Nutrition: Science and Applications 4e Chapters 1 - 7; 13 - 18; and Focus on Eating Disorders: Test Questions

75) How does body fat differ in a fit adult male versus female?

Body fat in a fit adult male will be around 12% and in an adult fit female around 25%

71) What are objections to the use of bST in cows? What is the FDA's position regarding use of bST?

Bovine somatotropin is objected to by some consumers because they allege that this hormone may cause problems for the cows and also for consumers of the milk and beef that is consumed from the treated cows. The FDA does not accept these allegations and presumes there are no long- or short- term problems created by the use of this hormone in cows.

64) What factors impact the rate at which food leaves the stomach?

1) Meal composition: Fat slows gastric emptying. 2) Liquid content of food: Liquids leave the stomach faster than solids. 3) Exercise: Delays gastric emptying. 4) Emotions: Sadness and fear slow gastric emptying while aggression increases it.

46) Describe the steps involved in conducting a valid experiment using the scientific method.

1. Make an observation and ask questions. 2. Propose a hypothesis-a possible explanation of the observations. 3. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that provides objective data. 4. Establish a theory based on experimental data from multiple studies.

73) Explain the events that cause the buildup of cholesterol and plaque formation in arterial walls. Why do antioxidant nutrients help slow this process?

1. The artery wall is damaged. Possible causes are hypertension, elevated blood glucose, smoking, infections, or free radicals. 2. LDLs enter the injured arterial wall via a means other than LDL receptor, and are modified, often being oxidized 3. Oxidized/modified LDL attracts white blood cells called macrophages into the artery wall; macrophages take up the modified LDL via scavenger receptors and are eventually converting to a foam cell. 4. As foam cells accumulate, plaque is formed. Antioxidants may reduce the oxidation of LDL and therefore prevent the accumulation of foam cells in the artery wall.

41) A serving of hot chocolate provides 5 grams of fat, 2 grams of protein and 28 grams of carbohydrate. How many kcalories are in the serving of hot chocolate?

5 X 9= 45 2 X 4= 8 28 X 4=112 165 kCalories

73) Glen is 45 years old and has maintained a regular running and swimming program for many years. He is now interested in an Ironman competition, which will be held nine months from now. He has started to train vigorously and regularly, running, biking and/or swimming several hours each day. A. How should Glen distribute his intake of protein, fat and carbohydrate to maximize his performance? B. Glen thinks if he can lose 10 pounds now, he will be able to run faster. Is this a good time to try to lose weight? Why or why not? C. When Glen competes in the Ironman, which he thinks will take him about 12 - 14 hours, what should he eat and drink during the race? What would you suggest for a meal the night before?

A - Glen should consume 15-20% of his calories from protein, 55-60% from carbohydrates, and less than 30% from fat. B- This is not a good time for Glen to lose weight. Glen should not restrict calories as he needs this energy to train. C- Glen will need to eat a diet rich in carbohydrates before, during, and after the triathlon. A pasta dinner the night before the event would be appropriate. He should consume plenty of carbohydrate-rich drinks during the event to maintain hydration and replenish glycogen stores.

65) A. What is the primary ingredient (greatest by weight) in this supplement? B. Are the structure/function claims made on the label of this supplement approved by the FDA? C. How do you know if the claim is/is not approved? D. Based on the label information, is it possible for this supplement to replace a food in the diet or does the supplement replace a component found in food? Explain your answer.

A - Salmon oil B - No C - A disclaimer is required if it is not FDA approved. D - Supplements should never replace whole foods. Foods contain many substances that promote health which are not necessarily present in supplements. Moreover, the supplement industry is not tightly regulated so the contents may or may not be exactly as stated on the Nutrition Facts panel and contaminants may be present.

76) How much should a baby boy weigh at 15 months of age if they are at the 50th percentile of growth as established by the CDC?

A baby boy at the 50th percentile of growth should weigh about 24 lbs at 15 months of age.

66) Studies have found a positive relationship between hours spent watching television and obesity. How can television influence a child's weight?

A child's weight can be influenced in several ways by excessive television viewing. These include: lack of physical activity and encouragement of snacking behavior. In addition, indirectly, many of the commercial sponsors are advertising food sources that will encourage weight gain.

57) Differentiate between a food intolerance and a food allergy.

A food intolerance generally involves a response from the gastrointestinal tract which results in a problem in the appropriate digestion of a particular food. A food allergy is a response of the body due to an antigen in the food causing an immune response resulting in hives, swelling of tissues or a more serious anaphylactic response.

47) Describe what is meant by the term control group and explain why a well designed experiment includes a control group.

A group of participants in a study who are treated the same as subjects in an experimental group, except that no experimental treatment is implemented. They would receive a placebo to control bias. A control group is used as a basis of comparison.

79) What type of diet will be prolong time to exhaustion in a long-distance cyclist?

A high-carbohydrate diet significantly improves time to exhaustion in endurance athletes.

70) Describe a carbohydrate loading regimen. How are exercise and diet affected during the week before competition?

Carbohydrate loading is a regimen of diet and exercise training designed to maximize muscle glycogen stores before an athletic event. Carbohydrate loading commences 1-2 weeks before a competition. The intensity and duration of exercise decreases allowing for more rest and the carbohydrate content of the diet increases as the event gets closer.

78) How does fatty acid use change with time in a person out for a 45-minute jog?

Carbohydrates initially supply energy for a person engaging in long-during aerobic activities. As the activity progresses the proportion of energy coming from fatty acids increases substantially, especially at moderate intensity levels.

78) Explain why older adults have differing nutritional needs due to physiological changes as well as disease and prescription drug use. How can good exercise and dietary habits prevent deterioration due to aging?

Changes in the gastrointestinal tract can alter appetite/ food appeal, nutrient digestion and absorption and nutrient requirements. As people age, there is a decrease in stored nutrients and immune function. Many older adults also have at least one chronic disease, which can change dietary intake. Medications can have side effects of suppressing appetite, and effecting nutrient absorption, metabolism and excretion. Good nutrition/ diet and exercise can extend 'healthy life years' by preventing malnutrition and preventing or delaying chronic illness. Exercise will also maintain lean tissue, and allow for greater food intake so nutritional needs are more likely to be met. Exercise will also help maintain balance so falls are less likely and will help to prevent bone loss/osteopenia.

69) Type 2 diabetes typically is a condition that affects primarily adults. What changes/factors in the U.S. have contributed to the rise in type 2 diabetes among America's youth? What preventative measures can be taken?

Children develop eating patterns at a very young age. In contemporary U.S. society, children are consuming large amounts of calories compared to their needs. Type 2 diabetes is largely a reflection of this problem. Preventative measures would include more emphasis on eating smaller portion sizes of food and on nutrient-dense rather than energy-dense choices. This can be dealt with by legislation concerning school meals as well as commercial fast-food establishments to conform to more appropriate portion sizes and appropriate choices.

51) Why would cold pasta salad have a lower glycemic response than a hot pasta dish with similar ingredients?

Cold pasta contains resistant starch, which cannot be easily digested to glucose molecules; therefore, there would be less glucose appearing in the blood after consuming it. Hot pasta is primarily starch which is digestible, and would provide glucose molecules upon digestion.

65) What types of athletes may benefit from slightly increased intake of protein?

Competitive athletes participating in endurance and strength sports may require more protein.

50) What would be the most efficient treatment for a diabetic experiencing low blood sugar levels?

Consume a source of quickly absorbed carbohydrate, such as juice or hard candy, followed by a meal within 30 minutes.

69) Describe the impact of drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and caffeine consumption during pregnancy on the growth and development of the unborn child.

Consuming large amounts of caffeine during pregnancy may increase risk for miscarriage and delivering a low-birth weight baby. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects. Alcohol is particularly damaging to the central nervous system. Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy affects the baby both during the pregnancy and throughout life. Compounds in tobacco smoke bind to hemoglobin and reduce oxygen delivery to fetal tissues.

61) Differentiate between infants classified as premature, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age, and large-for-gestational-age.

A premature baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation. Low birth weight is a baby born weight less than 5.5 lbs. A small-for-gestational-age infant is one born at term weighing less than 5.5 lbs. A large-for-gestational-age infant is one born at term weighing more than 8.8 lbs.

73) Sam and Marge are both in their 80s and live on a limited income in a medium sized city. They usually eat at home and have almost the same diet every day of the week. They are finding that shopping and preparing three meals a day takes a lot of their energy. Marge especially has lost interest in cooking and sometimes only has tea and toast for dinner. Because neither Sam nor Marge drives, shopping means a bus trip to the store and back, along with walking several blocks. A) What type of assistance programs could Sam and Marge take advantage of to help them get adequate nutrition while relieving them of some of the shopping, cooking and cleaning chores? B) What steps would you take to assess the diet of an elderly person like Sam or Marge? What dietary standards would be most useful? C) How do the nutritional needs of an older couple like Sam and Marge differ from those of middle-aged people?

A) Federal home-delivered or congregate meals assistance programs may be useful. B) I would evaluate their iron status, vitamin D status as well as BMI for age. I would also do a 3-day dietary recall for each. The dietary standards most useful would include medical tables associated with adequacy for the nutrients surveyed in body fluids and an assessment of the adequacy of their intake as shown by comparison to the DRI's for their age. C) Their needs for nutrients other than calories are fairly similar.

63) How does exercise intensity affect the source of fuel used by the body?

ATP and creatine phosphate are the primary source of energy during high-intensity short-duration activity. As the exercise continues at this high-intensity anaerobic metabolism takes over. ATP can be produced very rapidly, but only glucose can be used as a fuel. As the intensity of the exercise decreases the body relies more readily on glycogen stores and mobilization of fatty acids from fat stores.

47) What are the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance? Explain why these symptoms occur.

Abdominal distension, flatulence, cramping and diarrhea are the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance. This occurs because there is insufficient lactase to digest the disaccharide, lactose. The undigested lactose is metabolized by bacteria in the gut producing acid and gas, and it draws water into the gut.

50) What are two advantages of using animals instead of humans in nutrition experiments? What are two disadvantages?

Advantages: may be less costly, easy to control food intake and measure excretions, changes appear quickly Disadvantages: the best models are expensive and have long life span, most readily accessible animal models have short life spans so observed changes may not be identical to humans in how they develop

60) What is aerobic capacity? How is it determined? Will a trained athlete or an untrained person have a higher aerobic capacity?

Aerobic capacity is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the tissues during exercise. Aerobic capacity can be determined in an exercise laboratory by measuring oxygen uptake during exercise. A trained athlete will have a higher aerobic capacity.

75) Discuss why aging is considered to be a continuous process.

Aging is considered to be continuous because it begins with conception and continues throughout the life.

44) Describe the typical American diet and explain how it could be improved. Is there anything you would like to change about the way you eat? Why or why not?

Americans are consuming more food and calories than 30 years ago because portion sizes have increased and 32% of calories are from meals away from home. These meals tend to be higher in energy, fat, sugar and salt. Americans do not eat enough whole grains, legumes, fruits, dairy foods, and dark green or yellow vegetables. Salt and sugar intake are higher than recommended.

77) How often, and for how long, should Americans engage in moderate aerobic activity per week?

Americans should participate in moderate aerobic activity 5 to 7 days per week for 30 to 60 minutes.

69) The risk of which vitamin and mineral deficiencies increase in the elderly population?

Among the vitamins, there are increased deficiencies seen for folate, B6, B12 and vitamins C, D and E. For the minerals, most concerns relate to deficiencies of calcium, zinc and iron.

71) When should an athlete eat after competition? What are good choices for a post-competition meal? Why is this re-feeding period important?

An athlete should consume a high-carbohydrate meal or drink as soon as possible after and again every 2 hours for 6 hours after the event. The meals should provide 0.7-1.5 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight. High carbohydrate foods, such as pasta, rice, and bread should be considered. This re-feeding period is important in replenishing glycogen stores.

61) What are components of an exercise program that lead to long-term maintenance of routine exercise?

An exercise program should be integrated into an active lifestyle that includes a variety of everyday activities, enjoyable recreational activities, and a minimum amount of time spent on sedentary activities. The program should be fun, convenient, and safe.

67) How do plant-based and animal-based diets affect the environment differently?

Animal-based diets require much more energy from non-renewable resources and also tend to destroy the environment through pollutants from the animals. Plant-based diets tend to require less non-renewable energy resources and also do not generally have as much of an impact in ruining the environment.

79) Why do the changes in body composition seen during aging affect energy needs?

As people age, there tends to be an increase in body fat relative to lean tissue which decreases overall energy needs.

57) Describe the organization of the human body beginning with atoms and ending with the major body systems.

Atoms are the smallest units of an element. Elements are atoms that cannot be broken down into products with different properties. In the body, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the most abundant elements, which are also the most abundant elements in food. Elements are linked together by forces called chemical bonds to form molecules, which are two or more atoms of elements bonded together. Molecules are organized into the smallest unit of life, the cell. Cells of similar structure and function are organized into tissues, and tissues into organs of discrete structure and function.

76) Although people are living longer, why is it important that natural and social scientists improve their quality of life in their later years?

Average healthy life expectancy is only 69 of the more than 77 years of total life expectancy. Poor quality of life is associated with depression, which can lead to poor intake and increase the risk of malnutrition.

65) What are the minimum and maximum temperatures of the "danger zone", where bacteria grow best?

Between 40 and 135o F is the "danger zone" where bacteria grow best.

68) What are benefits and risks associated with taking creatine supplements?

Creatine supplementation has been shown to improve performance in high-intensity exercise lasting 30 seconds or less. Creatine may also increase muscle mass and strength. Long-term supplementation appears to be safe at intakes up to 5 grams per day. Athletes taking creatine should consume plenty of water and may experience stomach upset.

48) What is the difference between a depletion-repletion study and a balance study? How is each used in the field of nutrition?

Depletion-repletion: used to study the function and/or requirements of a nutrient. Subjects are fed a diet without the nutrient until symptoms appear, then the nutrient is added back until symptoms disappear. A balance study also looks at functions and requirements but compares the amount of a nutrient that enters the body with what is excreted. When the amount consumed equals the amount excreted, the body is in balance. This technique measures the minimum amount of nutrient needed to replace losses.

74) Epidemiologists compared heart disease and cancer rates from 2 different communities. One community had significantly lower rates of heart disease, colon cancer and breast cancer than the other. After eliminating many risk factors associated with these diseases, the researchers believe that the high incidence of heart disease and cancers may in part be due to dietary practices. As a follow-up, researchers would like to conduct interviews to evaluate dietary practices within each community. What dietary practices would you investigate and why?

Dietary practices that protect against cancer and heart disease are similar and are focused on decreasing total and saturated fat and intake, especially from animal sources, and increasing the intake of plant foods. Therefore, the dietary practices that would be of interest are: -types of plant foods and relative proportion of total caloric intake from groups of plant foods -the way in which those foods are prepared -the relative proportion of fat kcal to total kcal intake -sources (types) of dietary fat

45) Name some reliable sources of nutrition information.

Dietitians, Physicians, government recommendations, non-profit educational organizations, and universities.

57) For each area of the digestive tract indicated, describe what process of carbohydrate digestion takes place in that area. Explain how the digestion of sugar, starches, and fiber are different from each other.

Digestible forms of dietary carbohydrate include disaccharides (sugars) and polysaccharides (starch), which can be broken into smaller molecules, and eventually into monosaccharides by enzymes in the digestive tract. Digestion begins in the mouth by salivary amylase, which is inactivated by the acidic contents of the stomach. In the lumen of the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues carbohydrate breakdown. The final digestion step occurs by disaccharidases in the membranes of intestinal cells. Monosaccharides are then absorbed by the intestine and transported to the liver. Dietary fibers cannot be broken down by enzymes in the digestive tract. Some fiber, especially soluble fiber, may be broken down by bacteria in the gut, but it will not provide glucose. Some fiber will be excreted in the feces.

60) Describe how feeding practices and nutritional requirements change from infancy to childhood.

During early infancy, the main emphasis is on appropriate breast-feeding, while during the latter part of the first year of life, the emphasis is in transitioning the infant to foods that are appropriate and will not cause allergic responses or provide choking hazards. During childhood, the main concern is trying to provide a variety of foods for children and a setting that will encourage appropriate eating behavior. In addition, exercise needs to be emphasized so that obesity does not present as a problem.

69) How does hydration status affect athletic performance? What precautions should be taken by an athlete who is exercising in hot weather? Describe how dehydration can affect cool-weather athletes, such as skiers and biatheletes.

During exercise, water is needed to eliminate heat and to transport both oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and waste products away from muscles. Dehydration hastens the onset of fatigue and makes maintaining a given intensity more difficult. Athletes exercising in hot weather should consume plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercise. They should be accustomed to exercising in hot and humid weather, wear light-weight breathable clothing, and stop exercising if experiencing cramps, exhaustion, or mental confusion. Dehydration can occur in cold weather due to changes in evaporative loss; insulated clothing increasing sweat losses, and fluid intakes may be restricted due to the athlete being cold.

58) Describe the growth patterns during infancy, childhood and adolescence for both males and females.

During infancy, growth occurs very quickly up to 1 year and then tapers off by 2 years. There is little difference between males and females in growth patterns until adolescence. During childhood, there is a slow but steady growth in height, but not much weight gain. At adolescence, males and females each have growth spurts, with the ultimate result that males have more lean mass and females have more adipose tissue at the conclusion. The adolescent growth spurt typically occurs earlier in girls.

62) How does iron deficiency affect people of different life stages?

During pregnancy, it can have an impact in increasing the risk of maternal and fetal mortality. When occurring in infants and children, it can stunt growth, both mentally and physically. In older children and non-pregnant adults it can cause fatigue and decrease productivity.

62) Indicate on the diagram where nutrient levels are set for the following standards. Then, briefly define or describe the standard: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Estimated Average Requirement.

EAR- vertical line in the middle of curve. Estimated intake that meets the needs of 50% of a population. RDA- vertical line on the right side of the curve. Intake level that meets the needs of 97-98% of a population. UL- vertical line on the far right side, off the curve. Level which should not be exceeded by individuals to avoid potential toxicities.

57) Explain the purpose of RDAs, EARs, and ULs.

EAR: Evaluate nutrient intake of populations. RDA: Goals for individual intake. UL: Helps individuals prevent nutrient toxicities.

56) Explain the differences between the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Adequate Intakes (AIs) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs).

EAR: Intakes that meet estimated nutrient needs of 50% of individuals in a gender and life-stage group. RDA: Intakes sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of almost all healthy people (97-98%) in a gender and life-stage group. AI: Intakes used as a goal when no RDA exists. UL: Maximum daily intake level unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a gender and life-stage group.

55) Identify the parts of a whole-grain kernel, and describe the nutrients that are found in each part. Then, describe the parts of the kernel that are used to produce white, enriched, "all-purpose" flour and identify the nutrients that would not be present in this flour.

Endosperm- starch, protein, some vitamins and minerals Bran- most of the fiber, good source of vitamins Germ- plant oils, vitamin E, fiber, B vitamins White, enriched flour is made predominantly from endosperm and thus is missing many nutrients including fiber, vitamin E, several minerals and B vitamins, and phytochemicals.

54) What is epidemiology? Compare the type of information obtained from epidemiological studies to that obtained from human intervention studies.

Epidemiology observes the relationships between diet and health among population groups and identifies patterns or correlations among patterns and disease. Human intervention studies test hypotheses that arise from epidemiological studies. Intervention studies use experiments to intervene in individual lives and test a hypothesis so that a theory may be developed.

59) Describe two uses for information gleaned from a national food disappearance survey.

Estimate what food is available to the population; provide year to year comparisons; identify trends.

80) Give one example of a governmental agency and how it is attempting to protect the food supply. How can HACCP also work to protect the food supply?

FDA inspects food plants, imported foods, oversees the feeding of food producing animals and enforces regulations for food sanitation. HACCP establishes standard procedures to prevent, control or stop contamination before food reaches the consumer (i.e. instead of dealing with it after food safety problems occur).

76) Discuss the relationship between the amount of fat in the diet and the incidence of obesity.

Fat contains twice as many kcalories as carbohydrates and protein. Fat has a lower satiety factor than carbohydrates or proteins. Additionally, the body converts excess energy from dietary fats to energy stores more efficiently than excess energy from carbohydrates or proteins. However, research supports the fact that it is excess kcalorie consumption that promotes weight gain and not the specific composition of the diet that will promote obesity. It is important to choose foods that provide more mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids for the prevention of specific diseases; however, to manage weight, one should balance kcalorie intake with energy output.

75) A new dietary recommendation promoted to help reduce a person's risk of developing heart disease is to consume fish on a regular basis. What is the physiological basis for this recommendation?

Fish is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA. These fatty acids contribute to the production of eicosanoids in the body that help to reduce blood pressure and decrease inflammation. They may also lower blood triglyceride levels. All of these protect against heart disease.

76) The symbol used for iodine fortification is important because the foods that were chosen for fortification with this mineral were based upon significant thought. What are the criteria useful in determining the appropriate foods to fortify?

Food chosen for fortification has to be consistently eaten by the majority of the population, readily available and non-perishable.

61) Define food insecurity. What are common causes of food insecurity?

Food insecurity refers to the notion that an individual is not able to receive an adequate supply of nutritious food. This can be caused by being isolated from others, by poverty or by limited mobility.

75) Terry packs lunches every weekday for his children to take to school. Although his children buy cold milk at school, there are no facilities to keep lunches refrigerated. What types of food are potentially hazardous in the lunches? What steps might Terry take to ensure the safety of the lunches?

Foods which are susceptible to bacterial growth may include those which have mayonnaise, fish, meat products or even juices. Terry should either encourage his children to use ice packs in their lunches to keep the food cold or use sterile-packed foods or give them foods not susceptible to bacterial growth.

74) How does gaining TOO LITTLE weight during pregnancy affect fetal birth weight?

Gaining less than 15 lbs during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of delivering a low-birth weight baby. The incidence is close to 7.5%, as compared to 2-3% in women gaining 25-35 lbs (the recommendation for normal weight women)

72) Describe the social and economic status of the elderly population most at risk for nutrition-related problems.

Generally, they are experiencing economic hardship and have reduced social support.

68) Why are hikers particularly susceptible to Giardia? How can they prevent being infected?

Giardia is often contracted by hikers who drink untreated stream water which is contaminated. They should use precautions such as sterilizing all water from streams that they wish to drink. Using a pump to filter the water or adding iodine to it should ensure safety.

77) A case of foodborne illness is suspected to have originated in a local fast food restaurant. If a HACCP system were in place at the restaurant, what records might the investigators be interested in? How might having a HACCP system make the investigation more efficient?

HACCP records would show where the critical points in the process may have been inadequate. In addition, some records would also indicate where the product may have been distributed.

62) What does HACCP stand for? What are Critical Control Points? How does the identification of CCPs contribute to an effective HACCP system?

HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point. The critical control points are points in the handling of food where chemical, physical, or microbial contamination can be prevented, controlled, or eliminated. If these points are correctly identified by the manufacturer, then they can anticipate where problems in food safety may occur and take corrective action.

68) What causes heartburn? What lifestyle changes can a person make to try to alleviate this problem?

Heartburn occurs when stomach acid leaks backward from the stomach into the esophagus. This happens when the gastroesophageal sphincter is relaxed. It may be caused by overeating, anxiety, stress, pregnancy or disease. Eat smaller, low fat meals, remain upright for several hours after eating, and take medications as prescribedcan help alleviate this problem.

