced diet and healthy lifestyle can maximize birth outcomes; alternatively, ingestion of agents that cross the placental barrier and can cause harm to the developing fetus should be avoided. Determine whether each practice should be included or avoided to ensure a healthy pregnancy for both the mother and baby.
Should be avoided or limited during pregnancy - aspirin.. - caffeine - vitamin a - alcohol Should be include during pregnancy - synthetic folic acid - low or moderate physical activity - milk - breakfast cereal
Adequate folate intake during pregnancy is imperative for the prevention of neural tube defects like spina bifida. Put the food or supplements in order from greatest amount of folate per serving (1) to least amount of folate per serving (4).
The prenatal vitamin has 400 micrograms of folate; the ½ cup lentils has 179 micrograms of folate; ½ cup asparagus has 134 micrograms of folate; 1 cup orange juice has 60 micrograms of folate.
ATP can be produced as a by-product of the metabolism of a number of nutrients. Which nutrients are possible sources of ATP? Select all that apply.
Triglycerides, Amino Acids, carbohydrates. Vitamins and minerals, like iron, are not a source of ATP.
Match the following statements to the muscle fiber type that the statement describes.
Type I muscles fibers - High oxidative metabolism - Aerobic endurance activities Type iiA muscles fibers - Moderate oxidative metabolism - Aerobic and anaerobic activities of moderate distance Type iix muscle fibers - Low oxidative metabolism - Anaerobic activities
Categorize each of the following statements to indicate if they pertain to deficiency or toxicity of vitamin A.
Vitamin A is necessary for proper development of the epithelial cells, which makes it important for immune function. It is also involved in the visual cycle. A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to skin problems (e.g., follicular hyperkeratosis), immune dysfunction, and eye problems (e.g., Bitot's spots, xerophthalmia, and night blindness). Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of nonaccidental blindness worldwide. Vitamin A toxicity may result in headaches, GI distress, liver damage, and fetal malformations.
Breast milk is a near perfect food for infants, although it does lack some micronutrients that babies need. Breast milk is relatively low in which of the following nutrients? Select all that apply.
Vitamin D, Iron
For which of the following nutrients is supplementation routinely recommended for healthy infants? Select all that apply.
Vitamin D, Ironm( for breastfed infants), Vitamin K (for newborns)
Some nutrients have antioxidant properties that help protect against free radical damage in the cells. Check all of the nutrients that are considered to be antioxidants:
Vitamin c, Vitamin E, Beta-carotene
Relate the dietary intakes of the nutrients with the associated information.
Water Intakes - Inadequate intakes result in increase risk of electrolyte imbalances. Calorie Intake - Gradual decline in basal metabolism result in overall decreased needs. Carbohydrate Intake - Intake of adults of all ages is often lower than recommended. Fat Intake - Intake of adults of all ages is often at or above the recommendations. Protein Intake - Consumption in amounts slightly higher than the RDA may help preserve muscle and bone mass.
Determine whether each of the following is a major mineral, trace mineral, or ultratrace mineral.
Zinc, copper, and iron are trace minerals; trace minerals are essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100 mg per day. Calcium, potassium, and sodium are major minerals; major minerals are essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day. Boron, arsenic, and nickel belong to the classification of ultratrace as they are needed in extremely small amounts. Their function is not clearly defined.
Match the nutrient with the associated nutrient deficiency information.
Zinc: Absorption of this nutrient declines as stomach acid production diminishes with age. Magnesium: Inadequate intakes of this nutrient may contribute to the loss of bone strength, muscular weakness, and mental confusion seen in some elderly adults. Vitamin E: Low intake of this nutrient mean the body has a reduced supply of antioxidants, which may increase cellular damage, promote chronic disease and cataracts, and speed aging. Luitin: Intake of this nutrient have been linked with the prevention go cataracts.... Iron: A defiencincy of this nutrient is associated with anemia (the most common type of.... Vitamin B-12: this nutrient is required to clear homocysteine from the bloodstream...
Energy needs vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding. Based on the stage of pregnancy and lactation, put the calorie needs in order from least amount (1) required to most amount (4) required.
first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, produce milk;.
The diets of North American men and women are far from perfect. North American adult men and women under age 50 BOTH fall short of recommended nutrient intakes for which of the following? Select all that apply.
folate, Dietary fiber, calcium
While dairy foods are rich sources of calcium, many people with lactose intolerance cannot consume these foods without experiencing gastrointestinal discomfort. Fortunately, there are a number of non-dairy sources of calcium. From the following non-dairy sources of calcium, click to select the food item that is highest in calcium. If you're not sure, look up the foods in NutritionCalc Plus.
fortified soy milk
Which of the following vitamins are classified as fat-soluble? Select all that apply.
vitamin E, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitamin A