Nutrition Midterm #1

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are designed to

- provide a scientific basis for USDA's school lunch program - provide a scientific basis for the Food Stamp Program - reduce the risk of "killer" diseases

Which of the following is a function of protein

- providing structural support to body cells - producing antibodies to fight infection - contributing to acid-base balance - transporting nutrients in bloodstream

Why are nuts a heart healthy food

- they are rich in antioxidants - most nuts are good sources of monosaturated fatty acids - they contain no cholesterol

What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

Anabolic

among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance

caucasians

a person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following

dehydration

which substance is known as blood sugar or dextrose

glucose

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy

is stored as fat in adipose tissue

bile is formed in the ____________ and stored in the ______________

liver; gallbladder

what is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose

blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon

cholesterol is

- not a dietary essential; the human body can synthesize it - not found in foods of plant origin - an important part of human cell membranes and necessary to make some hormones

Jamie, a vegetarian, is trying to plan a healthy diet according to the USDA Food Patterns. Which protein foods would be the best nutrient choices for one day?

1/2 cup black beans, 2 tbsp peanut butter, 1 c spinach

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

19.0%

A food that provides 100 mg of magnesium and 25 kcal in a serving had a magnesium density (mg per kcal) of

4

Of the ten leading causes of illness and death in the US, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

4

Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet planning principle known as

moderation

which action is associated with the presence of fat in the GI tract

slowing of the process of digestion and absorption

disaccharidase enzymes that hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides are found in the

small intestine

What is a feature of the Daily Values found on food labels

they assist people in determining whether a food contains a little or a lot of a nutrient

which statement best describes the composition of most foods

they contain mixtures of the three energy nutrients , although only one or two may predominate

An important form of energy used by most cells is

ATP

What is the amino acid pool

A measure of the circulating essential amino acid levels available for protein synthesis

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients can be converted to glucose?

Carbohydrates and Proteins

Glycolysis is the conversion of ____.

Glucose to pyruvate

Which is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake

Setting nutrient goals for individuals

What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

Some research suggests that it is more harmful than fat in other locations.

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

When food proteins reach the stomach, hydrochloric acid (HCl) ________ the protein

denatures

most dietary fats will

enter the lymphatic system

In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group?

excreted as urea

Ketosis (elevated production of ketone body formation) increases with

fasting, a low-carbohydrate diet, uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

female athlete triad

in general, modifying a diet by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in

fiber

what are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?

fibers

Which measurements are all used to compute a woman's BMR?

body weight, height, and age

The functions of fat include all of the following except

build and repair tissue

What is a feature of the protein RDA

The recommendations are generous

What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another

The side group

Which statement represents the highest level of significant scientific agreement?

This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of carbohydrate metabolism?

Water and carbon dioxide

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

about 2/3

The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning?

calorie control

which nutrients are considered organic compounds

carbohydrates and protein

Energy yielding nutrients include

carbs, proteins, and fats

low density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport vehicle for _________ in the blood

cholesterol

what is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach

chyme

The chief function of pepsin is to ____

cleave proteins into smaller polypeptides

what product has the highest percentage of its fat in saturated form

coconut oil

one function of sphincter muscles is to

control the passage of food through the GI tract

When energy intake is greater than energy output, body weight

increases

The oils found in walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and wheat germ represent a good source of preformed ____

linolenic acid

What is the primary organ that metabolizes fructose and galactose following absorption

liver

when nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them

liver

Excess protein intake can result in

loss of calcium

a high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of

low density lipoproteins

An example of an anthropometric assessment is

measuring skinfold thickness

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as

metabolism

what substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices

mucus

in which of the following tissues is glycogen typically stored

muscle and liver

how does a double blind experiment work

neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group

which method is used to detect nutrient deficiencies

nutrition assessment

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food down the GI tract is called

peristalsis

High density lipoproteins (HDL) function in lipid transport by

picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources to deliver to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal

ample amounts of carbohydrates are almost always found in

plant foods

What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

pregnancy increases the BMR

microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as

probiotics

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

protein

Which food group is typically consumed in amounts greater than recommended by the USDA

protein foods

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to ____.

removal of its amino group

After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements

so that ketone bodies replace glucose.

Food label ingredients: sugar 30g, puffed wheat 28g, dry milk powder 5g, food coloring 35 mg, salt 2g. What is the correct order

sugar, puffed wheat, dry milk powder, salt, food coloring

food components that must be listed on the nutrition facts panel include

sugars, dietary fiber, calcium

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects

To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and ____.

waist circumference

monosaturated fatty acids are

- liquid at room temp - have one double bond in the fatty acid chain - derived from plants - lower cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a common method used to assess body composition?

Impedence densitometry

Which statement is true of the relationship fat intake and health

Intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol

the glycemic index of foods is

a way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose

Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?

milk

Which food items are consumed in the diet of a lactovegetarian

milk products and plant foods only