66) What risks are associated with high intakes of amino acid supplements?

High intakes of amino acid supplements are not recommended as they may interfere with the absorption of other amino acids from the diet. If they are consumed in excess of energy needs, they will contribute to increased body fat stores and body weight.

68) What is hydrogenation and why do food manufacturers use hydrogenated fats in food production?

Hydrogen atoms are added to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids during the manufacturing process, making them more saturated. Hydrogenated fat is less susceptible to oxidation, increasing the shelf life of a product that contains it. Hydrogenation also changes the melting point, making liquid fats more solid at room temperature.

65) How does lack of education contribute to food insecurity among the poor?

If there is a lack of education, then people do not know how to prepare foods safely and which foods are good nutrient sources.

63) Summarize the current guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of childhood obesity?

In general, the plan is prevention-focused; however, treatment would include behavior change to reduce eating, the consumption of healthy foods to replace those with excessive fat and calories, and increasing activity.

60) Although more cases of food-borne illness originate in the home than away from home, public eating facilities are often thought to be responsible when someone becomes ill. Why?

In general, there is a greater level of reporting of food-borne illness when it originates in public eating facilities.

65) In general, how does body composition and weight change as men and women age past 30?

In general, there is a tendency to have a greater percentage of fat and lesser amounts of lean tissue. In addition, there is usually an increase in body weight.

49) What are dietary approaches to treat constipation?

Increasing insoluble fiber and water intake will add bulk to the stool and increasing soluble fiber and resistant starch will draw water into the intestine, which will soften stool and make evacuation easier.

67) Summarize the health benefits for the mother and for the infant associated with breastfeeding.

Infant - Breast milk meets the unique nutritional needs of the newborn, requires no special preparation, and the amount available varies with demand. Breast milk has beneficial effects on the GI tract, is easily digested, and reduces risk of infection in the newborn. Mother - Breastfeeding is a relaxing and enjoyable experience for most women. It is also convenient, inexpensive, and has immunological and physiological benefits for both mother and child.

61) Explain why infants are at greater risk of developing food allergies compared to older children.

Infants are at greater risk for developing food allergies because their small intestine allows larger peptides to enter into the body, which will result in their immune systems producing antibodies to these allergens. In the older child, the maturity of the small intestine does not allow the passage of these partially digested proteins into the blood.

61) At different stages of life, special diets may be needed to maximize nutrient intake and absorption. How does the digestive system of an infant differ from that of an older adult?

Infants only consume liquids; the enzyme rennin, which aids in digestion of milk protein, is present in infants and not adults; gastric lipase is more important in infants and starch is not easily digested; absorption of whole proteins may cause food allergies; gut micro flora are different.

65) For each of the following nutrients, explain the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that increase the requirement for that nutrient. A) iron B) zinc C) folate

Iron - Needs are high during pregnancy to allow for synthesis of hemoglobin and other iron-containing proteins in both the maternal and fetal tissues. Zinc - Needs are increased during pregnancy due to its essential role in growth and development. Zinc is involved in the synthesis and function of DNA and RNA and in the synthesis of proteins. Folate - Needs are high during pregnancy to allow for synthesis of DNA and cell division. Folate is essential as cells multiply to form the placenta, expand maternal blood, and allow for fetal growth.

61) How can kwashiorkor be prevented?

It can be prevented by providing higher quality protein to developing children in a population.

64) Give an example of how cross-contamination can occur in your kitchen.

It can occur if we use a cutting-board to prepare raw food, then wash the food and place it back on the unwashed cutting-board.

76) Many people think that if beef patties were irradiated, the risk of E. coli O157:H7 in beef would be significantly decreased. Do you think irradiating beef patties is a good idea? What are drawbacks to irradiation of the nationwide supply of beef patties?

It is probably a good idea, as this would dramatically cut back on the risk of contagion. However, it would also be costly and some people may simply refrain from purchasing the patties because they are scared of what may occur to the food due to irradiation.

64) Explain the term, sustainable agriculture. What are characteristics of a sustainable agriculture system?

It uses food production methods that prevent damage to the environment and allow the land to restore itself so food can be produced indefinitely. It is typified by crop rotation and prevention of soil erosion.

74) Drinking enough fluid to maintain hydration is often a problem for the elderly. What are some ways that an older adult might keep track of how much fluid they've had during the day? What types of food contain a high percentage of water?

It would be useful to purchase a liter size jug of water and then see how much is not consumed by the end of the day. The foods usually highest in water are fruits and vegetables.

69) Why are industrial contaminants more likely to be found in large animals than in small animals?

Large animals will accumulate more industrial contaminants because of their bigger size and in general, because they usually have a greater lifespan than small animals.

69) Explain the steps of lipid digestion.

Lipid digestion begins with the action of lipases in the mouth and stomach; however, the primary site of digestion is the small intestine. Bile, made in the liver and secreted by the gallbladder, emulsifies fat which makes it possible for lipase from the pancreas to more effectively cleave fatty acids from glycerol. The fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol and other fat soluble substances mix with bile to form micelles, which then enter the mucosal cells of the small intestine.

70) Explain why lipoproteins are necessary for lipid transport.

Lipids are not water soluble. Lipoproteins envelope the insoluble fatty acids and cholesterol within a hydrophilic protein and phospholipid shell that is soluble in aqueous blood, thus acting as a transport system for triglycerides, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins.

64) Indicate the nutrients that are low in this food, and those that are high, based on the Daily Value. Is this food a good choice for someone limiting their intake of saturated fat? Why or why not?

Low- Fiber, vitamins A & C, iron High- Total and saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, calcium This food is a bad choice as the fat content is high, particularly since it is high in saturated fat and cholesterol, which are associated with the development of heart disease.

40) Nutrients are classified according to their chemical properties. What are the six classes of nutrients? Which are macronutrients? Which are micronutrients?

Macronutrients: Water Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Micronutrients: Vitamins Minerals

70) What are the risks of taking performance enhancement drugs to build muscle mass for adolescents?

Many athletes experiment with anabolic steroids and creatine. While it is clear that steroids can cause severe short and long-term damage to both genders including changes in genitals as well as cancer risk, so far no serious risk has been shown for creatine use.

80) How do Federal and other programs assist seniors in improving their dietary intake and how does the "DETERMINE" checklist identify appropriate candidates for the various programs?

Meals can be provided in a communal or home delivery system; elders also have access to SNAP (Food stamps). DETERMINE is a checklist that can be used by the individual, family members or caregivers to assess the risk of malnutrition. It is an acronym for a series of situations that should be assessed. Specific needs that are identified can then be appropriately managed.

64) Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause minor digestive discomforts (morning sickness, heartburn and constipation). Explain why each of these discomforts may occur and how they may be alleviated.

Morning sickness generally affects women during the first few months of pregnancy and is believed to be related to hormonal changes of pregnancy. Symptoms may be alleviated by eating small frequent snacks of dry starchy foods, such as plain crackers or bread. Heartburn is caused by stomach acid leaking up into the esophagus. It too is a result of hormonal changes as well as the growing baby crowding the stomach. Heartburn can be reduced by avoiding caffeine, chocolate, high-fat foods, fried foods, rich desserts, spicy foods, and other foods/drinks known to make symptoms worse. Eating small meals, sitting up after eating, limiting food consumption before bedtime, and sleeping with extra pillows are all recommended. Constipation too is caused by pregnancy-related hormones and is a frequent complaint during pregnancy. Regular physical activity and consuming plenty of water, fruits, and vegetables are recommended.

70) Identify the organs of the digestive system. Briefly describe the digestive process that occurs in each organ or section of the system.

Mouth: Chews food and mixes it with saliva Salivary glands: Produce saliva, which contains a starch-digesting enzyme Pharynx: Swallows chewed food mixed with saliva Esophagus: Moves food to the stomach Liver: Makes bile, which aids in digestion and absorption of fat Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients into blood or lymph; most digestion occurs here Stomach: Churns and mixes food; secretes acid and a protein-digesting enzyme Pancreas: Releases bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents; produces enzymes that digest carbohydrate, protein, and fat Large intestine: Absorbs water and some vitamins and minerals; home to intestinal bacteria; stores and passes waste material Anus: Opens to allow waste to leave the body

74) Mitchell wants to build up his muscles. He works our regularly at the gym and eats a very high protein diet, along with drinking protein supplement drinks. Do you think the protein contributes to increased muscle mass? Why or why not?

Muscle mass can only be increased through regular physical activity, working the muscle. Muscles break down during and after exercise. Protein in the diet is needed to rebuild those muscles. A very high protein diet and protein supplement drinks are not both needed and could potentially lead to adverse effects due to excessive protein intake.

67) You have been asked by a local daycare center to develop a policy for daycare providers on feeding practices for young children (toddlers age 4-5). This policy should emphasize a positive environment that promotes sound eating habits in children. Describe your top five feeding priorities.

My feeding priorities include the following: 1) emphasize a variety of foods 2) do not serve an abundance of juice beverages or sweetened soft drinks 3) eat with the children so that they develop a positive role model 4) emphasize fruits, vegetables and whole grains 5) encourage exercise for the children.

69) If you were putting together a promotional campaign designed to lessen the effects of over-nutrition, who would be your target audience? Which chronic diseases are associated with over-nutrition? What are appropriate general recommendations to this group?

My target audience would be affluent Americans and people in transition, globally. I would focus upon obesity as a risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. My recommendations would include returning to a lifestyle with more activity and consuming fewer high-calorie commodities.

71) A family in a developing country has adequate food supplies, yet some of the family members suffer the consequences of malnutrition. What factors contribute to this paradox?

Often, the needs of the women and small children for some nutrients are greater than for the others. In addition, the staples of the diet may provide inadequate protein for the growth of infants and children.

77) Compare the nutritional needs of older adults with younger adults and identify those nutrients that may need to be supplemented in the diets of older adults.

Older adults compared to younger adults need: less total energy, similar protein (i.e. still relative to lean body weight), fat and carbohydrate; slightly less fiber; more vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D and less iron. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D may be needed as they are difficult to obtain in the diet; B12 supplements may also be needed.

83) How does the USDA define an "organic food"? What advantages are there to purchasing these foods?

Organic food is produced, processed, and handled in accordance with the standards of the USDA National Organic Program. It is produced without conventional pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, etc. The advantage to organic foods is a decrease in pesticide exposure to farm workers and in the environment.

67) Why are very thin female athletes often at risk for osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is most common in female athletes due to excess exercise combined with restricted food intake, leading to hormonal abnormalities that affect calcium metabolism and put bone health at risk.

72) Explain the function of pancreatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase and hormone sensitive lipase.

Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol in the lumen of the small intestine. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is found on the membranes of cells that form the lining of blood vessels. LPL interacts with lipoproteins to remove triglyceride from the core and break them down into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption into cells. Hormone sensitive lipase is an enzyme in adipose cells that will breakdown triglycerides that are stored there for release into the bloodstream when energy is required.

79) Identify the primary causes of food-borne illness in the United States and why some individuals are more susceptible to toxicity from food than others. How can people reduce the risk of food-borne illness?

Pathogens, which are microorganisms that can cause disease, and toxins produced by pathogens are the primary cause of food borne illnesses. Also, chemical contaminants for processing and packing and physical contaminants can lead to food-borne illness. Body size, nutritional status and how one metabolizes the substance will all affect vulnerability. The role of the consumer is to carefully evaluate what foods and where they purchase and consume, and to practice safe food handling at home (clean, separate, cook and chill).

72) Which organ is essential for secreting hormones, transferring nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood to the fetus, and removing waste?

Placenta

77) Identify some of the reasons there is under-nutrition in various populations in the United States? Indicate several important programs that are in place to aid people caught in this cycle of poverty and malnutrition?

Poverty is the root cause of under-nutrition as it leads to food insecurity; lack of education, leading to problems with food selection, safety and lack of knowledge of how to prepare nutritious foods; inadequate health care; and homelessness. Federal programs to combat poverty include Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP/Food Stamp Program); Women, Infant and Children (WIC) for pregnant women/ infants/ children; school breakfast/ lunch; EFNEP (Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program).

70) Compare the nutrient/kcaloric needs of a woman during pregnancy and the nutrient/kcaloric needs of a woman who is breastfeeding a newborn.

Pregnancy - During the first trimester of pregnancy, energy needs do not change significantly. During the second and third trimester of pregnancy however, energy needs are increased by 340-450 kcals/day. An additional 25 grams of protein per day are needed then as well. Fluid needs are also increased due to changes in maternal blood volume. Lactation - A breastfeeding mother needs an additional 330-400 kcals/day. Protein needs are increased by 25 grams per day. The RDA for carbohydrates and AIs for essential fatty acids are also higher during lactation. A breastfeeding mother needs to be well-hydrated as approximately 2.5 to 3.75 cups of milk is produced per day.

66) Explain how maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes.

Pregnancy after the age of 35 carries additional risks because the older woman is more likely to start pregnancy with a pre-existing medical condition. Gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and other complications are more common in older women. There is also a higher incidence of low-birth-weight deliveries and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome).

67) What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics? How can these be used to promote gastrointestinal health?

Probiotics are specific organisms found in fermented dairy products and supplements. They have been found to have some specific health benefits like aiding in the digestion of lactose, preventing or treating diarrhea, improving immune function in the gut and increasing the incidence of colon cancer. They have to be consumed regularly. Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates found in foods such as onions, bananas and garlic that promote the growth of healthy intestinal bacteria that may provide health benefits.

68) Summarize the nutrient recommendations during pregnancy for each of the following nutrients. a) protein b) calcium c) iron d) folate

Protein - The RDA is increased to meet needs as protein is essential for formation and growth of new cells. An additional 25 grams, or 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight, are recommended for the second and third trimesters of the pregnancy. Calcium - The AI for calcium does not change, pregnant women 19-years-of-age and older need 1000 mg/day. Iron - Iron needs are higher during pregnancy. The RDA for iron during pregnancy is 27 mg/day. Folate - A woman who is planning on becoming pregnant should consume 400 ug/day of synthetic folate. Needs are increased to 600 ug/day during pregnancy.

74) Nutritional deficiencies are recognized as a deterrent to world health. Identify several nutrients that are in short supply globally that contribute to poor health outcomes? Why is it so important to work to eliminate poverty as a long-term goal for the prevention of hunger?

Protein, iron, iodine, vitamin A, some B vitamins and C, and zinc. Poverty creates food insecurity or limited access to nutritious/ safe foods. Poverty also leads to less health care, which can lead to untreated illness.

58) Describe changes in protein and fatty acid metabolism that occur when dietary carbohydrates are very low.

Proteins are broken down to release glucogenic amino acids which are used in gluconeogenesis to produce glucose to fuel the brain. Ketogenic amino acids are used to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is also produced from the breakdown of fatty acids. In the absence of dietary carbohydrate, acetyl CoA accumulates and cannot feed into the citric acid cycle. This results in the conversion of acetyl CoA to ketones which can be used to produce ATP by some tissues.

43) Describe the three general functions of nutrients.

Provide energy: Carbohydrate, protein and lipids undergo biochemical reactions that provide energy for synthesis, basic body functions and physical activity Forming structures: bones, muscles, cells are formed from protein, fats, minerals Regulating Body Processes: all 6 classes of nutrients regulate various body processes and function to maintain homeostasis

55) How do Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) differ from the original RDAs?

RDAs were focused on prevention of deficiencies. The DRIs are designed to promote health as well as prevent disease and address problems of excess and deficiency.

63) Identify the food group represented by each colored portion on MyPlate. List two foods to increase and two to reduce.

Red - fruits Green - vegetables Brown - grains Purple - protein Blue (off to the right of the plate) - dairy Foods to increase - fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low fat milk Foods to decrease - foods high in sodium (e.g. soup, breads and frozen foods), sugary drinks

54) Discuss possible health outcomes associated with chronic high intake of refined carbohydrates.

Refined carbohydrates have been linked to dental caries. Further, high intake of refined carbohydrates has been suggested to increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and obesity, secondarily leading to increased risk of developing heart disease.

64) How does regular moderate-intensity exercise affect the heart, blood volume, and red blood cells?

Regular moderate-intensity exercise strengths the heart muscle, reduces resting heart rate, and decreases the heart's work load. Stroke volume, blood volume, numbers of red blood cells and oxygen carrying capacity of the blood all increase.

60) Describe the components of a complete nutritional assessment for an individual?

Review of past and present dietary intake - to look for dietary deficiencies and excesses. Clinical evaluation - body measurements, medical and physical history; measurements are compared to standards. Needs vary with health status and genetic background. Laboratory assessment - used to detect nutrient deficiencies and excesses.

67) How do the structures of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids differ?

Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen ions possible bound to the carbon atoms in the molecule and there are no carbon-carbon double bonds. Unsaturated fats have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and therefore contain fewer hydrogen atoms.

64) What factors have contributed to the increased incidence of childhood obesity in the United States?

Several factors have been noted including excessive watching of television, substitution of juice drinks and carbonated sweetened beverages for milk and inactivity.

78) Alicia recently became pregnant. She read that women who are pregnant should avoid some types of fish because of possible danger to the growing fetus. Why do you think this recommendation exists? What recommendations do you have for Alicia?

She is wise to avoid those fish that typically have high levels of mercury such as white albacore tuna, swordfish and other large ocean fish. She may also want to avoid those fish that are caught in lakes as they too may have contamination. These recommendations are important because the growing fetus is more susceptible to these contaminants in fish.

71) Explain what happens after lipids are digested and absorbed into the intestinal cell.

Short and medium chain fatty acids and glycerol can be transported directly into the blood. Long chain fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides in intestinal cells and these molecules along with cholesterol are formed into lipoprotein particles called chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are transferred into the lacteals of the lymphatic system and eventually enter the blood. They do not pass through the liver before entering the blood.

66) There are several mechanisms whereby nutrients can be absorbed, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Explain each of these absorptive processes.

Simple diffusion: particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. No energy or carrier is required. Facilitated diffusion: movement of particles across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier molecule. No energy is required. Active transport: movement of particle across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier which requires energy. Movement may be against a concentration gradient (i.e. from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration).

71) Describe the type of absorption mechanism represented by each of the four separate parts in the figure.

Simple diffusion; osmosis; facilitated diffusion; active transport

60) How is compression of morbidity affected by lifestyle choices?

Since compression of morbidity means that the individual will be healthy for a longer duration, lifestyle choices like diet, exposure to toxins like cigarette smoke, and a concern for one's physical safety would enhance the amount of time an individual would be healthy.

66) How does contamination with E. coli O157:H7 occur? How can it be prevented?

Since this bacterium grows even at refrigerator temperatures and is often found in ground meat, often even after heating the surface to a temperature of 160o F, the bacteria in the center will survive since the temperature there is often lower due to some cooking practices. The meat should thus be cooked until the internal temperature reaches 160o F (as determined by using a meat thermometer).

49) What is the difference between a single-blind and a double-blind study? Why are double-blind techniques used?

Single - the subject or researcher does not know who is receiving the intervention. Double - neither the participants nor the researcher know who is in experimental group and who is in the control group. The double-blind technique is used so that neither the subjects' nor the researchers' expectations bias the results of the experiment.

52) How may excess sorbitol in the diet cause diarrhea?

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol used as an alternative sweetener. It is neither digested nor absorbed and may attract water into the intestine, leading to diarrhea.

53) Discuss, compare, and contrast starch and cellulose.

Starch is a storage form of glucose in plants. It may occur as a straight chain of glucose units linked together, or highly branched chains of glucose units linked together. Humans can digest starch with the enzyme amylase. Cellulose is a straight chain starch composed of glucose that is found in cell walls. Humans do not have the enzymes needed to break the links between the glucose units in cellulose. Therefore, cellulose is indigestible and classified as fiber rather than a source of glucose in the diet.

59) What causes stunting?

Stunting is a consequence of decreased linear growth in a population, usually due to nutritional deficiencies.

60) What is the difference between subsistence crops and cash crops?

Subsistence crops are those needed for their nutritional value to a population and grown locally, while cash crops are grown locally but generally exported for funds.

75) Why is sustainability so important to long-term nutritional goals worldwide and why are short-term solutions usually not very much associated with sustainability?

Sustainability is critical to meeting long-term nutritional goals as the methods used for food production allow for indefinite use of natural resources. A sustainable farm has a total agriculture ecosystem instead of just one crop. Short term solutions are to feed the current hungry population; food is brought in from other countries; however the hungry population does not change and the food from other countries is finite. Longer term solutions are more complex, involving people outside and within the country and plan for continued food production and supply within the country and population control.

72) Why are there two major types of malnutrition? What occurs when a population is undergoing "nutrition transition"?

The 2 major types of malnutrition are hunger/ under-nutrition and over-nutrition/ obesity. These co-exist in developing countries as they shift food production from traditional to modern/ Western foods while still having citizens with inadequate access to food. The Westernization leads to a diet that is more varied and could contain more food, while at the same time, there is a decrease in physical activity from changes in occupation, transportation, etc; this combination increases the risk of obesity. A country in transition has both under-nourished and over-nourished (obese) citizens.

58) How do the goals and objectives of Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Healthy People Initiative differ? How are they similar?

The Dietary Guidelines are targeted to those over the age of 2 and provide overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health and reduce chronic disease in the U.S. HPI also promotes health and prevents illness, disability and premature death. There is a focus on increasing the quality and length of life and eliminating health disparities. It also includes recommendations for infant feeding.

70) Which agency is responsible for setting limits for pesticide use?

The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) sets these limits.

63) What areas of food safety does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee?

The FDA ensures the safety and quality of all foods sold across state lines except for red meat, poultry and egg products. It inspects food processing plants as well as most imported foods. It also enforces regulations for food labeling, food and color additives and food sanitation.

68) How does the need for water change as a person ages? Why does staying hydrated present more of a challenge for the elderly?

The actual requirement for water stays the same; however, the elderly have a diminished thirst sensation, may lose more water due to bowel movements and medicine intake, and also may refrain from water consumption voluntarily so they do not need to use the bathroom as frequently.

63) How do the abilities to taste and smell change as a person ages? How can these changes affect diet?

The appeal of food declines, since so much of appetite depends upon sensory factors associated with taste and smell.

73) What is responsible for the greatest proportion of maternal weight gain during pregnancy?

The average newborn baby is 7-8 lbs. Maternal fat stores can increase 4-11 lbs during the pregnancy. As such, either the fetus or maternal fat stores contribute most significantly to weight gain.

76) How do a person's energy needs change as they go from being sedentary to engaging in regular exercise. How does REE change?

The average sedentary individual needs to consume 2000 calories per day. If that same person now increases their physical activity to 30 minutes of moderate activity per day their caloric needs increase to 2300 calories per day. REE (i.e. metabolic rate) does not change drastically, but is increased slightly in a person who exercises regularly.

64) What gastrointestinal changes commonly accompany aging in the elderly? How do these changes affect nutritional health?

The changes include reduced salivation, reduced stomach emptying, reductions in gastric secretions including acid, reductions in the secretion of digestive enzymes, and decreased motility and elasticity of the colon. These changes affect nutritional status by decreasing the amount of available nutrients, reducing appetite and food intake, and possibly causing constipation.

73) At what points can the "cycle of malnutrition" be broken? Why might there be inadequate food for individuals and populations in several places in this cycle?

