Nutrition final

Since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mother's nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies?

1 1/2 -2 years

As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?

1200

To minimize the possibility of foodborne illness, hamburger should be cooked to an internal temperature (°F) of at least

160

What is the minimum recommended safe temperature (°F) to heat leftovers?

165

What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?

24 lbs

After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as

Appetite

What is the body's indispensable nutrient?

Water

To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet is to

Wean

Which of the following best exemplifies an activity that promotes flexibility?

Yoga

All of the following are characteristics of body weight and older people except

a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia.

Which of the following does NOT serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?

Calcium

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption

Calcium and iron

In the immediate postexercise period, what type of diet enhances muscle protein synthesis?

Carbohydrate plus protein

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium

Certain green vegetables

Which of the following is NOT among the common food sources of potassium

Cheese

The most common symptoms of foodborne infection include all of the following except

Double vision

Your cousin Emily is a vegetarian. Since you have just learned in your nutrition class that nonheme iron is absorbed less efficiently than heme iron, you want to make sure Emily is getting enough iron. What should you recommend Emily do to maximize her iron absorption?

Eat her nonheme iron sources with a glass of orange juice

Which of the following foods are most often the cause of allergies?

Eggs, peanuts, and milk

What list is composed of substances widely used for many years without apparent ill effects?

GRAS

When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted?

Glucose

Which of the following diets promotes superior physical performance in athletes?

High-carbohydrate diet

As far as is known, what hormone is dependent upon chromium for optimal activity?

Insulin

Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration. She lives alone, her diet is very high in desserts and sweets, and she only drinks diet colas. On morning hospital rounds, the attending physician asks the group of interns what they recommend for the patient. With which intern should you disagree?

Intern A: Try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable BMI

Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of

Iodine

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?

Iron

You are presenting a general seminar at a food safety convention. At the end of your talk, an audience member barrages you with questions about irradiation of foods causing people to be exposed to radioactive food. How should you respond?

Irradiation techniques do not in any way produce radioactive foods

Why is ground meat more susceptible to microbial contamination than unground meat?

It has more surface area

Which of the following is a feature of leptin?

It is a satiety signal

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?

It stimulates appetite and energy storage

What is sarcopenia?

Loss of muscle mass and strength

What is muscle atrophy?

Loss of muscle size and strength

All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except

MFP factor.

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?

Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle

Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?

Meats and whole-grain cereals

Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of

Naturally occurring binders.

Bariatrics is a field of medicine that specializes in the treatment of

Obesity

External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except

Outdoor excercises

Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?

Phosphorus

A craving for non-food substances is known as

Pica

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of iron per serving?

Pinto beans

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

Poor nutrition

Most food additives are classified as

Preservatives

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

Processed foods

What is the best approach to weight loss?

Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate every day. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate reply?

The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant

The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by

example

Your friend Bob, who engages in endurance exercise throughout the week, is concerned that his protein intake is inadequate and asks what type of protein supplement he should take. You assure him that

he most likely already gets more protein from his regular diet than he needs, even for endurance activity.

Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living

in nursing homes.

Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from

insufficient intake of vitamin B12.

If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to

quietly remove it and present it again at another time.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society, breastfeeding of full-term infants is

strongly recommended.

Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate

Diluted juice or cool water

What organization is responsible for setting tolerance guidelines for the use of a pesticide on food?

EPA

A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)

Fad diet

Which of the following describes fat utilization during physical activity?

Fat represents the major fuel source during sustained, moderate activity

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

Female athlete triad

In what period of pregnancy would most damage from alcohol consumption occur?

First trimester

What is the largest single group of food additives?

Flavoring agents

Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?

He has central obesity

A person engaged in physically active work in hot, humid weather and who wears a rubber suit to promote weight loss is at high risk of experiencing

Heat stroke

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of

Hunger

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

Hypertension

A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of

Hypertrophy

Which of the following is a characteristic of sports anemia?

It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment

You work part-time at a local diner and have noticed that there are a few questionable practices going on behind closed doors. An older employee tells you that the worst of these oversights is the workers' disregard for the "danger" zone. Which of the following applies to this employee's warning?

Keeping beef patties on a warm grill (135° F) for up to 3 hours

All of the following are categorized as fitness strength activities except

Kickboxing

Your friend Mark is an avid organic food consumer. He believes that natural foods are the only way to avoid the chemicals that farmers "poison" their crops with. You warn Mark that not all natural foods are free from toxins; indeed, that many foods contain naturally occurring toxic substances. The example you provide could be the solanine commonly found in

Potatoes

Which of the following is a feature of protein nutrition in physical activity?

Protein is not a major fuel for physical activity

Which of the following foods are associated with illness from Salmonella?

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs

Which of the following is generally not associated with a regular program of physical fitness?

Reduced bone density

In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother?

Reduced quantity of milk

Which of the following practices is safest for minimizing microbial contamination of prepared foods?

Restrict the food's exposure at between 40° F and 140° F to a maximum of 2 hours

Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?

She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself

Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of

Sodium

For the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward?

1 lb

Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches

2%

According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?

2/3

What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs?

21

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?

25-35

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of

3 months, called trimesters.

A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years)

30

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

450

For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?

5

Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed

60 Minutes

What is WIC?

A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants

Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight?

A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise

What is gestational diabetes?

Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

About 2/3

What sweetener should be avoided by people with PKU?

Aspartame

Which of the following methods of thawing meats or poultry increases health risk?

At room temperature

Time and temperature are two components of safe food handling. The third basic component is

Cleanliness

What term is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

Critical period

For optimal performance, the athlete's precompetition meal may include all of the following except

Beans

The components of fitness include all of the following except

Bone fragilty

All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except

eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.

If you suspect that you are suffering from a foodborne illness, appropriate actions to take include all of the following except

find a portion of the remaining suspected food and ask someone else to taste it to detect any off flavors.

All of the following are characteristics of anorexia nervosa except

in those who recover, energy intakes return to normal.

Food producers are allowed to label a food product as organic if it

was made with at least 95% organic ingredients.

All of the following practices are known to minimize exposure to food pesticide residues except

washing waxed fruits and vegetables in water to remove the wax-impregnated pesticides.

An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to

increase physical activity.

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the

month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.

All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except

processed foods are a major source.

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except

saunas.

Which of the following is not a general feature of the trace minerals?

They are rarely found in dietary supplements

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

Turkey

It is still acceptable for a mother to breastfeed even if she has

an ordinary cold.

With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except

artificial sweeteners.

A child is brought into the emergency room with breathing difficulties. He also has difficulty swallowing and speaking. The mother mentions that he ate some home-canned beans yesterday. You suspect microbiological food poisoning. The most likely toxin is

botulinum toxin

Which of the following is a feature of water metabolism during exercise?

Sweat losses can exceed the capacity of the GI tract to absorb water, resulting in some degree of dehydration

What is colostrum?

A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery

What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?

Rice

A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that

there are more social benefits to congregate meals.

Features of infant formulas include all of the following except

they contain antibodies

Low-fat or nonfat milk should not be given routinely to a child until after the age of

two years

Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except

vitamin D

What is the placenta?

An organ from which the infant receives nourishment