The cycle of malnutrition starts with women being poorly nourished during pregnancy; the children produced are low birth weight and set for unhealthy childhood; females who survive childhood could go on to becoming pregnant and have poorly nourished infants. This cycle can be broken at any point by providing adequate and nutritious foods. Inadequate availability of food at any point in the cycle can be from famine due to natural disasters.

70) Why is it especially important for the elderly to eat a nutrient dense diet?

The elderly have a reduced ability to use energy, yet do not have a reduced need for nutrients, so they need to eat foods that have lots of nutrients for a small amount of energy.

51) People's food choices are affected by many factors other than the nutritional value of the food. Select two of the factors that affect food choices and explain how you would use this factor to help reinforce a dietary change an individual is trying to make for nutritional reasons.

The factors to choose from are: (actual answer will vary) Availability Cultural and Family Background Personal Preference Psychological and Emotional Factors Health Concerns

56) Describe in detail the metabolic breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.

The first step, glycolysis, is anaerobic and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, leading to the production of 2 molecules of pyruvate. During this process, a small amount of ATP is generated and high energy electrons are produced which feed into the electron transport chain (ETC). In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is then converted into acetyl CoA which feeds into the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, producing more ATP and high energy electrons. The ETC shuttles the high energy electrons resulting in the production of most of the ATP produced from glucose breakdown. The end products of the complete catabolism of glucose in the presence of oxygen are ATP, CO2 and H2O.

65) What are limitations associated with growth charts in terms of assessing growth (weight and height) in children?

The growth charts represent averages of specific populations of children. Children who are not part of that population may not conform to that particular growth pattern.

59) How do the gallbladder and pancreas contribute to the process of digestion?

The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid and digestive enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine. Amylase released from the pancreas digests carbohydrate, trypsin and chymotrypsin break down protein, and lipases aid in fat digestion. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile formed in the liver. Bile release into the small intestine is triggered by various stimuli. In the lumen of the small intestine, bile emulsifies, or breaks down fat into smaller droplets facilitating the action of lipase and the absorption of fat across the intestinal mucosa.

62) Describe the function of the placenta during pregnancy.

The placenta is a network of blood vessels and tissues that allows nutrients and oxygen to be transferred from mother to fetus and waste products to be transferred from the fetus to the mother's blood for elimination. The placenta also secretes hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy.

73) Contrast the purposes of the GRAS list and the Delaney Clause.

The purpose of the GRAS list is to establish a baseline of additives that can be used safely in foods until otherwise proven unsafe; while the Delaney Clause assures that no additive will be used in food that may cause cancer, regardless of its initial status.

74) Discuss the risks and benefits of adding nitrates and nitrites to cured meat products.

The risk of adding these materials is that to some extent they will form nitrosamines, which have been implicated as cancer-causing chemicals, in the gut. The benefit of using these additives is that they will reduce bacterial growth in foods like cured meats, hot dogs, etc. that are often kept at refrigerated temperatures.

58) Describe the signals that regulate gastric secretion and motility.

The sight and smell of food and presence of food in the gut stimulates nerves in the GI tract that stimulate movement and the release or inhibition of gastric secretions. Hormones from the gut and accessory organs also regulate gastric motility and secretions. Gastric function can also be affected by emotions, such as anger or aggression.

59) Describe and compare the two major hypotheses that are proposed to explain why aging occurs.

The two hypotheses include that of "preprogrammed cell death" also known as apoptosis, and that of the decline of cells due to "wearing out". While apoptosis is supported by the notion that cells can only reproduce a finite number of times, the decline of cells is supported by evidence showing that cells accumulate more damage over time, eventually becoming dysfunctional.

61) Why are some people more susceptible to food-borne illness than others?

There are a variety of reasons including the age of the individual, the nutritional status, whether pregnant or not and general health conditions.

68) A family down the street has five children. Both parents recently lost their jobs. What resources are available to help them provide adequate meals for their family?

There are many resources and programs including the SNAP, the National School Breakfast and Lunch programs, the Special Milk Program and the Emergency Food Assistance Program among others.

63) Explain why a person who consumes toast, fruit and coffee for breakfast is more likely to feel hunger sooner compared to a person who eats an egg and fried potatoes for breakfast.

There are several factors that influence the rate of gastric emptying, which include the size of the meal, solids vs. liquids, and the nutritional composition. Fat takes longer to leave the stomach because its presence in the stomach triggers the release of hormones that slow GI motility. Carbohydrate leaves the stomach at the fastest rate. Toast, fruit and coffee is primarily carbohydrate and low in fat. Eggs and fried potatoes will contain a higher amount of fat.

75) For which nutrients is there no increase in need for either pregnant or lactating women?

There is no change in need for Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Calcium, and Phosphorus. For several of these nutrients, the percent absorbed from the GI tract increases.

62) What is the purpose of the Nutrition Screening Initiative and the DETERMINE checklist?

These tools are a systematic method for evaluating whether a senior individual has access to nutritious food, and is capable of living without assistance and preparing appropriate foods.

82) How do chemicals used in agriculture make their way to humans? How could various aspects of packaging and chemical additives protect the food supply? What are the risks and benefits of some of these food additives?

They are taken up by plants, which can be eaten by humans, or the plants can be eaten by animals, which humans may then eat. The contaminants are more concentrated in the animal product than in the plant product. Labeling on packages can include safe handling information, such as "use/sell by" date. Chemical additives can prevent spoilage by preventing bacteria from growing. The benefits are a decrease in the risk of contaminated foods; the risks are that in some individuals the additives may cause harm, such as birth defects, if consumed by pregnant women, and some cancers in the general population.

70) What choices can a person living in a highly developed country make that can impact the status of those living in undeveloped countries?

They can volunteer to help educate the populations in the other countries.

71) What nutritional standards must meals served in Congregate and Home-Delivered Nutrition Programs meet?

They must provide one meal a day for 5 days of the week. Each meal must provide a third of the RDA for nutrients.

66) What special problems do the homeless encounter that increases their risk of malnutrition?

They usually lack cooking facilities and food-storage facilities. This results in their dependence upon ready-to-eat foods and upon soup kitchens and shelters for sustenance.

67) How is Hepatitis A transmitted? How can its spread be curtailed?

This virus is transmitted from infected humans or their waste products either directly from infected food workers or from foods that have been exposed to fecal material. Its spread can be curtailed by cooking the food and good sanitation practices.

71) How can a woman best ensure that her pregnancy will be full-term and that her baby will have a healthy birth weight? Explain how lifestyle can influence the health of an unborn child.

To ensure that her pregnancy will be full-term and that her baby will have a healthy birth weight, a woman should be at a healthy body weight prior to conception, eat a well-balanced diet rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. She should engage in regular physical activity, limit her caffeine consumption, and avoid alcohol and drugs. The woman should also have a healthy family and friend support unit.

72) How can you determine if an ergogenic aid is beneficial for you?

To evaluate the efficacy of an ergogenic agent, you can evaluate the intensity and duration at which you are able to exercise. You can also monitor feelings of fatigue before, during, and after exercise, and look at changes in body composition.

62) Explain how triglycerides and glucose differ in terms of absorption and circulation

Triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol. Glycerol and short- and medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into intestinal epithelial cells and travel directly into the blood stream. Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides form micelles which diffuse into intestinal epithelial cells, where they are formed into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons exit intestinal cells and enter the lacteals, which are lymph vessels within each villus. The lymph fluid with the absorbed chylomicrons eventually enters the blood circulation via the thoracic duct near the heart. Glucose is absorbed directly across intestinal cells into the blood stream where it enters the hepatic portal circulation and goes first to the liver. The liver can store glucose as glycogen, release it to the circulation, or release glucose from glycogen stores if needed.

65) What regulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes? Describe how this process works.

Two hormones secreted by the duodenal mucosa, secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK), control this process. Secretin signals the pancreas to secrete juice rich in bicarbonate and stimulates the liver to secrete bile into the gallbladder. CCK signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the lumen of the duodenum. The net effect is to enhance the digestion of dietary carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

67) How do energy and macronutrient needs change as people age past 50?

Typically, energy needs begin to decrease, while for the most part, macronutrient needs remain about the same.

59) What growth parameters are used to assess nutritional status in children? How do these parameters change in response to inadequate energy intake?

Typically, growth parameters are compared to the standard patterns supplied by growth charts. For infants, charts are available to monitor weight-for-age, length-for-age and head circumference-for-age. For children over 2, until the adolescent years, BMI charts are used as BMI-for-age growth charts. All of these are used to determine over and under-weight children. With inadequate energy intake, all of the parameters identified above would be low-for-age.

72) What are the advantages to buying locally grown produce over that which is grown in another region or country?

Typically, locally grown produces uses less preservatives since it does not have to be transported over great distances.

68) What criteria is used to assess weight in children? What are the recommended approaches for weight management in obese children? What advice do you have for parents who are concerned about their child's weight?

Usually the BMI-for-age chart is used to assess weight in children. Recommendations include changing behavior to discourage passive activity, switching food intake from calorie dense foods to those that are less calorie dense, and discourage snacking behavior. For parents that express a concern about a possibly overweight child, my advice would be to be a good role model at home by eating fresh fruits, fresh vegetables and whole grain foods, do more family activities that emphasize activity and do not encourage television viewing or other passive activities in excess.

81) Describe how a virus found in food can infect intestinal cells.

Viruses enter cells and change their function. The virus will transfer its genetic material into the intestinal cell, so now the intestinal cell makes new virus particles. The infected cells are eventually killed, sloughed off and the virus is released to infect more cells.

59) Give four examples of aerobic exercise. What defines "aerobic exercise"?

Walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, cross country skiing, and dancing are examples of aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise increases heart rate and requires oxygen for metabolism.

48) Explain the phrase "carbohydrates spare body protein."

When carbohydrate is in short supply, dietary or body proteins are broken down and glucogenic amino acids are used to generate pyruvate and oxaloacetate. The latter compounds are utilized in gluconeogenesis to produce glucose to support brain function. This however, is not an efficient of use of proteins as they are required for other essential processes such as growth and maintenance, structure, fluid balance, etc. Therefore, always having some carbohydrate in the diet will spare proteins from being broken down to produce energy.

62) Describe metabolic sources of energy as an athlete runs an endurance race for four hours. What is used first, second, third, etc.? What can such an athlete drink or eat to maximize performance?

When exercise first begins, breathing and heart rate have not yet had enough time to increase the amount of oxygen available to muscles, so anaerobic metabolism predominates. During the first 10 seconds or so, stored ATP and creatine phosphate fuel the muscles. As exercise continues, the body begins to break down glycogen in both the muscle and liver to provide glucose. An endurance athlete will thus rely heavily on glycogen stores in the muscle. When an athlete runs out of glycogen they experience a feeling of overwhelming fatigue. An endurance athlete should eat a diet rich in carbohydrates. They should consume a carbohydrate-containing sports drink during the event to provide glucose as exhaustion relates directly to depletion of glycogen stores.

63) How are overpopulation and under-nutrition related?

When population growth is reduced, there is more access to food.

62) Describe the adolescent growth spurt and how it influences nutrient requirements for calcium, energy, iron, and zinc.

While energy needs surpass even those of a mature adult of similar stature, protein needs per kg body weight are about the same as an adult by the age of 19. While males do require a larger amount of iron for various purposes, they usually can obtain it from dietary sources; however, females may have to take supplements because their needs for body iron as well as menstrual losses are greater than their dietary intake. Both adolescent boys and girls generally do not consume enough calcium because the requirement is so great for building bone. Zinc is generally adequate in females, while there is often inadequate intake in males, due to greater needs.

66) How does the occurrence of menopause affect a woman's risk of heart disease and breast cancer?

With menopause, her risk of heart disease increases, while her risk of breast cancer decreases.

57) Explain how malnutrition cycles from one generation to the next.

Women who consume inadequate nutrients during pregnancy give birth to infants susceptible to illness and early death. Those who survive may be small and weak. They grow into undernourished adults and the women in this next generation are likely to be poorly nourished and repeat the cycle.

63) Describe weight gain recommendations for the following pregnant women: A) women within an ideal weight range B) women below an ideal weight range C) women exceeding an ideal weight range

Women within an ideal weight range should gain 25-35 lbs. Women below an ideal weight range should gain up to 40 lbs. Women exceeding an ideal weight range should gain 15-25 lbs.

58) Identify three population groups in the U.S. which are most affected by hunger.

Women, infants and children are most affected.

40) In order to lose fat, not lean tissue, what is the recommended rate of weight loss? a) 1/2 to 2 pounds per week b) 1 to 3 pounds per week c) 2 to 4 pounds per week d) No more than 30 pounds/month

a) 1/2 to 2 pounds per week

50) Of all households in the United States, approximately what percentage persists at or below the poverty line? a) 10 b) 15 c) 25 d) 35

a) 10

33) An infant weighing 7 pounds at birth should weigh ~_________ by 4 months of age. a) 14 pounds b) 9 pounds c) 21 pounds d) 10 pounds

a) 14 pounds

65) If a serving of tuna contains 1 gram fat, 0 carbohydrates and contains 69 calories, how many grams of protein are in one serving? a) 15 b) 30 c) 44 d) 60

a) 15

37) The daily value for dietary fiber is 25 grams in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. A slice of whole-wheat bread is 8% of the daily value. The slice of whole-wheat bread contains how much fiber? a) 2 grams b) 4 grams c) 8 grams d) 16 grams

a) 2 grams

26) Nutrition Facts labels include information about which vitamins? a) A & C b) A & E c) A & D d) C & D

a) A & C

23) What is true regarding the differences between a hypothesis and a theory? a) A hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is based on scientific study and reasoning. b) Hypotheses are not tested; theories are tested. c) Theories are the foundations of hypotheses. d) A hypothesis is tested using quantifiable data; theories are tested using subjective data.

a) A hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is based on scientific study and reasoning.

57) Which statement about water requirements during pregnancy is FALSE? a) A pregnant woman needs to drink an additional 4 glasses of water per day. b) Extra water intake supports the needs of the fetus. c) More water is required to provide for the amniotic fluid. d) Higher water requirements support the increase in blood volume.

a) A pregnant woman needs to drink an additional 4 glasses of water per day.

31) ____________ are used when not enough information is available to establish an EAR for a particular nutrient. a) AIs b) DRIs c) RDAs d) ULs

a) AIs

17) When a person begins exercising, the first metabolic fuel used is: a) ATP and creatine phosphate. b) fatty acids. c) glucose. d) stored glycogen.

a) ATP and creatine phosphate.

14) Which statement about amino acid absorption is FALSE? a) Absorption of larger polypeptides occurs commonly in healthy adults. b) Groups of similar amino acids share the same transport system. c) If one amino acid is supplemented, it can slow the absorption of other amino acids. d) Dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down to individual amino acids before leaving the mucosal cells of the small intestine.

a) Absorption of larger polypeptides occurs

33) Which statement about mold toxins is FALSE? a) Aflatoxin ingestion causes nausea and diarrhea. b) Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen. c) Aflatoxin is produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus. d) More than 250 mold toxins have been identified.

a) Aflatoxin ingestion causes nausea and diarrhea.

48) What is NOT TRUE regarding body weight and composition, and exercise in older adults? a) After about age 70, the risks of regular exercise outweigh the benefits. b) Weight may stay constant during aging, but the proportion of muscle decreases. c) Stable weight usually is a sign of good health. d) Unintentional weight loss may be an indication of a health problem.

a) After about age 70, the risks of regular exercise outweigh the benefits.

20) Which of the following yields energy but is not considered a nutrient? a) Alcohol b) Carbohydrate c) Fat d) Protein

a) Alcohol

2) Which statement about Anorexia nervosa is not true? a) All people with this disorder use vomiting to prevent weight gain. b) People with this disorder starve themselves to lose weight or prevent gain. c) It is typified by a distorted body image. d) People with Anorexia nervosa have a below normal body weight.

a) All people with this disorder use vomiting to prevent weight gain.

54) Which metabolic waste product increases when amino acids are converted to other metabolic intermediates? a) Ammonia b) Pyruvate c) CO2 d) Bilirubin

a) Ammonia

20) Which of the following does NOT contribute to iron-deficiency anemia in older adults? a) An increase in the requirement b) Low stomach acid c) Antacid use d) Chronic blood loss

a) An increase in the requirement

12) Which statement about malnutrition and infectious disease in children is FALSE? a) Approximately 20% of all deaths in children under the age of 5 are due to infectious diseases. b) Undernourished children have depressed immune systems. c) Vaccines may be ineffective in undernourished children. d) Undernourished children can die from infectious diseases that would not be life-threatening in well-nourished children.

a) Approximately 20% of all deaths in children under the age of 5 are due to infectious diseases.

30) ___________ can be a concern for individuals with phenylketonuria. a) Aspartame b) Saccharin c) Acesulfame K d) Neotame

a) Aspartame

14) __________ can help fat and water mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones. a) Bile b) Pancreatic lipase c) Eicosanoids d) Cholesterol

a) Bile

57) Which of the following is a physical characteristic associated with Kwashiorkor? a) Bloated abdomen b) Excess sweating c) Tall stature d) Hypertrophic (enlarged) leg muscles

a) Bloated abdomen

23) Which is NOT an anthropometric measurement? a) Blood glucose level b) Height c) Weight in kilograms d) Wrist circumference

a) Blood glucose level

34) Which of the following changes in body composition naturally occur as a person ages past 50? a) Body fat increases, bone density decreases b) Muscle mass increases, body fat increases c) Muscle mass increases, bone density increases d) Body fat decreases, muscles mass decreases

a) Body fat increases, bone density decreases

18) Which of the following can help to decrease the risk of developing a food allergy? a) Breast feeding b) Formula feeding c) Early introduction of solid foods (around 2 months of age) d) Positioning infants on their backs while sleeping

a) Breast feeding

17) Which statement concerning bulimics and binging is untrue? a) Bulimics experience feelings of control and happiness during binges. b) Bulimics typically consume 3400 kcalories during a binge. c) Binges usually occur in secrecy. d) Self-induced vomiting is the most common purging behavior after a binge.

a) Bulimics experience feelings of control and happiness during binges.

16) How is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined? a) By contribution to total weight b) By contribution to total volume c) By nutrient density d) In alphabetical order

a) By contribution to total weight

35) Amenorrhea has the greatest effect on the homeostasis of which mineral in a female athlete? a) Calcium b) Fluoride c) Iron d) Magnesium

a) Calcium

27) Nutrition Facts labels contain information about which minerals? a) Calcium and iron b) Calcium and zinc c) Iron and magnesium d) Iron and zinc

a) Calcium and iron

18) Which macronutrient(s) can be utilized to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen? a) Carbohydrates b) Fats c) Proteins d) All of the above

a) Carbohydrates

27) Which statement about eating environment is correct? a) Caregivers should sit with children and eat what they eat. b) Small children should eat before adults. c) Children should watch television while they eat, to distract them from the food items that they don't like. d) Children should be limited in the amount of time they have to eat so they don't get in the habit of dawdling.

a) Caregivers should sit with children and eat what they eat.

53) Mrs. Sandoz' fourth grade class spent several class periods learning about nutrition. They learned about MyPyramid and how eating a healthy diet could benefit them. Mr. Danner's fourth grade class, in the same building, did not have a unit on nutrition. After the nutrition unit was finished in Mrs. Sandoz' class, researchers looked at the selections students made in the cafeteria and how much food was consumed and thrown away by each class to see if the nutrition education had an effect on the students' eating habits. a) What type of study was this? b) Which classroom was the control classroom? c) Which classroom was the experimental group? d) What other factors affect students' choice of food, besides what they know about health and food?

a) Case control/Clinical Trial b) Mr. Danner's c) Mrs. Sandoz's d) Availability, Cultural and Family Background, Social Acceptability, Personal Preference, Psychological and Emotional Factors

10) Which of the following supports the "programmed cell death" hypothesis? a) Cells grown in the laboratory will divide a defined number of times before they die. b) When cells continue dividing, organ function is compromised. c) Cells from older individuals will divide more times than those from younger people. d) Cells from longer lived species will divide fewer times.

a) Cells grown in the laboratory will divide a defined number of times before they die.

55) To determine how many kcalories are in a food item, the food undergoes combustion in a chamber surrounded by water. What information is most important to know in order to establish the caloric content of the food item? a) Change in temperature of the water surrounding the chamber b) Volume of the food item c) Surface area of the food item d) Density of water surrounding the chamber

a) Change in temperature of the water surrounding the chamber

24) Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest? a) Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream b) Grilled chicken breast, mashed potato with butter, green beans, skim milk c) Tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea d) Rice Krispies, skim milk, blueberries, coffee

a) Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream

15) Which statement about chronic food shortages is FALSE? a) Chronic food shortages affect far fewer people than famines. b) Chronic food shortages can be the result of cultural or religious practices. c) Chronic food shortages can be a result of misusing environmental resources. d) Chronic food shortages can be the result of economic inequities.

a) Chronic food shortages affect far fewer people than famines.

23) Which particularly lethal microorganism has been found in honey and home canned foods? a) Clostridium botulinum b) Clostridium perfringens c) E. coli O157:H7 d) Salmonella

a) Clostridium botulinum

34) Which of the following structures is located past (beyond) the ileocecal valve? a) Colon b) Common bile duct c) Stomach d) Pharynx

a) Colon

32) Which statement about bacteria is FALSE? a) Consumption of even a few bacterial cells can cause food-borne illnesses. b) Most environmental bacteria are harmless. c) Bacteria are present on most surfaces in our homes. d) Some bacteria are beneficial.

a) Consumption of even a few bacterial cells can cause food-borne illnesses.

39) What is a common outcome of "yo-yo" dieting? a) Decreased likelihood that future weight loss efforts will be successful b) Malnutrition c) Anorexia nervosa d) Redistribution of subcutaneous body fat

a) Decreased likelihood that future weight loss efforts will

40) Which of the following is NOT considered a sustainable agriculture practice? a) Dedicating individual fields to a single crop that is grown repeatedly b) Terracing c) Agroforestry d) Organic agriculture

a) Dedicating individual fields to a single crop that is grown repeatedly

50) Which legislative action prohibits the use of any food additive that has been shown to produce cancer in animals at any dose? a) Delaney Clause b) GRAS list c) Pure Food Act d) Standard of Identity Act

a) Delaney Clause

52) Which disease or debilitating condition occurring in the elderly is LEAST likely to be related to nutrition? a) Dementia b) Diabetes c) Heart disease d) Osteoporosis

a) Dementia

19) Which type of calorimetry used for measuring energy expenditure quantifies heat production? a) Direct b) Indirect c) Thermic d) Bomb

a) Direct

69) Alternative feeding methods and/or special diets are necessary for individuals who are unable to consume food or properly digest and absorb nutrients. Explain how each of the following conditions might impact the process of digestion and nutrient availability. a) Diseased gallbladder b) Overuse/abuse of antacids c) Unable to chew and swallow d) Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)

a) Diseased gallbladder- interferes with digestion and absorption of fat and fat soluble nutrients. b) Overuse/abuse of antacids- may provide excess amounts of sodium, starch, sugar or aluminum; may interfere with ability of gut to kill bacteria in food. c) Unable to chew and swallow - unable to break food down and mix with saliva and amylase; unable to safely get food into stomach. Nutritional needs may be met with enteral tube feeding. d) Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)- the enzymes of the pancreas may not be available which would impact the digestion and ability to absorb starch, protein, and triglycerides.

49) The amount of a nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life stage group is the: a) EAR. b) RAE. c) AI. d) RDA.

a) EAR.

22) One reason body weight increases as people age is: a) EER declines. b) higher fat food choices are more common. c) exercise increases. d) EER increases.

a) EER declines.

43) Of the following choices, which is MOST likely to result in a decreased risk of a fractured bone in an older person? a) Eating plenty of calcium-containing foods as a teenager b) Eating plenty of eggs and dairy foods after the age of 50 c) Taking a glucosamine supplement d) Limiting one's exposure to the sun

a) Eating plenty of calcium-containing foods as a teenager

9) Which statement about heart disease risk in children is true? a) Elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated with higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood. b) The recommended level for blood cholesterol in children is 100 mg/100 ml. c) Children's blood cholesterol is not considered high until it is 240 mg/ 100 ml. d) To avoid heart diseases, most fats in the diet should come from dairy products.

a) Elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated with higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood.

43) Which nutrient(s) are absorbed into the lymphatic system before entering the blood? a) Fat b) Water c) Water-soluble vitamins d) Glucose

a) Fat

14) Which governmental agency publishes the Food Code? a) Food and Drug Administration b) Center for Disease Control c) United States Department of Agriculture d) Environmental Protection Agency

a) Food and Drug Administration

22) ____________________ describes a condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs. a) Food insecurity b) Food sensitivity c) Malnutrition d) Food-seeking immobility

a) Food insecurity

59) The GRAS list was part of the 1958 Food Additives Amendment. GRAS stands for: a) Generally Recognized as Safe. b) Greatly Reduced Additive Supply. c) Green Resource Action Section. d) Generally Reputable As a Source.

a) Generally Recognized as Safe.

43) _________ is produced in the stomach and stimulates food intake. a) Ghrelin b) Cholecystokinin c) Peptide PYY d) Gastrin

a) Ghrelin

34) Which of the following is the most frequent cause of diarrhea from food contamination, not due to bacteria or viruses? a) Giardia lamblia b) Cryptosporidium parvum c) Trichinella spiralis d) Anisakis simplex

a) Giardia lamblia

27) In order to calculate a person's Body Mass Index, what information about the person must be known? a) Height & weight b) Lean body mass & body water c) Lean body mass & fat stores d) Waist circumference & height

a) Height & weight

14) Currently, which bears the LEAST responsibility for worldwide food shortages? a) Inability of worldwide food producers to keep up with consumption b) Poverty c) Overpopulation in some regions d) Lack of environmental resources

a) Inability of worldwide food producers to keep up with consumption

49) Which of the following is an example of a food intolerance? a) Inability to digest lactose causing diarrhea and cramping b) A food phobia caused by an extreme dislike of a food c) The removal of certain foods from foodservice menus to observe religious holidays d) None of these

a) Inability to digest lactose causing diarrhea and cramping

8) Which of the following does NOT increase in an individual's basal metabolic rate? a) Increasing age over 50 b) An increase in muscle mass c) An increase in body weight d) Running a fever

a) Increasing age over 50

27) Which of the following stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland? a) Infant suckling on the breast b) Stretching of the cervix during labor c) Estrogen secretion from the ovaries d) All of these

a) Infant suckling on the breast

37) Which group has the highest protein requirement (per unit of body weight)? a) Infants b) Adults who exercise regularly c) Adult women d) Elderly men

a) Infants

54) Which of the following nutrients is most likely to be deficient in a vegetarian diet? a) Iron b) Complex carbohydrates c) Vitamin C d) Potassium

a) Iron

52) Recently, Trevor received an e-mail forwarded to him by a friend. The e-mail warns all recipients of the dangers of an FDA approved artificial sweetener, which, according to the original author, is responsible for several types of cancer, mental illness, and several other serious ailments. The author uses several anecdotal stories as the basis for her assertions. Curious, Trevor does a search on the Internet for the author but cannot find any information about her. a) What do you think of unsolicited e-mail as a source of nutrition advice? b) How likely is it this one FDA approved product causes several different diseases? c) What else makes you wonder about the validity of the information? d) How might you use the Internet to get more information about the artificial sweetener in question? e) How can you tell if nutrition information in a letter, in an article, or on television is accurate?

a) It is an unreliable source b) Unlikely - an artificial sweetener would have to undergo extensive testing to demonstrate safety before being marketed. c) As above, the product would have to undergo extensive testing. It is unlikely that a product available for use would cause such a variety of problems. d) Go to the FDA website to search for the product testing history; do a search in a data base that references peer-reviewed published research; look for websites that have .gov, or .edu for information about the product. e) References and resources that provide an objective evidence base are provided. The person speaking has the education and experience to speak with authority.

2) Which of the following is FALSE about eating a healthy diet? a) It is essential for most people to reduce total fat consumption by 25-50%. b) A healthy diet is low in saturated fat from meat and dairy. c) A healthy diet is low in processed fats like shortenings. d) Healthy diets include fats from fish, nuts and olive oil.

a) It is essential for most people to reduce total fat consumption by 25-50%.

31) Which statement about menopause is FALSE? a) It slows the rate of bone breakdown. b) Menopause decreases the risk of breast cancer. c) It increases the risk of heart disease. d) Menopause causes skin changes.

a) It slows the rate of bone breakdown.

13) Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of famine? a) It typically affects only a small number of people. b) It is caused by a disaster. c) It includes a collapse in the food production system. d) A collapse in the food marketing system occurs.

a) It typically affects only a small number of people.

50) Which organ filters metabolic waste products out of the blood? a) Kidneys b) Small intestine c) Pancreas d) Spleen

a) Kidneys

42) Americans are replacing more and more home cooked meals with meals from fast food restaurants. a) What are the nutritional impacts of this trend? b) How does this trend influence disease risk?

a) Larger portions increase energy intake beyond needs; tend to be higher in fat, sodium, and sugar. b) Along with lack of physical activity, increases risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer.

15) Which of the following is used as an emulsifier in foods? a) Lecithin b) Trans fatty acids c) Arachidonic Acid d) Safflower oil

a) Lecithin

25) ___________________ promotes the uptake of fatty acids and glycerol by cells to be used as fuel or for storage. a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Lingual lipase c) Pancreatic lipase d) Glycerase

a) Lipoprotein lipase

47) Which of the following organs is able to manufacture cholesterol? a) Liver. b) Pancreas. c) Gallbladder. d) All of these organs manufacture cholesterol.

a) Liver.

2) Which statement about malnutrition is FALSE? a) Malnutrition is only a serious problem for people who are undernourished. b) Malnutrition shortens life expectancy. c) Overweight individuals suffer from malnutrition. d) Malnutrition causes high levels of sickness and disability.

a) Malnutrition is only a serious problem for people who are undernourished.

56) Which is NOT generally regarded as an indicator of nutritional status of a population? a) Maximum life span b) Infant mortality rate c) Incidence of low birth weight d) Stunting

a) Maximum life span

9) Which statement about aging is FALSE? a) Mechanisms of aging are thought to be fully understood. b) As aging occurs, the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis declines. c) As organisms age, the efficiency of cellular functions decreases. d) The number of cells decreases during aging.

a) Mechanisms of aging are thought to be fully understood.

20) Which of the following is formed in the LUMEN of the small intestine during lipid digestion? a) Micelles b) Cis fatty acids c) Chylomicrons d) LDL particles

a) Micelles

39) Which of the following is NOT true regarding the use of medications in the elderly? a) Mineral oil-based laxatives increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. b) Over-the-counter medications can interfere with the action of prescription drugs. c) Prolonged use of some antacids can contribute to increased bone loss. d) Prescription and over-the-counter drugs can interfere with nutrient absorption.

a) Mineral oil-based laxatives increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

60) Describe the major digestive events taking place in each of the following organs: a) mouth b) stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine.

a) Mouth-chewing breaks food down for better digestion, mixes food with saliva for tasting and formation of bolus; salivary amylase initiates starch digestion. b) Stomach- bolus is mixed with acid secretions to form chyme; starch digestion stops and protein digestion begins with pepsin (and in infants, rennin); acidic secretions kill bacteria in food. c) Small intestine- primary site of digestion and absorption; starch is broken down by pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes digest sugars. Protein is further digested by pancreatic enzymes; bile from gallbladder emulsifies fats and lipase from pancreas digests fat. d) Large intestine-water and some vitamins absorbed; microflora act on fiber, feces formed.

33) Which of the following is characteristic of atherosclerosis? a) Oxidation of LDL particles b) Inflammation of the lining of the colon c) High HDL levels d) Production of chylomicrons by cells lining the blood vessels

a) Oxidation of LDL particles

42) Which of the following is an example of tropical oil? a) Palm kernel oil. b) Soybean oil. c) Olive oil. d) Corn oil.

a) Palm kernel oil.

27) Which of the following is true about getting help for an eating disorder? a) People with eating disorders often do not want help. b) Treatment can be delayed since it will not help prevent a disorder. c) For teens, parents should stay out of the treatment process since their input is usually negative. d) Treatment can be helpful even when individuals with eating disorders are strenuously opposed to it.

a) People with eating disorders often do not want help.

7) Which of the following terms can be used to describe a protein? a) Polypeptide b) Branched amino acid chain c) Polysaccharide d) Monopeptide

a) Polypeptide

2) Which is NOT a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? a) Prescribing what a person should eat each day b) Prevention of nutrient deficiencies c) Promotion of healthful eating d) Reduction of chronic diseases

a) Prescribing what a person should eat each day

22) Which statement about renewable resources is FALSE? a) Renewable resources will always be restored and replaced by natural processes. b) Renewable resources can be used faster than natural processes can restore them. c) Renewable resources can become depleted. d) Soil and water are renewable resources.

a) Renewable resources will always be restored and replaced by natural processes.

53) Which structure(s) is/are involved in protein translation? a) Ribosome and tRNA b) Nucleus and nucleosome c) Mitochondria d) Plasma membrane and trans-Golgi.

a) Ribosome and tRNA

5) Which nutrient(s) found in animal protein foods is not found in plant protein foods? a) Saturated fat b) B vitamins c) Phytochemicals d) None of these nutrients are found in plant protein foods

a) Saturated fat

61) Which is TRUE regarding the disadvantages of using Body Mass Index as a means of assessing chronic disease risk? a) Someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI. b) BMI uses measurements which are cumbersome to obtain. c) Calculating BMI is relatively expensive. d) BMI calculations for men and women require different formulas.

a) Someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI.

3) Which of the following statements is true? a) Substances that are stored in the body are more likely to be toxic because they accumulate over time. b) Poor health status decreases the body's ability to store toxins. c) The absorption of mercury is enhanced by high dietary selenium. d) Lead absorption is enhanced by the presence of iron.

a) Substances that are stored in the body are more likely to be toxic because they accumulate over time.

33) Which of the following is the LEAST preferred way for individuals to prevent constipation? a) Take daily laxatives b) Increase fiber intake c) Increase fluid intake d) Maintain regular exercise

a) Take daily laxatives

60) Which statement about the use of cocaine during pregnancy is FALSE? a) The effects of cocaine are limited to the very early life of the infant. b) Cocaine reduces the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. c) Cocaine increases the risk of miscarriage. d) Cocaine negatively impacts attention span and learning throughout childhood.

a) The effects of cocaine are limited to the very early life of the infant.

36) Which is NOT a true statement about organizations dedicated to relieving world hunger? a) The goal of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is to provide assistance in disasters. b) The World Bank finances food supplementation and fortification projects. c) UNICEF works to improve the health and lives of children. d) World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes prevention of nutritional problems.

a) The goal of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is to provide assistance in disasters.

39) Which of the following is NOT an example of a biopesticide? a) The introduction of birds that eat pests b) Naturally occurring substances that control pests c) Microorganisms that control pests d) Pesticides introduced into plants through genetic modification

a) The introduction of birds that eat pests

43) Which statement about dietary supplements is true? a) The label must include all the ingredients in the dietary supplement. b) All dietary supplements are produced according to the same strict laws that govern drug manufacturing. c) All dietary supplements must be approved by the FDA to ensure safety and effectiveness. d) Dietary supplements cannot be removed from the market once they are introduced.

a) The label must include all the ingredients in the dietary supplement.

50) Which of the following is FALSE concerning the MyPlate web site? a) The tools on the web site are only applicable to a 2000 kcal dietary requirement. b) Nutrition information can be personalized for individuals. c) The website allows individuals to analyze their diets for energy and nutrient intake. d) The website is of little use to those Americans without internet access.

a) The tools on the web site are only applicable to a 2000 kcal dietary requirement.

29) Which is the LEAST important factor in determining the total amount of energy a person requires for activity? a) Their waist circumference b) Intensity of the activity c) Their weight d) Amount of time spent exercising

a) Their waist circumference

8) Which statement about type 2 diabetes is FALSE? a) Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40. b) Type 2 diabetes progresses in severity the longer an individual has it. c) Little is known about type 2 diabetes in children. d) The risk of type 2 diabetes is reduced by keeping weight in the normal range and maintaining an active lifestyle.

a) Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40.

63) Which of the following is a good source of essential fatty acids? a) Walnuts b) Coconut oil c) Beef d) Milk

a) Walnuts

22) Which of the following conditions does NOT represent a state of malnutrition? a) Weight loss as a result of increasing physical activity. b) Vitamin A toxicity as a result of excessive intake of vitamin supplements. c) Osteoporosis as a result of long-term inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. d) Overweight status as a result of regular ingestion of large portions of energy-dense foods.

a) Weight loss as a result of increasing physical activity.

46) BHT is an example of: a) a direct additive. b) an indirect additive. c) a source of accidental contamination. d) adulteration.

a) a direct additive.

22) To manage weight and prevent unhealthy weight gain, the MyPlate guide recommends: a) a minimum of 150 minutes of activity weekly. b) 30 minutes most days of the week. c) 60 minutes 3 days of the week. d) 75-100 minutes of vigorous activity every 10 days.

a) a minimum of 150 minutes of activity weekly.

50) A food jag is: a) a period when children eat only certain foods and nothing else. b) a dance that children do when they are hungry. c) the inability to digest certain foods due to insufficient digestive enzymes. d) a form of anorexia observed in children.

a) a period when children eat only certain foods and nothing else.

11) Diabetes is best characterized by: a) abnormally high blood glucose levels. b) elevated blood lipids. c) the presence of ketones in blood. d) blood glucose levels below the normal range.

a) abnormally high blood glucose levels.

35) Body fat is stored in cells called: a) adipocytes. b) enterocytes. c) hepatocytes. d) β cells.

a) adipocytes.

24) The "reserve capacity" of an organ or organ system is influenced MOST by: a) age. b) body size. c) amount of sleep. d) diet.

a) age.

17) Protein denaturation can: a) alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein. b) decrease the nutritional value of a protein. c) alter the sequence of amino acids in a protein. d) break the peptide bonds holding a protein together.

a) alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein.

20) Pica is defined as: a) an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances. b) nausea and vomiting that occurs typically during the first trimester of pregnancy. c) swelling due to the buildup of extracellular fluid in body tissues. d) consistently elevated blood glucose that develops during pregnancy.

a) an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances.

38) An adverse or toxic reaction is most likely to occur if: a) an individual overuses vitamin and/or mineral supplements. b) the individual cannot absorb nutrients efficiently. c) the individual's diet is not varied enough. d) the individual overeats a particular food.

a) an individual overuses vitamin and/or mineral supplements.

2) In the US, most dietary protein comes from: a) animal sources. b) beans. c) nuts. d) vegetables.

a) animal sources.

13) Which statement about the relationship of anorexics and food is untrue? a) anorexics limit their dietary intake by not thinking about food. b) anorexics often prepare elaborate meals for other people. c) anorexics often develop personal diet rituals d) anorexics spend an enormous amount of time preoccupied with food.

a) anorexics limit their dietary intake by not thinking about food.

39) Treatment of diverticulitis usually includes: a) antibiotics and a temporary decrease in fiber intake. b) increasing fluid intake and antacids. c) insulin injections. d) exercise and weight loss.

a) antibiotics and a temporary decrease in fiber intake.

25) Diets high in ________________ may slow or prevent development of macular degeneration and cataracts. a) antioxidants b) complex carbohydrates c) animal protein d) vitamin B12

a) antioxidants

16) A diet with adequate fiber can help prevent and manage all of the following EXCEPT: a) arthritis. b) diabetes. c) cardiovascular disease. d) obesity.

a) arthritis.

44) The DETERMINE checklist is most likely used to: a) assess the risk of malnutrition in older adults. b) avoid adverse interactions between foods and prescription medications. c) decide if an older person should be hospitalized when they are ill. d) qualify recipients for food stamps.

a) assess the risk of malnutrition in older adults.

3) Which of the following sequences is organized from the simplest to the most complex arrangement? a) atoms : molecules : tissues : organs b) molecules : tissues : atoms : organs c) tissues: atoms : molecules : organs d) atoms : organs : tissues : molecules

a) atoms : molecules : tissues : organs

11) Comparison of the amount of a particular nutrient consumed with the amount of the nutrient excreted is characteristic of a(an): a) balance study. b) collection study. c) depletion-repletion study. d) epidemiological study.

a) balance study.

49) Recommendations for the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension include a) bed rest. b) weight loss. c) exercise. d) All of these.

a) bed rest.

27) Pancreas secretions contain digestive enzymes and: a) bicarbonate ions. b) bile. c) cholecystokinin (CCK). d) chyme.

a) bicarbonate ions.

38) To estimate protein requirements, you must know a person's: a) body weight. b) urinary ammonia output. c) height. d) All of these would be required,

a) body weight.

18) The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin: a) break large polypeptides into smaller peptides. b) are needed to denature proteins. c) rearrange the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. d) are needed to make nonessential amino acids.

a) break large polypeptides into smaller peptides.

30) Short term food aid: a) brings food quickly into areas where people are starving. b) consists of foods well planned for their nutrient content. c) can prevent future famine. d) fosters economic development.

a) brings food quickly into areas where people are starving.

4) The energy content of a food is determined: a) by bomb calorimetry. b) with a specially adapted convection oven. c) using an indirect calorimeter. d) by underwater volumetric analysis.

a) by bomb calorimetry.

40) Colic: a) can occur in both breast- and bottle-fed infants. b) is the most common cause of extended hospital stays in infants. c) is an inflammation of the mammary glands during lactation. d) is a genetic abnormality that prevents the normal metabolism of phenylalanine.

a) can occur in both breast- and bottle-fed infants.

2) Nutrients classified as "organic molecules" have a molecular structure which contains the element: a) carbon. b) oxygen. c) nitrogen. d) sulfur.

a) carbon.

49) The chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of: a) catabolism. b) anabolism. c) digestion. d) excretion.

a) catabolism.

37) "Heartburn" is typically: a) caused by acidic stomach contents leaking back through the pyloric sphincter. b) more common in men and those who are underweight. c) caused when the stomach bulges through the diaphragm. d) All of the choices are true.

a) caused by acidic stomach contents leaking back through the pyloric sphincter.

49) Foods selected for fortification should be: a) centrally processed. b) produced in small local facilities. c) foods which are used in small quantities. d) foods which require refrigeration.

a) centrally processed.

19) Activity in the digestive tract begins in response to the sight and smell of food. This is referred to as the _________ response. a) cephalic b) gastric c) intestinal d) cognitive

a) cephalic

36) Pesticide residue in foods may be more of a concern for young children because: a) children are smaller; therefore the amount of residue tends to be greater per unit of body weight. b) children may have been exposed to pesticides prenatally and have developed tolerances for them. c) children often cannot read warning labels about pesticides. d) pesticides are increasingly more prevalent, as well as becoming more toxic.

a) children are smaller; therefore the amount of residue tends to be greater per unit of body weight.

10) A(n) ___________ fatty acid has a carbon-carbon double bond with the hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. a) cis b) trans c) essential d) nonessential

a) cis

54) Fluid balance may be a problem for elderly adults for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a) constipation. b) decrease in the thirst sensation. c) increased output of urine. d) limited access to water.

a) constipation.

53) A popular dietary supplement taken by adolescent athletes to improve performance is: a) creatine. b) omega-3 fatty acids. c) ginkgo biloba. d) isoflavones.

a) creatine.

32) Biotechnology can most effectively increase food production by: a) creating plants resistant to insects or diseases. b) inspiring improvements in irrigation. c) improving agricultural practices. d) hybridizing local varieties of crops.

a) creating plants resistant to insects or diseases.

28) Raw hamburger patties are taken to the grill on a platter. After they are cooked, the patties are returned to the same, unwashed platter and served. This is an example of: a) cross-contamination. b) efficient use of kitchen equipment. c) food adulteration. d) food intoxication.

a) cross-contamination.

33) Eating turkey on Thanksgiving is an example of making a food choice based on: a) cultural and family background. b) personal preference. c) availability. d) psychological and emotional factors.

a) cultural and family background.

25) The synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids involves: a) deamination. b) transcription. c) translation. d) transamination.

a) deamination.

16) A well-documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake is: a) dental caries. b) Type 1 diabetes. c) diverticular disease. d) constipation.

a) dental caries.

14) A diet high in dietary fiber can help reduce the risk of developing: a) diverticular disease. b) anemia. c) Type 1 diabetes. d) lactose intolerance.

a) diverticular disease.

28) In a controlled study, if neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects are receiving treatment, the study is called a(n) a) double blind study. b) single blind study. c) variable study. d) undirected study.

a) double blind study.

52) Down Syndrome is: a) due to a chromosomal abnormality. b) caused by poor folate intake early in pregnancy. c) strongly related to drinking alcohol during pregnancy. d) the result of exposure to radiation (x-rays) during the first trimester of pregnancy.

a) due to a chromosomal abnormality.

50) A common problem associated with losing weight by drinking only low kcalorie weight loss products is: a) eating habits are not changed. b) the formula is available by prescription only, making the program inconvenient. c) formula plans are expensive. d) mixing the formulas require extensive calculation.

a) eating habits are not changed.

47) During pregnancy, __________ is caused by the buildup of extracellular fluid in the tissues, particularly in the lower extremities. a) edema b) constipation c) gestational diabetes d) pica

a) edema

42) A chemical score is calculated by comparing the amount of the limiting amino acid in the test protein with the amount of that amino acid in a reference protein such as: a) egg protein. b) human muscle protein. c) wheat protein. d) soy protein.

a) egg protein.

12) Essential fatty acids can be used by the body to synthesize: a) eicosanoids. b) cholesterol. c) vitamin D. d) phosphoglycerides.

a) eicosanoids.

11) Chewing is an important digestive function because it improves the functionality of: a) enzymes. b) hormones. c) mucus. d) peristalsis.

a) enzymes.

9) Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are termed: a) essential. b) hydrolyzable. c) incomplete. d) complete.

a) essential.

36) Low energy intake and excessive exercise in female athletes may result in low levels of________ that in turn contributes to _________. a) estrogen; reductions in bone mineral density b) thyroid stimulating hormone; goiter c) secretin; increased hydrochloric acid production d) prolactin; increased risk of stress fractures

a) estrogen; reductions in bone mineral density

7) The most important determinant for developing lactose intolerance is: a) ethnic background. b) gender. c) geographic location where a person lives. d) whether one is lean or obese.

a) ethnic background.

52) Iron requirements increase during adolescence because of the: a) expansion of blood volume and increase in muscle mass. b) increases in length and mass of major bones in the legs and arms. c) development of the immune system. d) decreased ability to store iron.

a) expansion of blood volume and increase in muscle mass.

28) The descriptor, Healthy, can legally be used on a food product when the product contains adequate levels of at least one selected nutrient and is low in: a) fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. b) fat, fiber and protein. c) fat, sugar and cholesterol. d) fat, sodium and protein.

a) fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol.

25) Body glucose can be derived from all EXCEPT: a) fatty acids. b) stored glycogen. c) amino acids. d) dietary sources.

a) fatty acids.

41) Areas of the U.S. that lack access to affordable foods which constitute a healthy diet are called: a) food deserts. b) food voids. c) impoverished pockets. d) urban produce voids.

a) food deserts.

38) The capacity of a region to produce enough food to feed its population is termed: a) food self-sufficiency. b) food sovereignty. c) sustainable agriculture. d) economic viability.

a) food self-sufficiency.

47) Empty calories are: a) from added sugars and/or solid fats. b) contributed by junk foods and are completely banned in a healthy diet. c) suggested to be limited to ≤ 50% of the kcals in a healthy diet. d) the kcals consumed when an eating plan other than MyPlate is followed.

a) from added sugars and/or solid fats.

1) Which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide? a) fructose, sucrose, starch b) lactose, glucose, dietary fiber c) glucose, maltose, lactose d) galactose, glycogen, starch

a) fructose, sucrose, starch

35) Food Disappearance Surveys are used to identify: a) general trends in food intake among a population. b) processing losses. c) at-risk groups in the population. d) marketing trends.

a) general trends in food intake among a population.

4) "Programmed cell death" theorizes that: a) genes determine the life span of cells; aging occurs as cells die. b) aging occurs when cells become damaged, due to wear and tear in the body. c) cells are programmed to begin emitting toxins, which cause the body to age. d) cell deaths are influenced by the presence of free radicals.

a) genes determine the life span of cells; aging occurs as cells die.

2) Carbohydrate loading, a training technique used by some endurance athletes, can help to increase _____________ stores. a) glycogen b) amylose c) sucrose d) lactase

a) glycogen

6) Energy is stored in the body primarily as __________ and ___________. a) glycogen, triglycerides b) protein, glucose c) muscle, glycogen d) glucose, triglycerides

a) glycogen, triglycerides

30) Energy requirements per unit of body weight in newborn infants are __________ those of an adult. a) greater than b) less than c) approximately equal to d) dependent on the size of the infant

a) greater than

44) The structure of glycogen consists of: a) highly branched chains. b) straight chains. c) short chains linked together. d) two monosaccharide units.

a) highly branched chains.

5) Lifting heavy weights stresses muscles over time causing an adaptation called: a) hypertrophy. b) myoadaptive response. c) atrophy. d) kinetic thickening.

a) hypertrophy.

8) Endorphins released with exercise do all of the following EXCEPT: a) increase muscle mass. b) cause a natural euphoria. c) reduce stress. d) reduce the perception of pain.

a) increase muscle mass.

6) Energy restriction may increase life span by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: a) increasing the inflammatory response of the immune system. b) causing low level stress and thus enhancing the animal's coping mechanisms. c) reducing blood glucose and insulin levels. d) limiting oxidative damage.

a) increasing the inflammatory response of the immune system.

42) During ________________, the digestive system can absorb whole intact proteins. a) infancy b) aging adulthood c) adulthood d) childhood

a) infancy

24) Chylocmicrons are formed in the: a) intestine. b) liver. c) lymph. d) blood.

a) intestine.

28) An antibody: a) is a type of protein that helps protect the body from foreign substances. b) catalyzes chemical reactions in the body. c) helps circulate lipids in the blood. d) regulates the acid-base balance (pH) in the body.

a) is a type of protein that helps protect the body from foreign substances.

31) Hormone sensitive lipase: a) is activated during periods of fasting . b) is needed to deposit fatty acids into adipose tissue. c) is needed for phosphoglyceride digestion. d) is required for lipid digestion by cells lining blood vessels.

a) is activated during periods of fasting .

11) The "wear and tear" hypothesis proposes that aging: a) is the result of an accumulation of cellular damage. b) occurs when cell numbers decline, causing damage to remaining cells. c) results from metabolic abnormalities. d) is a result of genetically determined organ breakdown.

a) is the result of an accumulation of cellular damage.

54) The primary advantage of irradiating food is: a) it destroys microorganisms and insects and prolongs the shelf life of the product. b) it makes the growing plant more insect resistant. c) it is the most economical method of food preservation. d) it boosts the nutritional value of the food product.

a) it destroys microorganisms and insects and prolongs the shelf life of the product.

4) Dietary fiber is categorized by: a) its solubility in water. b) its molecular weight. c) the ratio of carbon to hydrogen molecules. d) the number of branch points.

a) its solubility in water.

24) The female athlete triad includes all the following except: a) kidney failure. b) amenorrhea. c) osteoporosis. d) disordered eating

a) kidney failure.

9) The purpose of the AMDRs is to: a) make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet. b) inform people how to choose from all the different food groups. c) allow individuals to calculate their energy needs and to determine how their diet meets these needs. d) encourage individuals to make healthy food choices.

a) make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet.

16) Neural tube defects in offspring are most closely associated with: a) maternal folate status. b) inadequate calcium intake. d) excess protein intake. d) alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

a) maternal folate status.

47) A major goal of pre-competition meals is to: a) maximize liver glycogen stores. b) maximize fat stores. c) enhance electrical activity of the gut. d) stimulate fat mobilization from adipose tissue.

a) maximize liver glycogen stores.

46) The recommendation of moderation in healthy diets: a) means limiting portion sizes and choosing nutrient-dense foods. b) means choosing nutrient dense foods as often as energy-dense foods. c) relates to consuming moderate amounts of complex carbohydrates. d) All of these statements are true.

a) means limiting portion sizes and choosing nutrient-dense foods.

8) Transit time is the rate at which food: a) moves through the digestive tract. b) is swallowed. c) is absorbed into the blood. d) is broken down into chyme.

a) moves through the digestive tract.

45) Feeding problems (e.g. not willing to try new foods) that may develop during the preschool years should be viewed by parents as: a) normal/typical behavior for children that age. b) delayed motor skill development. c) a sign of impending food allergies. d) a sign of a serious metabolic disorder.

a) normal/typical behavior for children that age.

29) The discipline which explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition is called: a) nutrigenomics. b) genetic nutritional variation. c) nutritional genomic analysis. d) nutrient gene factor identification.

a) nutrigenomics.

19) The growth of the human population is: a) occurring mostly in the developing world. b) keeping the same pace as the growth in the ability to produce food. c) currently about an additional 8 million people per year. d) allowing developing countries to catch up economically with the developed world.

a) occurring mostly in the developing world.

40) The adolescent growth spurt: a) occurs earlier in females than males. b) occurs before sexual development. c) is associated with an overall decrease in body fat in females. d) All of these are true.

a) occurs earlier in females than males.

4) The end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group is also referred to as the __________ end. a) omega b) alpha c) delta d) acid

a) omega

37) A dietary approach that protects against heart disease is the consumption of foods high in: a) omega-3 fatty acids. b) long chain fatty acids. c) omega-6 fatty acids. d) all of these provide protection against heart disease.

a) omega-3 fatty acids.

3) One function of the ___ is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels. a) placenta b) amniotic sac c) zygote d) chorion membrane

a) placenta

9) Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are examples of: a) polyunsaturated fatty acids. b) saturated fatty acids. c) hydrogenated fats. d) phospholipids.

a) polyunsaturated fatty acids.

35) The primary function of the large intestine is to: a) prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion. b) absorb digested nutrients. c) neutralize chyme. d) All of these choices are correct.

a) prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion.

15) The amount of a toxin that has a harmful effect is LEAST affected by: a) prior exposure to the toxin. b) the potency of the toxin. c) the nutritional status of the consumer. d) weight and age of the exposed individual.

a) prior exposure to the toxin.

6) A fatty acid with only single bonds between carbon atoms is called a(n) ________ fatty acid. a) saturated b) unsaturated c) hydrophobic d) hydrophilic

a) saturated

42) An important role of the placenta is to : a) secrete hormones. b) protect the fetus. c) provide a site for embryo implantation. d) maintain maternal blood glucose levels.

a) secrete hormones.

29) The release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine is controlled by: a) secretin and CCK. b) stimulation of stretch receptors in the stomach. c) gastrin. d) salivary amylase.

a) secretin and CCK.

31) Kwashiorkor is best characterized by: a) severe protein deficiency in young children. b) increased susceptibility to food allergies in adults. c) misshapen (sickle-shaped) red blood cells. d) the inability to digest proteins from soy and other plant proteins.

a) severe protein deficiency in young children.

7) Issues faced by obese children include all of the following EXCEPT: a) shorter terminal height. b) diabetes. c) discrimination. d) hypertension.

a) shorter terminal height.

7) Foods consisting mostly of fatty acids with only single bonds tend to be: a) solid at room temperature. b) soluble in water. c) liquid at room temperature. d) less stable than fatty acids with double bonds.

a) solid at room temperature.

32) The amount of visceral fat is best determined by: a) sophisticated imaging methods such as DXA. b) dilution methods. c) skinfold thickness. d) underwater weighing.

a) sophisticated imaging methods such as DXA.

10) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that: a) splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. b) generates glucose from glucogenic amino acids. c) synthesizes glycogen. d) creates glucose molecules from glycogen.

a) splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

7) The HACCP system uses critical control points, which are: a) steps in food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented. b) steps in the food production process where food is checked for nutritional value. c) used to track the origin of food-borne illnesses. d) areas in the country where large outbreaks have occurred.

a) steps in food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented.

31) Skinfold thickness measures: a) subcutaneous fat. b) visceral fat. c) total fat. d) body density

a) subcutaneous fat.

4) Over the last 25 years, children's intake of ________________ has increased. a) sweetened beverages b) vegetables c) eggs d) grains

a) sweetened beverages

25) Continued acceptance of a scientific theory depends on: a) the ability of other scientists to duplicate the original research and results. b) increased funding for the research. c) the number of years since the theory was developed. d) how the hypothesis was formed.

a) the ability of other scientists to duplicate the original research and results.

4) The movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by: a) the endocrine and nervous systems. b) the lymphatic and muscular systems. c) the respiratory and urinary systems. d) the cardiovascular system.

a) the endocrine and nervous systems.

37) An indication that a breastfed baby is getting an adequate amount of milk is: a) the frequency in which they soak diapers a day. b) how often they cry. c) how long they sleep during the night. d) All of these.

a) the frequency in which they soak diapers a day.

20) Food allergies involve an interaction between a dietary protein and: a) the immune system. b) the excretory system. c) DNA. d) RNA.

a) the immune system.

22) Whether an activity is preferentially fueled by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism primarily depends on: a) the intensity and duration. b) environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and relative humidity. c) the composition of the last meal. d) All of the above contribute more or less equally in determining fuel usage

a) the intensity and duration.

44) The physical characteristics, texture and taste of fatty acids are determined by: a) the length of the fatty acid chain and the types of bonds between the carbon atoms. b) the number of acid groups. c) the extent of digestion in the body. d) the number of fatty acid chains bound to each glycerol molecule.

a) the length of the fatty acid chain and the types of bonds between the carbon atoms.

35) Menarche refers to: a) the onset of menstruation. b) a period in life characterized by rapid growth. c) the development of secondary sex characteristics. d) irregularities in the menstrual cycle.

a) the onset of menstruation.

20) The hormone gastrin is released in response to: a) the presence of food in the stomach. b) contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter. c) relaxation of the anal sphincter. d) the presence of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.

a) the presence of food in the stomach.

10) Transamination refers to: a) the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid. b) the removal of the amine group from an amino acid. c) the interaction of amino acid side chains important for protein folding. d) the formation of a peptide bond between adjacent amino acids.

a) the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid.

52) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a concern because of: a) their cancer-causing potential. b) their ability to bind nutrients in the food. c) their potential to cause heart attacks. d) the fact that they contain E. coli O157:H7.

a) their cancer-causing potential.

33) Low income children are more likely to have elevated levels of lead in their blood because: a) they are more likely to live in older buildings with lead paint. b) they have lower IQs. c) they are less likely to have their blood levels checked. d) their parents do not provide proper guidance.

a) they are more likely to live in older buildings with lead paint.

23) During pregnancy, critical periods correspond to: a) times during growth and development when an organism is more susceptible to harm from poor nutrition or other environmental factors. b) socioeconomic factors that increase the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. c) maternal weight gain. d) the positioning of the infant in the pelvic cavity.

a) times during growth and development when an organism is more susceptible to harm from poor nutrition or other environmental factors.

22) The process of ___________ involves copying the DNA code from the gene to a molecule of mRNA. a) transcription. b) nuclear shuttling. c) transamination. d) translation.

a) transcription.

18) The maternal energy requirement in the first trimester is: a) unchanged. b) increased by 100 kcal/day. c) increased by 250 kcal/day. d) increased by 500 kcal/day.

a) unchanged.

45) Protein complementation is most important for people who are: a) vegan vegetarians. b) recovering from surgery. c) lacto-ovo vegetarians. d) consumers of both plant and animal foods.

a) vegan vegetarians.

44) For exercise lasting less than one hour, the preferred drink is: a) water. b) half water and half fruit juice. c) sports drinks. d) any type of fruit juice.

a) water.

9) Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on: a) weight at the time of conception. b) ethnicity. c) waist-to-hip circumference ratio at the time of conception. d) ultrasound results (used to size the infant) taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

a) weight at the time of conception.

16) Todd is 30 years old. If his target heart rate during aerobic activity is 60-90 % of his maximum heart rate, how fast should his heart beat during exercise (in beats/min)? a) 60-90 b) 114-171 c) 132-198 d) 160-220

b) 114-171

31) It is recommended that athletes consume diets with the following approximate proportions: a) 45% protein, 35% fat, 15-20% carbohydrate b) 15-20% protein, 20-25% fat, 60% carbohydrate c) 10-15% protein, 30-35% fat, 35-45% carbohydrate d) 25% protein, 35% fat, 40% carbohydrate

b) 15-20% protein, 20-25% fat, 60% carbohydrate

22) Food such as hamburgers must be cooked to _____o F to kill E. coli O157:H7 bacteria and toxin. a) 140 b) 160 c) 212 d) cooking does not destroy E. coli 0157:H7

b) 160

1) Recommended Dietary Allowances were first published in which decade? a) 1920s b) 1940s c) 1960s d) 1980s

b) 1940s

13) In older adults, energy expenditure is less because BMR decreases ______% every decade of life after age 20. a) 0.5-1 b) 2-3 c) 3-5 d) 5-10

b) 2-3

62) What is the approximate BMI of someone who weighs 145 pounds and is five foot, seven inches tall? a) 12.9 b) 22.7 c) 28.1 d) 35.2

b) 22.7

37) Snacks provide typical teens with about _______ % of their energy intake. a) 10 b) 25 c) 33 d) 50

b) 25

19) What proportion of older adults consumes the recommended 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day? a) 12% b) 28% c) 35% d) 52%

b) 28%

18) The breakdown of dietary carbohydrates releases _____kcal/g of energy. a) 9 b) 4 c) 7 d) 2

b) 4

63) Ryan would like to lose weight. His energy needs are 2400 kcal/day. If he eats ~1900 kcals/day, in four weeks approximately how much weight will Ryan have lost? a) 2 pounds b) 4 pounds c) 9 pounds d) 12 pounds

b) 4 pounds

41) In humans, a full-term pregnancy is approximately: a) 35 weeks. b) 40 weeks. c) 45 weeks. d) 24 weeks.

b) 40 weeks.

4) The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a selected nutrient would meet the needs of approximately what percentage of individuals in a population? a) 33% b) 50% c) 75% d) 99%

b) 50%

40) Which of the following diets provides approximately 18% of the total Calories (kcal) from fat? a) 41 grams of fat; 2,385 kcal b) 67 grams of fat; 3,268 kcal c) 36 grams of fat; 1,154 kcal d) 17 grams of fat; 2,392 kcal

b) 67 grams of fat; 3,268 kcal

32) Which is an example of anecdotal information? a) Blood glucose levels in runners after they have run in a competition. b) A famous runner reports having more energy after eating a certain type of power bar. c) Runners are timed before and after eating one power bar a day for a month. d) People take a written test before and after eating power bars for a month; the results are scored.

b) A famous runner reports having more energy after eating a certain type of power bar.

10) As dietary nutrients are broken down to provide energy they are all converted to which metabolic intermediate? a) Pyruvate b) Acetyl CoA c) Lactate d) Ketone bodies

b) Acetyl CoA

34) Which is a FALSE statement regarding the use of anthropometric measurements such as waist circumferences and skinfold thickness to estimate body composition? a) Measurements are more accurate in normal weight than in obese individuals. b) Although fairly accurate, skinfold measurement is relatively expensive. c) It is assumed that the subcutaneous fat is representative of total body fat. d) Accuracy is dependent upon the skill of the person using the skinfold calipers.

b) Although fairly accurate, skinfold measurement is relatively expensive.

18) Which individual would have the lowest recommended energy intake, per unit of body weight? a) A 2-month old infant b) An 80-year old female c) A 26- year old woman, in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy d) An adolescent male

b) An 80-year old female

23) Which of the following statements about Anorexia athletica is untrue? a) Anorexia athletica is typified by compulsive exercise. b) Anorexia athletica uses a severe diet to control Kcalories. c) Anorexia athletica is typified by using extreme training to purge Kcalories. d) Anorexia athletica is sometimes mistaken for a drive for athletic achievement.

b) Anorexia athletica uses a severe diet to control Kcalories.

53) What condition most commonly causes decreased mobility in older adults? a) Hypertension b) Arthritis c) Diabetes d) Heart disease

b) Arthritis

56) Supplements of ___________ are marketed to athletes to enhance energy production, even though it is unlikely that well fed athletes are deficient in these nutrients. a) vitamin E b) B vitamins c) vitamin C d) beta-carotene

b) B vitamins

22) Carbohydrates promote dental caries by which of the following mechanisms? a) Sugar promotes the growth of bacteria that breakdown enamel. b) Bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel. c) Carbohydrates stick to teeth, preventing the removal of plaque. d) All of these choices are correct.

b) Bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel.

30) Which method to measure body composition relies on the poor ability of fat to conduct electricity? a) MRI b) Bioelectric impedance c) DEXA d) Bod Pod

b) Bioelectric impedance

39) To conserve natural resources, which is the LEAST effective option? a) Purchase fewer individually packaged foods; buy more in bulk b) Buy more imported foods c) Purchase products that use minimal packaging d) Reduce consumption of animal products

b) Buy more imported foods

13) Which is typically not found on a Nutrition Facts label? a) Calories from fat b) Calories per serving as compared to comparable products c) Percent daily values for key nutrients d) Serving size

b) Calories per serving as compared to comparable products

55) People in which group are most likely to suffer from heat exhaustion and dehydration? a) Adult athletes b) Children c) Weight lifters d) Women

b) Children

61) Which of the following foods is most likely to contain significant amounts of trans fats? a) Fish b) Commercially made crackers and cookies c) Salad dressings d) Avocado

b) Commercially made crackers and cookies

15) The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by a) the types of food proteins that a person consumes. b) DNA found in the nucleus of cells. c) GI tract peptidases. d) random interactions between free amino acids in the cytoplasm of cells.

b) DNA found in the nucleus of cells.

59) Which statement is FALSE regarding vitamin D during pregnancy? a) African-Americans have a higher percentage of deficiency. b) Dietary requirements increase by 50%. c) Vitamin D is important to support absorption of dietary calcium. d) 70% of pregnant women have low vitamin D levels.

b) Dietary requirements increase by 50%.

38) Which is FALSE regarding Alzheimer's disease? a) Aluminum accumulates in the brains of affected individuals. b) Diets high in meat and full-fat dairy foods decrease the risk. c) Antioxidants may prevent or delay disease progression. d) Alzheimer's patients show an accumulation of an abnormal protein in the brain.

b) Diets high in meat and full-fat dairy foods decrease the risk.

34) Which health claim on a food label is NOT allowed? a) Diets low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer. b) Diets rich in vitamin C will reduce the incidence of colds and flu. c) Adequate calcium intake throughout life helps maintain bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. d) Diets high in sodium may increase the risk of high blood pressure in some people.

b) Diets rich in vitamin C will reduce the incidence of colds and flu.

51) Older women (>40 years of age) are at increased risk of having a baby born with: a) PKU. b) Down syndrome. c) fetal alcohol syndrome. d) All of these.

b) Down syndrome.

40) Which statement about Helicobacter pylori is true? a) These microorganisms are killed by the low pH of the stomach secretions. b) Dr. B. J. Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H. pylori. c) H. pylori causes irritable bowel syndrome. d) H. pylori only causes ulcers if the stomach is already inflamed from stress.

b) Dr. B. J. Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H. pylori.

44) Which of the following dietary changes would one NOT expect to see as the average income of a developing country increases? a) Consumption of a wider variety of foods b) Eating less processed foods c) Consumption of more animal products d) Consumption of more foods high in vitamin A and iron

b) Eating less processed foods

30) The governmental agency that establishes tolerable limits of pesticides in food is the: a) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. b) Environmental Protection Agency. c) Food and Drug Administration. d) United States Department of Agriculture.

b) Environmental Protection Agency.

48) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding vegetarian diets and the environment? a) Having many animals confined together can affect water quality. b) Feeding grain to livestock is the most efficient way to produce enough calories for a population. c) Cutting down forests to create grazing land is a problem that is linked to global warming. d) When animals are integrated into farming, animal waste products can provide valuable sources of fuel.

b) Feeding grain to livestock is the most efficient way to produce enough calories for a population.

20) Which is NOT a product made from a renewable resource? a) Paper towels b) Gasoline c) Bread d) A wooden crate

b) Gasoline

25_____________ is a parasite that has caused illnesses among hikers and children in day care centers. a) Hepatitis A b) Giardia lamblia c) E. coli O157:H7 d) Shigella

b) Giardia lamblia

53) Which of the following profiles is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis? a) Total blood cholesterol in adults below 120 mg/100 mL of blood b) HDL cholesterol below 40 mg/100 mL of blood c) LDL levels between 120 and 129 mg/100 mL of blood d) All of these are associated with increased atherosclerosis risk.

b) HDL cholesterol below 40 mg/100 mL of blood

26) Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a source of parasitic infection? a) Fish b) Hamburger patties c) Pork d) Wild game, such as bear or rabbit

b) Hamburger patties

14) When evaluating a nutritional study, which is the least important factor? a) The design of the study b) How many researchers were involved in the study c) How the study was funded d) Where the study was published

b) How many researchers were involved in the study

14) Which of the following is associated with preeclampsia? a) Elevated blood glucose levels b) Increased blood pressure c) Low fasting blood glucose levels d) Severe diarrhea

b) Increased blood pressure

46) Which of the following physical changes is NOT common in the elderly? a) Decreased capacity to smell b) Increased sensitivity to taste c) Increased incidence of blindness d) Decreased stomach acid

b) Increased sensitivity to taste

4) Which statement about the prevalence of obesity is correct? a) The number of underweight people worldwide is two times higher than the number of overweight people. b) India must contend with significant levels of both under-nutrition and over-nutrition. c) Obesity rates worldwide are decreasing. d) The population of urban Samoa has the lowest obesity rate in the world.

b) India must contend with significant levels of both under-nutrition and over-nutrition.

45) Which statement about the relationship of obesity to activity is correct? a) Lean people use fewer calories for NEAT. b) Individuals with the most body fat tend to have the lowest levels of overall activity. c) When normal weight individuals are overfed, they all respond with similar increases in unplanned activity. d) Involuntary activity typically burns <100 kcal /day.

b) Individuals with the most body fat tend to have the lowest levels of overall activity.

46) Which hormone is most important for glucose uptake by body cells? a) Glucagon b) Insulin c) Prolactin d) Ghrelin

b) Insulin

4) Which of the following statements about the typical American diet is true? a) Intake of whole grains is above the recommended level and less energy is consumed than expended. b) Intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended. c) Intake of fiber is adequate and intake of fruits and vegetables is less than recommended. d) Intake of fiber is low and fruit and vegetable intake is above recommended levels.

b) Intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended.

33) Which statement about international trade is FALSE? a) International trade can help countries provide for their people even if they cannot grow enough food within the country. b) International trade is most effective for countries with vast natural resources. c) International trade is mostly a benefit to the developed world. d) An increase in food imports helped decrease the number of hungry people in newly industrialized countries in Asia.

b) International trade is most effective for countries with vast natural resources.

11) Which food is most appropriate for a 5-month-old infant? a) Whole cow's milk b) Iron-fortified infant rice cereal c) Raw carrots d) Eggs

b) Iron-fortified infant rice

49) Which of the following statements about food irradiation is FALSE? a) It is also called cold pasteurization. b) It causes food to be slightly radioactive. c) It is considered a food additive. d) It is used to destroy pathogens and increase shelf life.

b) It causes food to be slightly radioactive.

5) Which is TRUE regarding Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)? a) For some groups, there is an established benefit of consuming nutrients at this level. b) It is a not a recommended level for consumption. c) Consuming nutrients at this level will probably cause adverse health effects. d) The UL is set at the level of intake that causes adverse effects in 5% of the population .

b) It is a not a recommended level for consumption.

44) Which is MOST likely to contain the highest level of industrial contaminants? a) Small fish from large lakes b) Large fish from large lakes c) Small ocean fish caught far offshore d) Large ocean fish caught far offshore

b) Large fish from large lakes

38) ______________ is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level. a) Thyroxine b) Leptin c) Ghrelin d) Insulin

b) Leptin

26) Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? a) Chylomicrons b) Low-density lipoproteins c) High-density lipoproteins d) Very-low density lipoproteins

b) Low-density lipoproteins

12) What enzyme prevents bacterial growth in the mouth? a) Amylase b) Lysozyme c) Bacteriocidase d) Lipase

b) Lysozyme

56) Which of the following is most likely to result from a chronic deficiency of protein and energy? a) PKU b) Marasmus c) Gallstones d) Increased resistance to infection

b) Marasmus

5) Where do most people in the U.S. get their nutrition information? a) Dietitians b) Mass media, i.e., television, magazines and newspapers c) Physicians d) Talk radio

b) Mass media, i.e., television, magazines and newspapers

2) Which is true regarding maximum heart rate? a) When a person is fit, it takes less effort to reach his/her maximum heart rate. b) Maximum heart rate declines with age. c) Maximum heart rate is the number of times that the heart beats per minute while a person it at rest. d) Maximum heart rate is derived from an individual's weight and height.

b) Maximum heart rate declines with age.

20) Which statement about men and eating disorders is untrue? a) One reason men have a lower incidence of eating disorders than women is the pressure for men to be thin is less intense. b) Men begin to "feel fat" at a lower BMI than women. c) Men are more at risk if they were very thin as children. d) Advertisements aimed at men set an ideal body standard that is impossible for most young men to achieve.

b) Men begin to "feel fat" at a lower BMI than women.

22) Which of the following statements regarding iron in young children is FALSE? a) Children between 4 and 8-years-of-age need more iron than adult men. b) Milk is an excellent source of iron. c) Iron supplements may be prescribed for anemia. d) Iron deficiency can cause learning deficits and lower resistance to infection.

b) Milk is an excellent source of iron.

15) Which is the FALSE statement regarding the MyPlate guidelines? a) No matter your caloric requirements, MyPlate can be effectively used as a guide for eating. b) MyPlate Daily Food Plan does NOT include recommendations for physical activity. c) The amount of the plate covered by each food group is proportional to the amount each group should contribute to a healthy diet. d) MyPlate emphasizes proportionality, variety, moderation and nutrient density.

b) MyPlate Daily Food Plan does NOT include recommendations for physical activity.

11) Which of the following is untrue about individuals with a distorted body image? a) The individual does not see himself or herself as he or she really is. b) Only thin people have a distorted body image. c) The distorted body image may occur because of a pathological concern with body weight and shape. d) They may be quite thin, yet still see themselves as fat.

b) Only thin people have a distorted body image.

18) Which organ produces the lipase enzyme that accomplishes the bulk of lipid digestion? a) Stomach b) Pancreas c) Mouth d) Liver

b) Pancreas

45) Which of the following is used to make the lipid bilayer found in cell membranes in the body? a) Saturated fatty acids. b) Phospholipids. c) Trans fatty acids. d) Eicosanoids.

b) Phospholipids.

12) The nutritional analysis of a diet that follows The MyPlate recommendations would most closely resemble which DRI group? a) EARs b) RDAs c) AIs d) ULs

b) RDAs

59) Which of the following is the best dietary source of isoflavones? a) Whole milk b) Soy products c) Citrus fruits d) Beef

b) Soy products

52) Which area has the lowest rates of poverty? a) Inner cities b) Suburbs c) Native American reservations d) Remote rural areas

b) Suburbs

1) Which is true regarding the overload principle? a) When you exercise, you should work until complete exhaustion. b) The body will adapt to the stresses placed on it. c) If people over-exercise, they will not improve fitness. d) Overload is to be avoided.

b) The body will adapt to the stresses placed on it.

60) Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) A waist measurement >40 inches in men indicates a health risk. b) The distribution of fat in a person is determined by primarily by exercise habits. c) A waist measurement >35 inches in women indicates a health risk. d) Visceral fat storage is more common in men than in women.

b) The distribution of fat in a person is determined by primarily by exercise habits.

8) Which statement correctly relates the typical personality of a person with an eating disorder? a) These are lazy people with low self-esteem. b) The person is typically a perfectionist and high achiever who nonetheless feels inadequate. c) They like to let others be in control. d) Their low standards for themselves lead to low self-esteem.

b) The person is typically a perfectionist and high achiever who nonetheless feels inadequate.

41) Which of the following is true regarding "qualified" health claims? a) They result from significant scientific agreement. b) They must be accompanied by a statement of explanation. c) Their use on food labels does not require FDA approval. d) They can only be used on dietary supplements.

b) They must be accompanied by a statement of explanation.

55) Which statement about vegetarians is FALSE? a) Vegetarians are more likely to get sufficient fruits and vegetables than non-vegetarians. b) Vegetarian diets are automatically healthy since they only contain healthy foods. c) Vegetarian diets must be carefully planned. d) A well planned vegetarian diet can meet all the nutrient needs of children.

b) Vegetarian diets are automatically healthy since they only contain healthy foods.

29) The distribution of body fat can be an indicator of health risk. Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer? a) Subcutaneous fat deposited in the hips and thighs b) Visceral fat deposited around the waist c) A pear shaped body d) Brown fat tissue in the upper arms

b) Visceral fat deposited around the waist

45) Gestational diabetes increases the risk for having: a) a small-for-gestational-age infant. b) a large-for-gestational-age infant. c) an infant born with PKU. d) an infant with a neural tube defect.

b) a large-for-gestational-age infant.

19) A substance found in plants which cannot be made by the body and is not necessary to sustain life, but has healthful benefits, is: a) an herbal supplement. b) a phytochemical. c) an enzyme. d) a zoochemical.

b) a phytochemical.

65) A reduced fat food that contains a fat replacer consisting of millions of microscopic balls that slide over each other to give the creamy texture of fats is: a) a carbohydrate-based fat replacer. b) a protein-based fat replacer. c) mucilage. d) olestra.

b) a protein-based fat replacer.

29) High levels of HDL in the blood are associated with: a) improved immune function. b) a reduced risk of heart disease. c) increased risk of colon cancer. d) increased risk of breast and prostate cancer.

b) a reduced risk of heart disease.

27) Hemoglobin is an example of: a) a defense protein. b) a transport protein. c) an enzyme. d) an immune protein (antibody).

b) a transport protein.

21) The stomach wall is protected from the acidity of the gastric juice by: a) the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. b) a viscous mucus layer. c) the action of gastrin. d) pancreatic secretions.

b) a viscous mucus layer.

5) The most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and: a) metabolism. b) absorption. c) circulation. d) excretion.

b) absorption.

50) When needed for a source of energy, fatty acids are broken down into: a) pyruvate. b) acetyl CoA. c) glucose. d) chylomicrons.

b) acetyl CoA.

26) Obesity increases the risk of some cancers because: a) the high fat foods typically consumed have abundant cancer-promoting substances. b) adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation. c) high blood triglycerides commonly seen in obesity damage DNA in cells lining the major blood vessels. d) obese individuals tend to be sedentary.

b) adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation.

10) The variables used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements include: a) age, BMI, weight and gender. b) age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level. c) physical activity level, gender and BMI. d) gender, age, weight, physical activity level and proportions of kcals consumed as fats.

b) age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.

50) The basic building blocks of proteins are: a) monosaccharides. b) amino acids. c) sterols. d) ketone bodies.

b) amino acids.

2) The ___ is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the unborn baby and provides protection. a) placenta b) amniotic sac c) trophoblast d) blastocyst

b) amniotic sac

48) Metabolic reactions that build molecules and body structures are referred to as: a) catabolic. b) anabolic. c) hydrolytic. d) deamination reactions.

b) anabolic.

25) As compared to children that do eat breakfast, those that do NOT: a) have less emotional and behavioral problems. b) are more likely to be hyperactive. c) are less likely to be absent or tardy. d) perform better academically.

b) are more likely to be hyperactive.

35) Solid foods should be introduced into the infant's diet: a) shortly after birth (within 2 weeks). b) around 4 to 6 months of age. c) around 1 year of age. d) around 1 month of age.

b) around 4 to 6 months of age.

48) A method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process is called: a) sterilized processing. b) aseptic processing. c) food preservation. d) bacterial elimination processing.

b) aseptic processing.

17) The three components of energy expenditure are: a) basal metabolism, energy consumption and protein metabolism. b) basal metabolism, physical activity and diet-induced thermogenesis. c) basal metabolism, resting heat conductance and consumptive capacity. d) physical activity, sleeping and eating.

b) basal metabolism, physical activity and diet-induced thermogenesis.

11) Stunting increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a) abdominal obesity. b) being a larger adult. c) reduced work capacity. d) low-birth-weight babies in the next generation.

b) being a larger adult.

61) A measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amount of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount absorbed from the diet is called the: a) chemical score. b) biological value. c) protein efficiency ratio. d) net protein utilization.

b) biological value.

16) Food allergies: a) are more common in breastfed babies than formula fed babies. b) can result when incompletely digested proteins are absorbed through the intestine and enters the lymph and/or bloodstream. c) tend to be more common in older children than in infants. d) are not serious unless they occur in children over the age of 6.

b) can result when incompletely digested proteins are absorbed through the intestine and enters the lymph and/or bloodstream.

56) Very-Low-Kcalorie diets: a) contain fewer than 1500 kcals/day. b) cause a rapid initial weight loss. c) increase metabolism. d) are more effective than other diets in the long term.

b) cause a rapid initial weight loss

38) Of the following foods, ___________ is the best dietary source of resistant starch. a) apples b) chilled, cooked potatoes c) whole grain bread d) oatmeal

b) chilled, cooked potatoes

16) Bile, vitamin D, and some hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from: a) essential fatty acids. b) cholesterol. c) trans fatty acids. d) phospholipids.

b) cholesterol.

8) Postponing the onset of chronic or debilitating disease in an older population is termed: a) chronic disease deferral. b) compression of morbidity. c) mortality extension. d) suspended morbidity.

b) compression of morbidity.

56) The nutrient needs of the elderly remain essentially the same although their energy needs decrease. Because of this, the best advice for them is to: a) eat larger portions of food. b) consume a more nutrient dense diet. c) eat less and exercise more. d) eat more concentrated sweets.

b) consume a more nutrient dense diet.

2) The most likely source of fish and seafood contamination is: a) the passing of bacteria from adults directly to eggs. b) contaminants in the waters where they live. c) molds. d) toxins produced by the fish.

b) contaminants in the waters where they live.

16) Wiping a soiled counter with a cloth, then wiping a cutting board with the same cloth is an example of: a) a critical control point transfer. b) cross-contamination. c) HACCP. d) a potentiated zone.

b) cross-contamination.

25) A serious problem in diabetics with eating disorders is a) the regimentation of routine diabetes management. b) cutting back on insulin to lose weight. c) being preoccupied with glucose control. d) paying careful attention to exercise.

b) cutting back on insulin to lose weight.

1) Over the past 40 years, the fat intake of Americans has: a) significantly declined, resulting in less obesity. b) declined as a proportion of total kcalories consumed. c) declined as people tend to cook at home more frequently. d) risen significantly.

b) declined as a proportion of total kcalories consumed.

19) As children grow, their energy and protein requirements per unit of body weight: a) increase. b) decrease. c) stays about the same. d) This requirement is independent of growth.

b) decrease.

43) One possible adverse effect of excessive fiber consumption is: a) an increase in blood cholesterol. b) decreased absorption of calcium and iron. c) increased incidence of colon cancer. d) increased incidence of diverticulosis.

b) decreased absorption of calcium and iron.

26) Training leads to all of the following adaptations EXCEPT: a) increased numbers of capillaries in muscles. b) decreased numbers of mitochondria in muscle fibers. c) an expanded blood volume. d) increased aerobic capacity.

b) decreased numbers of mitochondria in muscle fibers.

39) Inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa reduces the ability of the intestine to absorb water or nutrients causing: a) constipation. b) diarrhea. c) gastroesophageal reflux disease. d) gallstones.

b) diarrhea.

21) A question such as "Who does the grocery shopping in your house?" would most appropriately be included in a: a) 24-hour recall. b) diet history. c) food frequency questionnaire. d) food record.

b) diet history.

37) Under-nutrition does not include: a) starvation reflecting a deficiency of energy. b) eating too much saturated fat. c) the deficient intake of single nutrients. d) the inability to absorb a particular nutrient.

b) eating too much saturated fat.

28) The prevalence of eating disorders can be reduced by: a) reinforcing the importance of personal achievement. b) eliminating weight related criticism. c) getting children to count Kcalories at a young age. d) emphasizing appearance to boost self-esteem.

b) eliminating weight related criticism.

52) The recommended approach to dealing with overweight children is to: a) strictly limit kcalorie intake. b) encourage physical activity and moderate kcalorie intake. c) institute moderate levels of drug therapy. d) encourage liquid weight loss products at lunch.

b) encourage physical activity and moderate kcalorie intake.

8) Approximately 1000 college students were asked to keep a record of what supplemental vitamins they took and how many colds they had over the course of a year. The amount of vitamin C consumed was compared with the students' incidences of colds. This is an example of a(an): a) clinical trial. b) epidemiological study. c) intervention study. d) laboratory study.

b) epidemiological study.

54) The term which describes the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves is: a) let-down. b) failure to thrive. c) small-for-gestational age. d) delay syndrome

b) failure to thrive.

16) If the shape of a protein is altered due to a genetic mutation, the _______________ of the protein may be affected. a) nutritional value b) functionality c) taste d) texture

b) functionality

14) If no food is eaten for more than a few hours, gluconeogenesis occurs, forming glucose from: a) stored amino acids. b) functioning body protein. c) fatty acid deposits in adipose tissue. d) glycogen stores.

b) functioning body protein.

67) A surgical procedure that restricts the size of the stomach and bypasses a portion of the small intestine is: a) gastroplasty. b) gastric bypass. c) not successful in achieving weight loss. d) liposuction.

b) gastric bypass.

40) Analysis of blood can be used to determine: a) what someone ate the previous day. b) glucose and cholesterol levels. c) an individual's overall nutritional status. d) bone mineral density.

b) glucose and cholesterol levels.

19) Lactic acid is produced from _________in muscles when _________ is not available. a) glucose; acetyl CoA b) glucose; oxygen c) glycogen; ATP d) triglycerides; pyruvate

b) glucose; oxygen

9) The _____________________ reflects a ranking of how specific foods affect blood glucose as compared to the response of a reference food. a) glycemic response b) glycemic index c) gluconeogenic index d) digestibility and solubility index

b) glycemic index

13) To provide glucose to the body between meals: a) fat is broken down. b) glycogen is broken down. c) internal organs are liquified. d) snacks must be consumed.

b) glycogen is broken down.

29) Exchange lists: a) are the basis of MyPlate. b) group foods according to macronutrient and energy content. c) simplify MyPlate for the general population. d) were first developed to help people lose weight.

b) group foods according to macronutrient and energy content.

36) Compared to formula-fed babies, babies receiving breast milk: a) grow faster. b) have fewer allergies, ear infections and respiratory illness. c) are frequently overfed. d) walk sooner.

b) have fewer allergies, ear infections and respiratory illness.

28) According to BMI criteria, an individual with a body mass index (BMI) of 22 would be defined as: a) underweight. b) healthy weight. c) overweight. d) obese.

b) healthy weight.

45) The term, cardiorespiratory endurance, refers to: a) heart rate times the number of breaths taken per minute. b) how long a person can exercise or continue a physical task. c) respiratory rates. d) how long it takes a person to walk or run 1000 meters.

b) how long a person can exercise or continue a physical task.

5) Energy restriction has been shown to increase the life span of all of the following EXCEPT: a) worms. b) humans. c) rodents. d) insects.

b) humans.

57) The stimulus which prompts one to eat in response to internal physical cues is best described as: a) appetite. b) hunger. c) behavioral modification. d) satiety.

b) hunger.

53) On the MyPlate guide, oils are: a) listed in the fat group. b) included and recommendations are given in teaspoons. c) not given specific consideration. d) considered empty calories.

b) included and recommendations are given in teaspoons.

55) Colic is a term used to describe: a) delayed growth patterns during infancy. b) inconsolable crying believed to be due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract or immaturity of the central nervous system. c) infants who are developmentally and physically slow. d) infants who are unable to latch onto a nipple and suck.

b) inconsolable crying believed to be due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract or immaturity of the central nervous system.

41) The hormone, bovine somatotropin (bST), is injected into cows to: a) accelerate muscle (meat) growth. b) increase milk production. c) increase the likelihood of multiple births. d) reduce infections.

b) increase milk production.

42) Heat related illness is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a) decreased blood volume. b) increased blood pressure. c) rise in core body temperature. d) reduced sweat production.

b) increased blood pressure.

27) Iron deficiency is LEAST likely to result from: a) parasitic infections. b) increased physical workloads. c) limited availability and consumption of red meat. d) chronic infections.

b) increased physical workloads.

6) Over the last 25 years child and adolescent obesity rates have: a) increased to ~32%. b) increased to ~17%. c) declined. d) stayed the same.

b) increased to ~17%.

35) Indigestible carbohydrates provide positive health benefits in part by: a) slowing fecal movement. b) increasing the bulk of the colonic contents. c) decreasing the amount of water in the colon. d) All of these choices are true.

b) increasing the bulk of the colonic contents.

23) Dietary supplements containing added ___________ have a high potential for toxicity in children. a) vitamin C b) iron c) protein d) calcium

b) iron

30) When energy is ingested in excess of needs, the excess: a) is lost as heat. b) is converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue. c) is converted into cholesterol and stored in the liver. d) is metabolized by the muscles and stored as ATP.

b) is converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue.

24) A limiting amino acid: a) does not supply the element nitrogen. b) is present in short supply relative to the body's need. c) cannot be used by the body during protein synthesis. d) is used to synthesize non-protein molecules that contain nitrogen.

b) is present in short supply relative to the body's need.

16) When the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts, food: a) flows from the esophagus into the stomach. b) is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach. c) leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. d) is eliminated from the body through the anus.

b) is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach.

2) America's obesity epidemic: a) has not affected children. b) is primarily caused by Americans eating more and exercising less. c) is relatively benign, causing few health effects. d) is unique since other countries have not experienced similar rises in obesity.

b) is primarily caused by Americans eating more and exercising less.

41) The rate of growth (increase in weight/height per year): a) can be used to predict whether a child will be obese as an adult. b) is slower during childhood (> age 1) compared to infancy (< age 1). c) is not a good indicator of nutrient intake. d) corresponds to birth weight; the higher the birth weight, the faster the rate of growth.

b) is slower during childhood (> age 1) compared to infancy (< age 1).

38) Colostrum: a) is a type of formula that has essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA) added. b) is the first fluid that is produced by the breast after delivery. c) is the first stool passed by the infant after delivery. d) is another name for the mature milk produced by the breast.

b) is the first fluid that is produced by the breast after delivery.

21) The energy provided by foods is measured in: a) BTUs. b) kilocalories. c) thermal equivalents. d) watts.

b) kilocalories.

2) The maximum age to which a human can live is defined as: a) life expectancy. b) life span. c) life tendency. d) compression of morbidity.

b) life span.

51) To limit the effects of nitrosamines, compounds known to be carcinogenic in animals, one should do all of the following EXCEPT: a) limit consumption of nitrate- and nitrite-containing foods, such as hotdogs. b) limit consumption of dried fruits treated with sulfites. c) consume adequate amounts of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E. d) limit consumption of cured meats to 3-4 ounces per week.

b) limit consumption of dried fruits treated with sulfites.

44) After water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the __________ via the ___________. a) kidneys; capillaries b) liver; hepatic portal vein c) gall bladder; bile duct d) pancreas; lacteals

b) liver; hepatic portal vein

58) Regular soy consumption may help: a) increase fertility. b) lower blood LDL cholesterol levels. c) improve athletic performance. d) reduce muscle fatigue.

b) lower blood LDL cholesterol levels.

58) The hormone which influences sleep patterns most is: a) insulin. b) melatonin. c) thyroxine. d) testosterone.

b) melatonin.

51) The urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove: a) unabsorbed food residue. b) metabolic waste products. c) excess calories. d) All of these choices are correct.

b) metabolic waste products.

33) The absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by the presence of: a) sphincters. b) microvilli. c) enterocytes. d) gastric pits.

b) microvilli.

43) PCB exposure: a) is no longer a problem since these chemicals break down quickly. b) occurred when runoff from manufacturing plants contaminated water. c) causes the accumulation of PCBs in lean body tissues. d) is not a concern for breast feeding women.

b) occurred when runoff from manufacturing plants contaminated water.

8) The concentration of glucose in the blood is primarily regulated by: a) pancreatic enzymes. b) pancreatic hormones. c) enzymes in the membranes of cells lining the small intestine. d) hormones released by the GI tract.

b) pancreatic hormones.

27) Researchers are interested in whether caffeine has any effect on short-term memory. A study is designed in which two groups of subjects are given capsules that look identical. Group A receives capsules containing caffeine and Group B receives capsules containing powdered sugar. Group B is being given a: a) catalyst. b) placebo. c) stimulant. d) simulation factor.

b) placebo.

17) The single greatest cause of food insecurity is: a) natural disasters. b) poverty. c) lack of education. d) famine.

b) poverty.

21) The amino acid pool refers to amino acids: a) which are soluble in bodily fluids. b) present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP. c) which are used by the body for building muscle tissue. d) which the body is not able to make and must be supplied by the diet.

b) present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP.

31) Dietary fiber promotes a healthy intestinal microflora in part by: a) slowing the movement of food material in the gut. b) promoting the production of short chain fatty acids which provide metabolic fuel for colonic cells. c) decreasing the fluidity of the intestinal contents. d) producing natural antibiotics that kill pathogenic bacteria.

b) promoting the production of short chain fatty acids which provide metabolic fuel for colonic cells.

9) Decrease in ____________ is generally NOT characteristic of the aging process. a) maximum heart rate b) proportion of adipose tissue c) lean body mass d) cardiovascular endurance

b) proportion of adipose tissue

39) Current recommendations regarding fat intake suggest a healthy diet should: a) contain at least 20% of total kcals from saturated fats. b) provide 20 to 35% of total calories (kcal) from fat. c) limit the intake of foods high in monounsaturated fatty acids. d) All of these are healthy recommendations regarding fat intake.

b) provide 20 to 35% of total calories (kcal) from fat.

34) The period during which an individual undergoes physical changes that result in sexual maturity is called: a) senescence. b) puberty. c) menopause. d) menarche.

b) puberty.

14) The pharynx is a cavity shared by the digestive tract and the: a) urinary tract. b) respiratory tract. c) pancreatic duct. d) common bile duct.

b) respiratory tract.

34) Immune cells within the lining of blood vessels have _____________ receptors which mediate the uptake of oxidized LDL cholesterol. a) LDL b) scavenger c) foam d) insulin

b) scavenger

13) The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the: a) ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in the polypeptide chain. b) sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. c) carbon to nitrogen ratio in the polypeptide chain. d) the number of peptide bonds present in the polypeptide chain.

b) sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

37) For many years, Erin's weight has been stable at ~132 pounds. This weight is commonly described as her: a) maintenance level. b) set point. c) trigger point. d) weight stability setting.

b) set point.

51) Factors contributing to a better quality of life and better nutrition for the elderly include all of the following EXCEPT: a) intact dentures or teeth. b) staying at home more due to decreased mobility. c) a support system consisting of family and caregivers. d) adequate income.

b) staying at home more due to decreased mobility.

30) Lead accumulates in all of the following organs EXCEPT the: a) bones. b) stomach. c) brain. d) kidneys.

b) stomach.

54) The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 considers all of the following healthy eating patterns EXCEPT: a) USDA Food Patterns. b) the Asian Cultural Food Consumption Program. c) Mediterranean-style eating pattern. d) the DASH Eating Plan.

b) the Asian Cultural Food

39) Of the following, the strongest relationship exists between childhood obesity and: a) skipping breakfast. b) the amount of time children watch television. c) birth order (oldest versus youngest). d) participation in the school lunch program.

b) the amount of time children watch television.

34) "Failure to thrive" refers to: a) infants that are formula fed rather than breast fed. b) the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves. c) changes in the mother's physiology due to hormonal changes after giving birth. d) inadequate (low) weight gain during pregnancy.

b) the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves.

8) A "use by" date indicates: a) the last day that a product can be safely consumed. b) the last day the product is likely to be at peak flavor, freshness and texture. c) the last day that a store can sell a product. d) the date by which significant deterioration has already occurred.

b) the last day the product is likely to be at peak flavor, freshness and texture.

27) Aerobic metabolism occurs in: a) the cytoplasm of a cell. b) the mitochondria of a cell. c) the nucleus of a cell. d) None of these choices is correct.

b) the mitochondria of a cell.

14) The RDA for protein in older adults is _______, as compared to younger adults. a) lower b) the same c) higher d) not specifically determined

b) the same

25) Stomach emptying is affected by all of the following EXCEPT: a) the nutrient composition of a meal. b) the time of day the meal is consumed. c) the meal consistency (liquid versus solid). d) emotional states (sadness, anger, stress).

b) the time of day the meal is consumed.

19) The function of bile in triglyceride digestion is: a) to hydrolyze (split) the bond that attaches fatty acids to glycerol. b) to break fat into small globules. c) facilitate the formation of chylomicrons. d) to bind and transport lipids in the blood.

b) to break fat into small globules.

53) The function of sphincters in the digestive tract is: a) to coordinate muscular contractions that propel food forward. b) to regulate the flow of food. c) to control the release of bile. d) to regulate enzymatic reactions.

b) to regulate the flow of food.

48) To maximize performance, the best priorities for post-competition meals is: a) to replace lost sodium. b) to rehydrate and consume high amounts of carbohydrate and moderate amounts of protein. c) to rehydrate and replace fat losses. d) to replenish body potassium levels and provide high amounts of protein.

b) to rehydrate and consume high amounts of carbohydrate and moderate amounts of protein.

21) If you were to analyze the composition of adipose tissue, you would likely find an abundance of: a) micelles. b) triglycerides. c) eicosanoids. d) cholesterol.

b) triglycerides.

26) The waste product resulting from the deamination of a protein is: a) ketone bodies. b) urea. c) lactate. d) CO2.

b) urea.

43) A pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called: a) lacto-ovo vegetarian. b) vegan vegetarian. c) phyto vegetarian. d) pesco vegetarian.

b) vegan vegetarian.

30) Protein-energy malnutrition is characterized by: a) increased susceptibility to food allergies. b) wasting and increased susceptibility to infection. c) excessive urinary output. d) hyperglycemia.

b) wasting and increased susceptibility to infection.

66) One problem with weight loss drugs is that: a) they have been shown to shorten life span. b) weight is typically regained when the drug is stopped. c) they are not recommended for people with large amounts of weight to lose. d) over time, they typically cause people to become underweight.

b) weight is typically regained when the drug is stopped.

5) Which of the following is the correct sequence of gestational events? a) embryo; fetus; zygote b) zygote; embryo; fetus c) fetus; embryo; zygote d) zygote; fetus; embryo

b) zygote; embryo; fetus

1) Worldwide, over ___ of the deaths in children under the age of 5 are due to under-nutrition. a) 10% b) 20% c) 1/3 d) 1/2

c) 1/3

45) Approximately what portion of households in the U.S. experience food insecurity at some point during the year? a) 4.5% b) 9.5% c) 14.5% d) 20.5%

c) 14.5%

14) To reduce the risk of chronic disease, the DGA 2010 recommend at least ___ minutes of moderate-intensity or ____minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity weekly. a) 240;180 b) 100:50 c) 150:75 d) 120:80

c) 150:75

18) E. coli can be eliminated by cooking foods to ____o F. a) 85 b) 120 c) 160 d) 185

c) 160

15) What is the estimated maximum heart rate for a 20-year-old female (in beats/min)? a) 80 b) 168 c) 188 d) 200

c) 188

3) By 2030, it is projected that nearly _____ % of the US population will be over 65. a) 5 b) 10 c) 20 d) 30

c) 20

64) Which statement is true about hamburger that is labeled 80% lean? a) 80% of the kcalories are from protein and 20% are from fat b) This is the leanest ground beef that can be purchased. c) 20% of the weight of the meat is fat d) 80% of the kcalories are from fat

c) 20% of the weight of the meat is fat

24) Daily Values are based on a ___________ kcalorie diet. a) 1000 b) 1500 c) 2000 d) 2500

c) 2000

12) Of ____ amino acids commonly found in food proteins, ____ are dispensible. a) 20; 9 b) 11; 9 c) 20; 11 d) 24: 16

c) 20; 11

7) What is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbohydrate and 4 grams of protein? a) 51 kcals b) 145 kcals c) 239 kcals d) 319 kcals

c) 239 kcals

8) The recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normal weight woman is _______ pounds. a) 5 - 10 b) 15 - 20 c) 25 - 35 d) 40 - 50

c) 25 - 35

23) A 2000 calorie diet in which carbohydrate provides 50% of the calories would provide how many grams of carbohydrate? a) 140 b) 200 c) 250 d) 400

c) 250

24) School lunches must provide approximately _____ % of the RDA for protein, energy, vitamins A and C, iron and calcium. a) 10 b) 25 c) 33 d) 50

c) 33

54) If Dahlia expends an extra 300 kcals exercising each day and reduces her energy intake by 200 kcals/ day, approximately how long will it take her to lose 5 pounds? a) 1 week b) 15 days c) 35 days d) 45 days

c) 35 days

41) The AMDR for carbohydrate intake for a healthy diet has been set at ______ of the total energy required. a) 15-10% b) 30-45% c) 45-65% d) 65-80%

c) 45-65%

4) Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) accounts for over ___% of the people with eating disorders a) 5 b) 25 c) 50 d) 75.

c) 50

13) The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that children spend _______ minutes per day performing an age-appropriate exercise. a) 10 b) 30 c) 60 d) 120

c) 60

12) Basal metabolism in a typical person accounts for approximately what percentage of total energy expenditure? a) 10-25 b) 40-55 c) 60-75 d) >90

c) 60-75

7) What is the average healthy life span of a person living in the United States? a) 59 years b) 63 years c) 70 years d) 74 years

c) 70 years

24) Which of the following is the best source of dietary fiber? a) 2 scrambled eggs b) 1 small doughnut c) A 4 ounce salmon filet d) 1 cup of broccoli

c) A 4 ounce salmon filet

7) Which statement about the effect of genes on eating disorders is true? a) Eating disorders are passed from parent to child by way of a single gene. b) Inherited abnormalities in the levels of dopamine may contribute. c) A defect in a melanocortin 4 receptor gene was found in binge eaters. d) These disorders are caused by environmental and social factors, genes do not contribute.

c) A defect in a melanocortin 4 receptor gene was found in binge eaters.

21) Which is true regarding a food-borne intoxication? a) Food-borne intoxication is caused by consuming food contaminated with a virus. b) Food-borne intoxication is caused by consuming water contaminated with bacteria. c) A food-borne intoxication is caused by consuming a food contaminated with a toxin produced by a pathogenic organism. d) Food-borne intoxications only occur when large numbers of microorganisms are present in the food.

c) A food-borne intoxication is caused by consuming a food contaminated with a toxin produced by a pathogenic organism.

52) Which is LEAST likely to be true of aerobic exercise? a) Sustained regular aerobic exercise decreases resting heart rate b) Aerobic exercise increases VO2 max c) A major benefit of aerobic exercise is that it builds muscles d) Aerobic exercise involves activity that raises the heart rate

c) A major benefit of aerobic exercise is that it builds muscles

18) Which of the following would be the LEAST reliable source of information about herbal supplements? a) A government publication b) A dietitian c) A pamphlet published by the health food store d) A peer-reviewed article available on the Internet

c) A pamphlet published by the health food store

39) Which statement regarding foods selected in a restaurant is FALSE? a) A menu item labeled "low fat" must meet the same criteria as a packaged product with a "low fat" label. b) Nutrient claims about menu items must be backed up with appropriate nutrition information. c) A restaurant cannot make a health claim on its menu. d) Restaurants are not required to have food labels unless the establishment has 20 or more locations.

c) A restaurant cannot make a health claim on its menu.

27) Which food presents the greatest risk of food-borne illness? a) Hot dogs left in the refrigerator for four days b) A bruised banana c) A turkey thawed at room temperature d) Milk two days past the "sell by" date

c) A turkey thawed at room temperature

44) Which of the following women should gain the most weight during pregnancy? a) A women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 22 b) A 43-year-old woman c) A woman carrying twins d) A women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 29

c) A woman carrying twins

11) As foods are digested, the energy stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates, proteins and fats are converted to: a) electrical energy. b) carbon dioxide. c) ATP. d) electrons.

c) ATP.

55) Which group is LEAST likely to suffer serious complications if food-borne illness is contracted? a) Pregnant women b) People undergoing treatment for cancer c) Adult men d) Children

c) Adult men

36) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding menopause? a) After menopause, a woman's risk of heart disease increases. b) Menopause decreases a woman's risk of breast cancer. c) After menopause, a woman's risk of osteoporosis decreases. d) Menopause has been associated with a change in body composition.

c) After menopause, a woman's risk of osteoporosis decreases.

24) Which of the following is an example of a teratogen? a) Nicotine in cigarette smoke b) Some vitamins c) Alcohol d) All of these

c) Alcohol

54) What initially causes an atherosclerotic plaque to begin developing? a) An essential fatty acid deficiency. b) Low blood pressure. c) An injury to the artery wall. d) All of these choices are correct.

c) An injury to the artery wall.

25) Which statement about the impact of raising farm animals is FALSE? a) It takes 40 kcals of fossil fuel to obtain 1 kcal of beef protein. b) Animals raised on small farms consume scraps, crop wastes and grasses that people cannot eat. c) Animals raised in agribusiness are so efficiently raised that the impact on the environment is quite small. d) Livestock raised in the US consume 7 times the amount of grain as consumed by the human population.

c) Animals raised in agribusiness are so efficiently raised that the impact on the environment is quite small.

1) _________ are units of matter that cannot be further broken down by chemical means. a) Organic compounds b) Cells c) Atoms d) Solvents

c) Atoms

29) Which of the following statements regarding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is true? a) BSE can be passed from a cow to humans via unpasteurized milk. b) BSE can be prevented by cooking meat to 160°. c) BSE is caused by pathogenic proteins called prions. d) BSE is caused by a slow growing virus.

c) BSE is caused by pathogenic proteins called prions.

29) Which statement about body weight and composition in older adults is FALSE? a) Weight loss in the elderly should emphasize the prevention of muscle and bone mass. b) Low BMI is associated with a higher risk of mortality. c) Body fat tends to decrease as people age. d) Obesity rates have increased in the elderly over the past two decades.

c) Body fat tends to decrease as people age.

21) ______________ is needed for transport of fatty acids into mitochondria. a) Acetyl-CoA b) Fatty acid interacting protein (FAIP) c) Carnitine d) Creatine

c) Carnitine

34) Which statement about cash crops is FALSE? a) Cash crops can provide revenue to purchase nutritious foods for local people. b) Production of cash crops may limit the ability of local people to produce enough food to feed their families. c) Cash crops are typically raised for local consumption. d) Coffee is a cash crop.

c) Cash crops are typically raised for local consumption.

9) Which of the following is NOT a product released by the GI tract? a) Mucus b) Enzymes c) Chyme d) Hormones

c) Chyme

63) Complete protein sources can be found in which MyPyramid food group? a) Fats and oils b) Fruits and vegetables c) Dairy d) Grains

c) Dairy

5) Binge-eating disorder would be categorized as a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) EDNOS d) this is not considered a true eating disorder.

c) EDNOS

9) Which statement about ideal body is true? a) The ideal body in primitive cultures is pretty much the same as the modern ideal. b) In cultures where food is not readily available ideal body image contributes to eating disorders. c) Eating disorders occur in cultures where food is readily available and the body ideal is thin. d) Eating disorders occur in cultures where food is readily available and the body ideal is plump.

c) Eating disorders occur in cultures where food is readily available and the body ideal is thin.

31) Which of the following factors promotes control of population growth? a) When the labor of children is needed to work farms b) High infant mortality rates c) Economic security d) When children provide the primary support for elders

c) Economic security

18) Which is the least logical use of information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)? a) Determining priorities for funding government health programs b) Determining effectiveness of existing programs c) Eestablishing daily requirements for major nutrients in selected population groups d) Planning public policy and goals

c) Eestablishing daily requirements for major nutrients in selected population groups

52) ________ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions. a) Hormones b) Chylomicrons c) Enzymes d) Buffers

c) Enzymes

12) Which of the following is the WORST advice to give someone regarding long-term maintenance of an activity program? a) Check with your physician, especially if you are over age 45 b) Do an activity you enjoy c) Exercise as hard as you can, at least six days a week d) Make the exercise convenient; fit it into your day

c) Exercise as hard as you can, at least six days a week

8) Which is NOT included in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a) Limit your intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat. b) Limit consumption of foods containing refined grains and added sugars. c) Exercise three times a week. d) Balance calories to maintain weight.

c) Exercise three times a week.

15) Which nutrient(s), when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue? a) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Fats d) Individual amino acids

c) Fats

30) Regarding weight loss in athletes, which is the LEAST accurate? a) Weight loss of no more than 2 pounds a week is recommended. b) Losing weight during the "off" season is usually better than losing weight while training and competing. c) Fluid can be safely restricted if energy is also restricted when rapid weight loss is desired. d) Severe calorie restriction in young female athletes can delay sexual maturation

c) Fluid can be safely restricted if energy is also restricted when rapid weight loss is desired.

51) How would donuts be categorized in the MyPlate food plan? a) Grains & dairy b) Protein & grains c) Grains & empty calories d) Empty calories & vegetables

c) Grains & empty calories

11) Which of the following is NOT true of a HACCP system? a) Designing and implementing the system is the responsibility of the food processor. b) HACCP is a system that focuses on preventing problems. c) Having periodic inspections is the basis of an effective HACCP plan. d) An effective HACCP plan requires extensive record-keeping.

c) Having periodic inspections is the basis of an effective HACCP plan.

12) HACCP stands for: a) Hazard Analysis Central Critical Points. b) Hazard Assurance Critical Control Plan. c) Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point. d) Hazard Assurance Critical Care Plan.

c) Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point.

24) _____________ is a virus that is destroyed by chlorination of drinking water. a) Shigella b) Giardia lamblia c) Hepatitis A d) E. coli O157:H7

c) Hepatitis A

45) Which statement about immunity and the elderly is FALSE? a) The effectiveness of immunizations declines with age. b) The incidence of autoimmune disorders increases with age. c) High doses of zinc, copper and iron stimulate the immune system. d) The ability of the immune system to fight disease declines with age.

c) High doses of zinc, copper and iron stimulate the immune system.

43) Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a) Sugar consumption is the most common cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. b) Sugar is a common food allergen. c) High sugar diet contributes to dental caries d) All of these are true statements.

c) High sugar diet contributes to dental caries

6) Which of the following statements about flexibility is FALSE? a) Flexibility determines range of motion. b) Flexibility reduces injury. c) Increased flexibility enhances muscle mass. d) Flexibility can increase speed.

c) Increased flexibility enhances muscle mass.

11) Which is NOT a goal or objective of the Healthy People Initiative? a) Eliminating health disparities among Americans b) Decreasing prevalence of obesity among adults c) Increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S. d) Reduction of deaths due to heart disease.

c) Increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S.

5) What is the function of a bomb calorimeter? a) It determines how much energy is spent when performing a specific exercise. b) It is utilized to "burn off" excess kcals. c) It determines the energy content of a particular food. d) It accurately measures percent body fat.

c) It determines the energy content of a particular food.

9) Which of the following is the BEST reason to include a placebo in the experimental design of a human intervention trial? a) The researchers do not know who is receiving an intervention and who is not. b) Placebos reduce the cost of the study. c) It helps prevent the expectations of the subjects from biasing the research. d) It makes it possible to include a larger number of subjects in the experiment.

c) It helps prevent the expectations of the subjects from biasing the research.

41) Which statement about the impact of dehydration during exercise is FALSE? a) A body water loss of 2-3% can impair performance. b) It can eventually decrease stroke volume of the heart and decrease blood pressure. c) It is likely to result in hypothermia. d) Reductions in body weight reflect water losses.

c) It is likely to result in hypothermia.

27) Which of the following is required for cells to take up low-density lipoproteins? a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Homocysteine c) LDL receptors d) Insulin

c) LDL receptors

59) Which of the following does not affect basal metabolic rate? a) Gender b) Lean body mass c) Level of physical activity d) Age

c) Level of physical activity

20) Which microorganism grows at refrigeration temperature and can cause meningitis? a) Campylobacter jejuni b) E. coli O157:H7 c) Listeria monocytogenes d) Salmonella

c) Listeria monocytogenes

31) Which statement about microbial foodborne illness is FALSE? a) Many microbial food-borne illnesses have similar symptoms. b) Most microbial food-borne illnesses are mild and are often mistaken for the "flu". c) Microbial food-borne illness afflicts 50% of Americans each year. d) Microbial food-borne illness can cause kidney failure and death.

c) Microbial food-borne illness afflicts 50% of Americans each year.

1) Which statement about the diets of American children is correct? a) Most do not get enough sodium. b) Most do not get enough essential fats. c) Most get too much saturated fat. d) Most get too much calcium.

c) Most get too much saturated fat.

53) Which guideline about weight loss is correct? a) All individuals with a BMI >25 should lose weight. b) If a child is obese, weight should be lost as quickly as possible so it doesn't interfere with development. c) Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss. d) The health benefits of weight loss do not begin to accrue until normal weight is achieved.

c) Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss.

33) Which sugar substitute contains phenylalanine, yet is safe for those with phenylketonuria? a) Sorbitol b) Saccharine c) Neotame d) Aspartame

c) Neotame

41) Which statement about obesity genes is FALSE? a) Abnormal obesity genes result in abnormal amounts of body fat. b) Obesity genes encode proteins. c) Obesity genes are the main culprit behind rising obesity levels. d) Obesity genes regulate food intake, energy expenditure or the deposition of body fat.

c) Obesity genes are the main culprit behind rising obesity levels.

40) Which statement about organic farming techniques is FALSE? a) Organic produce can cause microbial food-borne illness. b) Organic farming is more ecologically sound than standard farming methods. c) Organic foods are usually cheaper. d) Organic farming decreases, but does not eliminate, pesticides in foods.

c) Organic foods are usually cheaper.

4) Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? a) Secretes hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy b) Transports waste products from the baby to the mother's blood for elimination c) Provides the site where fertilization occurs d) Delivers nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby

c) Provides the site where fertilization occurs

23) Which of the following is NOT part of the DETERMINE checklist? a) Questions about dental health; e.g. can the person chew properly? b) Asking about money; e.g. is buying nutritious food a problem? c) Questions regarding health insurance; e.g. are medical costs covered? d) Asking about a person's social situation; e.g. do they eat alone?

c) Questions regarding health insurance; e.g. are medical costs covered?

7) Which would most likely be used to plan menus for a school breakfast and lunch program? a) AIs b) DRVs c) RDAs d) ULs

c) RDAs

36) Which of the following functions is performed by members of all six classes of nutrients? a) Provide energy b) Form structures c) Regulate body processes d) All of these functions are performed by each of the six classes of nutrients

c) Regulate body processes

44) Which statement about the relationship of obesity to "thrifty metabolism" is FALSE? a) It allows more efficient energy use and fat storage. b) Those who inherited "thrifty genes" are more likely to be obese. c) Restricting food intake normally increases energy expenditure. d) Thrifty metabolism may have evolved to prevent starvation.

c) Restricting food intake normally increases energy expenditure.

43) Which statement about hyponatremia is FALSE? a) It occurs when water is used to replace large sweat losses. b) It is a reduction of the sodium concentration in the blood. c) Severe occurrences lead to alterations in blood potassium levels eventually resulting in impaired heart function. d) The early symptoms may be similar to dehydration.

c) Severe occurrences lead to alterations in blood potassium levels eventually resulting in impaired heart function.

9) Which country has the higher infant mortality rate? a) El Salvador b) Cuba c) Sierra Leone d) India

c) Sierra Leone

10) Which statement about childhood eating patterns is FALSE? a) Much of what we choose to eat as adults depends on what we learned to eat as children. b) Children's eating habits will mirror those of their caregivers. c) Since children are sensitive to strong flavors, it is better to wait until they are 8 or 9 years old to try and establish good eating habits. d) Childhood eating habits can affect how healthy people will be as they age.

c) Since children are sensitive to strong flavors, it is better to wait until they are 8 or 9 years old to try and establish good eating habits.

32) Which of the following digestive organs is lined with fingerlike projections called villi? a) Esophagus b) Stomach c) Small intestine d) Large intestine

c) Small intestine

21) Deficiency of which nutrient is NOT a world health problem? a) Iodine b) Iron c) Sodium d) Vitamin A

c) Sodium

48) Which of the following is true of structure/function claims? a) FDA approval is required. b) They do NOT have to be accompanied by a disclaimer. c) Some describe a benefit in relation to a nutrient-deficiency disease. d) Common examples are "high fiber and "fat free".

c) Some describe a benefit in relation to a nutrient-deficiency disease.

40) Which statement about replenishing fluid losses is correct? a) Athletes do not need to worry about replenishing fluid losses in cold, dry weather. b) A hot environment increases fluid needs a maximum of 2-fold. c) Sometimes it is not possible to drink enough to compensate for fluid losses. d) Fluid replacement is only important for serious athletes.

c) Sometimes it is not possible to drink enough to compensate for fluid losses.

6) Which is the FALSE statement regarding RDAs? a) RDAs recommend amounts of nutrients that can serve as a goal for individual intake. b) The RDAs are one component of the DRIs. c) The EARs are derived from the RDAs. d) RDAs are often used in menu planning.

c) The EARs are derived from the RDAs.

35) Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a) Protein requirements decrease during injury and illness. b) Most Americans do not consume enough protein. c) The amount of protein used by the body is estimated by calculating nitrogen losses. d) All of these statements are true.

c) The amount of protein used by the body is estimated by calculating nitrogen losses.

3) Which of the following statements about Type 1 diabetes is correct? a) This type of disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin. b) Obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease. c) The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. d) Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes.

c) The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

3) Which statement about Bulimia nervosa is untrue? a) It involves binge eating where large amounts of high Kcalorie foods are consumed b) The individual purges to get rid of excess Kcalories. c) The individual gets a feeling of elation and power after a food binge. d) This disorder is often characterized by feelings of guilt and depression.

c) The individual gets a feeling of elation and power after a food binge.

17) Which of the following is NOT true of the stomach? a) It produces pepsinogen. b) Parietal cells in gastric pits produce hydrochloric acid. c) The main function is absorption. d) It has 3 layers of smooth muscle.

c) The main function is absorption.

25) Which of the following statements about the assessment of food intake is FALSE? a) Food frequency questionnaires do not give specific information about an individual's food intake. b) Food records are reliable but individuals may change their usual intake while recording his or her intake. c) The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes. d) Food intake records should include one weekend day for greatest accuracy.

c) The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes.

22) Which of the following is most likely to inhibit gastric secretion and motility? a) The sight and smell of food b) The release of gastrin from the stomach c) The passage of chyme into the small intestine d) The release of bile from the gallbladder

c) The passage of chyme into the small intestine

22) Which statement about eating disorders in children is true? a) Children who are finicky have eating disorders. b) Anorexia is related to adolescence and so does not occur in children younger than 13. c) The undernutrition resulting from eating disorders is more likely to cause dangerous complications in children than in older patients. d) Eating disorders in children are declining in the US as children are exposed to fewer media images about food and weight.

c) The undernutrition resulting from eating disorders is more likely to cause dangerous complications in children than in older patients.

30) Which of the following is true regarding the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010? a) Recommendations are made for specific amounts of individual nutrients. b) The DGA 2010 is based on the DRIs. c) They are intended to promote health and reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the risk of chronic disease. d) These recommendations are designed for Americans 19 years and older.

c) They are intended to promote health and reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the risk of chronic disease.

56) Which statement best describes dietary fat requirements during pregnancy? a) Extra fat is required to provide fuel for the developing fetus. b) Fat should make up 45% of the kcalories consumed. c) Total fat does not need to increase, however, there is an increased requirement for essential fatty acids. d) Fish oil supplements are highly recommended.

c) Total fat does not need to increase, however, there is an increased requirement for essential fatty acids.

41) ___________ is when all essential nutrients are given directly into the blood stream. a) Enteral feeding b) Tube feeding c) Total parenteral nutrition d) Force feeding

c) Total parenteral nutrition

50) Which pre-competition meal will probably give a basketball player the greatest benefit without negative side effects? a) Two slices of pepperoni pizza and a diet soda b) Fried chicken and mashed potatoes and gravy c) Two cups of whole-wheat pasta with tomato sauce, a slice of bread and a glass of water d) Two donuts and a glass of chocolate milk

c) Two cups of whole-wheat pasta with tomato sauce, a slice of bread and a glass of water

12) Which of the following types of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease? a) Gestational b) Type 2 c) Type 1 d) All of these choices are correct.

c) Type 1

46) __________________ are at increased risk of not getting adequate vitamin B12 in their diet. a) Lacto-ovo vegetarians b) Trained athletes c) Vegan vegetarians d) Pregnant and lactating women

c) Vegan vegetarians

31) Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect food choices? a) Cultural and family background b) Personal preference c) Weather d) Psychological and emotional factors

c) Weather

48) Which of the following is NOT age-appropriate for a 9-month-old infant? a) Bananas b) Cheerios c) Whole cow's milk d) Crackers

c) Whole cow's milk

21) Which statement about pregnant women with eating disorders is untrue? a) Eating disorders can cause infertility. b) Eating disorders increase the risk of congenital malformations in the baby. c) Women with eating disorders tend to have cesarean sections less often since the baby is likely small. d) Babies born to women with eating disorders are at increased risk for emotional and social disorders.

c) Women with eating disorders tend to have cesarean sections less often since the baby is likely small.

38) The most common cause of ulcers is: a) chronic use of the pain reliever Tylenol. b) eating large amounts of acidic foods such as peppers and tomatoes. c) a bacterial infection. d) stress.

c) a bacterial infection.

31) The absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion requires: a) a carrier molecule. b) energy. c) a concentration gradient. d) All of these choices are correct

c) a concentration gradient.

42) Sucrose is composed of: a) many molecules of glucose linked together. b) two molecules of glucose. c) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose. d) two molecules of fructose.

c) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose.

8) All of the following components are always associated with an amino acid EXCEPT: a) an amino group. b) an acid group. c) a phosphate group. d) a side chain (functional group).

c) a phosphate group.

38) An athlete exercising at a moderate level for more than two consecutive hours will benefit MOST from consuming: a) a beer. b) a cup of black coffee. c) a sports beverage. d) an energy shot.

c) a sports beverage.

22) A teratogen is defined as: a) an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances. b) a baby born with an extra digit (finger and/or toe). c) a substance that can cause birth defects. d) the unexplained death of an infant, usually during sleep.

c) a substance that can cause birth defects.

47) Vision problems in the elderly are LEAST likely to be linked to: a) diabetes. b) macular degeneration. c) accidents leading to injury to the eye. d) cataracts.

c) accidents leading to injury to the eye.

21) An individual who exercises at moderate intensity for 60 minutes per day would be considered: a) sedentary. b) low active. c) active. d) very active.

c) active.

3) The nutrition transition is accompanied by: a) decreased life expectancy. b) an increase in low birth weight babies. c) an increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes. d) a decrease in the use of natural resources.

c) an increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes.

43) There is a strong correlation between length of gestation and: a) the gender of the fetus. b) birth order. c) an infant's birth weight. d) All of these.

c) an infant's birth weight.

28) Effects of long-term, rigorous training include all of the following EXCEPT: a) the heart becomes larger. b) the stroke volume of the heart increases. c) blood hemoglobin levels fall. d) numbers of red blood cells increases.

c) blood hemoglobin levels fall.

16) Bulimia nervosa is different from anorexia in all of the following except a) bulimia is more common. b) bulimia was recognized much later than anorexia. c) bulimics have an intense fear of becoming fat. d) bulimics may be underweight, normal weight, or overweight.

c) bulimics have an intense fear of becoming fat.

17) An oligosaccharide is a: a) disaccharide found in fruits and vegetables. b) storage form of plant starch. c) carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units. d) form of artificial sweetener.

c) carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units.

49) Endurance is greatest when the diet contains a higher proportion of calories from: a) individual amino acid supplements. b) protein. c) carbohydrate. d) fat.

c) carbohydrate.

46) The _____________ regulates the movement of molecules in and out of cells. a) cytoplasm b) mitochondria c) cell membrane d) cell wall

c) cell membrane

29) Lead poisoning is more dangerous for children than adults because: a) children do not excrete it as efficiently. b) children are closer to the sources of lead since they are shorter. c) children absorb lead more efficiently. d) All of these are correct.

c) children absorb lead more efficiently.

17) One important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. In this context, "variety" refers to: a) choosing at least one food from each food group on the Food Pyramid daily. b) including low calorie food choices to balance high calorie foods at each meal. c) choosing a variety of foods from within food groups as well as among food groups. d) making sure portion sizes are matched to energy needs.

c) choosing a variety of foods from within food groups as well as among food groups.

33) Computer software can be used to analyze diets. The most appropriate time to use a nutrition analysis program would be when: a) checking for a clinical symptom of nutritional deficiency. b) you wanted to know how many third graders in a classroom ate breakfast. c) comparing the planned menu for children in an elementary school to the RDAs. d) determining the estimated energy requirements of senior citizens.

c) comparing the planned menu for children in an elementary school to the RDAs.

58) To supply the developing fetus with the calcium required for teeth and bones, pregnant women should: a) take 1200 mg of supplemental calcium per day. b) consume an additional 2 servings of dairy products daily. c) consume the same amount of calcium that is recommended for non-pregnant women. d) increase calcium intake by 600 mg/day.

c) consume the same amount of calcium that is recommended for non-pregnant women.

6) Protein differs from carbohydrate and lipid in that protein: a) does not provide the body with a source of energy. b) is classified as an inorganic molecule. c) contains the element nitrogen. d) is not considered to be an essential nutrient.

c) contains the element nitrogen.

58) Supplementation of __________ may improve performance in high intensity exercise lasting 30 seconds or less. a) chromium b) caffeine c) creatine d) vitamin C

c) creatine

7) The health benefits of exercise include all of the following EXCEPT: a) decreased blood pressure. b) increased HDL cholesterol. c) decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues. d) reduced risk of osteoporosis.

c) decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues.

4) Aerobic exercise does all the following EXCEPT: a) enhances oxygen delivery by the circulatory system. b) decreases resting heart rate. c) decreases stroke volume. d) increases oxygen use by cells resulting in enhanced energy production.

c) decreases stroke volume.

51) Heating a protein causes: a) transamination. b) deamination. c) denaturation. d) all of these.

c) denaturation.

46) An individual's actual weight is: a) determined solely by genetics, which is why identical twins gain similar amounts of fat over time. b) determined by lifestyle. c) determined by inherited genes and lifestyle/environment. d) determined by the climate in which you live.

c) determined by inherited genes and lifestyle/environment.

38) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are most likely to be exceeded when: a) large quantities of food are consumed by highly trained athletes. b) people are recovering from surgery and need more kcalories. c) dietary supplements are taken. d) people eat meat from wild game animals.

c) dietary supplements are taken.

35) A decrease in the hormone melatonin is most likely to result in: a) a decline in the sense of taste. b) decreased appetite. c) disrupted sleep patterns. d) hair loss.

c) disrupted sleep patterns.

51) Long term healthy weight loss is based on all the following principles EXCEPT: a) increasing physical activity. b) adopting lifelong changes in eating habits. c) eating foods in the "right" combinations to burn more calories. d) moderate portion sizes.

c) eating foods in the "right" combinations to burn more calories.

48) The most severe form of pregnancy-induced hypertension is called: a) gestational hypertension. b) preeclampsia. c) eclampsia. d) hyperkalemia.

c) eclampsia.

19) The most common food(s) implicated in cases of Salmonella-linked food-borne infection is/are: a) beef and pork. b) dairy products. c) eggs and chicken. d) shellfish.

c) eggs and chicken.

13) Gestational diabetes is best characterized by: a) no detectable insulin production. b) decreased urinary output. c) elevated blood glucose levels. d) difficulty with gaining weight during the pregnancy.

c) elevated blood glucose levels.

60) Isoflavones are chemically similar to the hormone: a) testosterone. b) cortisol. c) estrogen. d) insulin.

c) estrogen.

31) During the first 6 months, the macronutrient that contributes the most energy to an infants' diet is: a) carbohydrate. b) protein. c) fat. d) Kcals should be evenly divided between the energy providing nutrients.

c) fat.

47) A food preservation method in which microorganisms metabolize components of a food is called: a) marinazation. b) metabalomics. c) fermentation. d) degradation.

c) fermentation.

52) The MyPlate plan separates foods into groups to help Americans apply the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines to their individual diets. These groups are: a) milk, meat, grains, fruits & vegetables and legumes. b) meat, milk, beans & nuts, grains and fruits & vegetables. c) fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods and dairy. d) grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy and meat, beans & nuts.

c) fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods and dairy.

11) Women who enter pregnancy with excess weight (BMI ~29) should: a) lose 5-10 pounds. b) not gain any additional weight. c) gain at least 15 pounds. d) limit themselves to 500 - 600 kcals/day.

c) gain at least 15 pounds.

1) The LEAST significant factor contributing to the rate of aging is: a) genetics (i.e. family history). b) environment. c) gender. d) lifestyle choices.

c) gender.

23) During prolonged, intense exercise, most energy used by the body is derived from: a) fatty acids. b) creatine phosphate. c) glucose. d) protein.

c) glucose.

1) The primary source of protein for most of the world's population is: a) meat. b) dairy. c) grains and vegetables. d) fruits.

c) grains and vegetables.

26) Which of the following does not increase risk of eating disorders? a) family problems b) dieting c) having friends who are happy with their bodies d) being teased by peers about weight

c) having friends who are happy with their bodies

10) Pasteurization of milk or eggs involves the use of: a) chemicals. b) antibiotics. c) heat. d) high pressure.

c) heat.

17) The RDA for vitamin B6 is increased in older adults because: a) inflammation of the stomach lining reduces absorption. b) it reduces damage of cells. c) higher intakes are needed to maintain the same functional levels. d) loss of intestinal enzymes reduces absorption.

c) higher intakes are needed to maintain the same functional levels.

2) Physiologic processes take place in the body to keep body temperature, heart rate, and blood sugar relatively constant. This stable state is called: a) anabolism. b) catabolism. c) homeostasis. d) metabolism.

c) homeostasis.

46) Morning sickness, as well as other discomforts associated with pregnancy, is most likely caused by: a) shifting positions of internal organs. b) increased blood volume. c) hormonal changes. d) a decrease in metabolic rate.

c) hormonal changes.

39) Protein quality is determined by: a) comparing the non-essential amino acid profile in a food with that in a reference protein. b) the biological activity of the actin and myosin filaments in meat products. c) how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins. d) the ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in a food.

c) how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins.

36) Positive nitrogen balance can occur: a) when an individual is wasting as a result of protein-energy malnutrition. b) if protein intake does not meet an individual's protein requirements. c) in a rapidly growing child. d) when total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days.

c) in a rapidly growing child.

6) Lactose intolerance is caused by: a) excess production of the enzyme lactase. b) an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products. c) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase. d) the inability to produce the hormone insulin.

c) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase.

26) Aging contributes to all of the following EXCEPT: a) changes in the abilities to taste and smell. b) changes in immune function. c) increased migraine headaches. d) periodontal disease or dental problems.

c) increased migraine headaches.

10) One group of individuals is asked to eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables and dairy foods while a second group of individuals is asked to eat a diet with lower amounts of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods. The two groups' blood pressure readings are monitored and compared. This is an example of a(an): a) case-control study. b) epidemiological study. c) intervention study. d) laboratory study.

c) intervention study.

28) Lack of _________ in the diet causes goiter. a) fluoride b) iron c) iodine d) zinc

c) iodine

26) The most common nutritional problem worldwide is a deficiency of: a) protein. b) iodine. c) iron. d) thiamin.

c) iron.

19) Food allergies can result when a protein in the diet: a) is not absorbed and is eliminated in the feces. b) is filtered out of the blood and into the urine. c) is absorbed without being completely digested. d) provides amino acids that are not normally found in the human body.

c) is absorbed without being completely digested.

25) Being underweight: a) is always the result of an eating disorder. b) is never a concern since people suffer no health risks. c) is associated with an increased risk of early death. d) is an unnatural condition that should always be remedied.

c) is associated with an increased risk of early death.

62) The AMDR for fat intake: a) is constant throughout the life cycle. b) is highest during adolescence. c) is highest for 1-3 year olds. d) increases over the life cycle.

c) is highest for 1-3 year olds.

24) A child who consumes adequate calories but insufficient amounts of protein is most at risk for developing: a) beriberi. b) goiter. c) kwashiorkor. d) marasmus.

c) kwashiorkor.

53) The hormonal reflex triggered by the infant's suckling that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts is called the _________ reflex. a) trickle down b) flow rate c) let down d) rooting

c) let down

53) The proportion of lean body tissue can be best increased by: a) taking bee pollen. b) increasing protein intake. c) lifting weights regularly. d) vitamin E supplements.

c) lifting weights regularly.

7) Infants born weighing 4.5 pounds are classified as: a) large-for-gestational-age. b) premature. c) low-birth-weight infants. d) very-low-birth-weight infants.

c) low-birth-weight infants.

4) The HACCP system places responsibility for food safety on: a) consumers. b) regulatory agencies. c) manufacturers. d) distributors.

c) manufacturers.

21) The risk of having a baby born with Down syndrome is most closely associated with: a) alcohol consumption during pregnancy. b) impaired folate status. c) maternal age at time of conception. d) inadequate (low) weight gain during pregnancy.

c) maternal age at time of conception.

47) The sum of the chemical reactions that occur inside body cells is collectively referred to as: a) digestion. b) absorption. c) metabolism. d) hydrolysis.

c) metabolism.

33) Adverse reactions including flushing, headache, rapid heartbeat, chest pain and weakness have been reported after the consumption of: a) phenylalanine. b) isoflavones. c) monosodium glutamate. d) dipotassium phosphate.

c) monosodium glutamate.

58) Consumption of all of the following tend to increase blood cholesterol EXCEPT: a) trans fatty acids. b) saturated fatty acids. c) monounsaturated fatty acids. d) dietary cholesterol.

c) monounsaturated fatty acids.

42) A 1-year-old child requires __________ protein per kilogram of body weight than a 5- year-old child. a) less b) about the same amount of c) more d) This requirement is based on size but not age

c) more

44) The best approach to encourage a child to try new foods is for a parent to: a) withhold the child's favorite food until they eat the new food. b) pay the child $0 .25 per bite. c) offer the child the food, but not force them to try it. d) reward the child for trying the new food with an extra helping of dessert

c) offer the child the food, but not force them to try it.

22) The precursor(s) for eicosanoids with health promoting properties is/are: a) arachidonic acid. b) omega-6 fatty acids. c) omega-3 fatty acids. d) oleic acid.

c) omega-3 fatty acids.

43) Fish oils are a good dietary source of: a) emulsifiers. b) tropical oils. c) omega-3 fatty acids. d) trans fatty acids.

c) omega-3 fatty acids.

48) Americans are exercising less for all the reasons listed below EXCEPT: a) leisure time is often spent in sedentary activities. b) many jobs are less physically demanding than in the past. c) open spaces for outdoor activities are becoming limited. d) most people rely on automobiles for transportation rather than walking or biking.

c) open spaces for outdoor activities are becoming limited.

16) Indirect calorimetry measures ________and _______ to estimate energy expenditure. a) food consumed, heat produced b) food consumed, water excreted c) oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired d) oxygen consumed, sweat produced

c) oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired

29) The hormone responsible for the "let-down" reflex is: a) prolactin. b) estrogen. c) oxytocin. d) prolactin stimulating hormone.

c) oxytocin.

5) The organ(s) which supplies enzymes required for starch digestion include(s) the: a) stomach. b) gallbladder. c) pancreas. d) All of these choices are correct.

c) pancreas.

36) Trans fatty acids are most abundant in foods that contain: a) animal products. b) tropical oils. c) partially hydrogenated oils. d) omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

c) partially hydrogenated oils.

6) Infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as: a) pre-gestational. b) small-for-gestational-age. c) premature. d) postterm.

c) premature.

68) Alli is an over-the-counter weight loss drug that: a) reduces appetite. b) increases energy expenditure. c) prevents triglyceride digestion and absorption. d) activates brown adipose tissue.

c) prevents triglyceride digestion and absorption.

23) The consequences of the high rate of childhood obesity are: a) primarily psychological. b) relatively benign since health risks are not increased. c) profound since the longer a person is overweight, the higher the health risks. d) unknown.

c) profound since the longer a person is overweight, the higher the health risks.

46) Glycogen supercompensation involves a two-part regimen during the week before competition. The two elements of the program are: a) progressively increasing exercise, while decreasing carbohydrate intake. b) progressively increasing exercise, while increasing carbohydrate intake. c) progressively decreasing exercise, while increasing carbohydrate intake. d) progressively decreasing exercise, while decreasing carbohydrate intake.

c) progressively decreasing exercise, while increasing carbohydrate intake.

62) A complete dietary protein: a) contains the element sulfur. b) has been hydrolyzed so that digestion is not necessary. c) provides essential amino acids in the proportion needed to support protein synthesis. d) has a low biological value.

c) provides essential amino acids in the proportion needed to support protein synthesis.

54) As chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the: a) gastroesophageal sphincter. b) cecum. c) pyloric sphincter. d) cardiac sphincter.

c) pyloric sphincter.

18) Purging by vomiting causes all of the following except a) tooth decay b) esophageal inflammation c) rectal bleeding d) electrolyte imbalance

c) rectal bleeding

34) Iron deficiency in athletes is LEAST likely to be caused by: a) following a strict vegan diet. b) limiting total energy consumption. c) resistance exercise. d) avoiding red meat in the diet.

c) resistance exercise.

50) During aging, insulin: a) secretion increases. b) contributes to the development of osteoporosis. c) secretion decreases and may be less effective at the cellular level. d) is responsible for decreased thyroid function.

c) secretion decreases and may be less effective at the cellular level.

39) The recommendation to eat everything in "moderation" refers to: a) including each food group in the diet. b) including a variety of foods from within each food group. c) selecting appropriate portion sizes. d) varying the foods eaten from day to day, week to week and season to season.

c) selecting appropriate portion sizes.

36) A complete nutritional assessment would include all of the following EXCEPT: a) laboratory measurements. b) past and present dietary intake information. c) setting nutritional goals. d) anthropometric measurements.

c) setting nutritional goals.

15) Treatment for anorexia a) is almost always successful. b) is primarily nutrition therapy. c) should resolve the psychological and behavioral issues . d) is not considered an emergency since the negative effects of being underweight are limited.

c) should resolve the psychological and behavioral issues .

45) To limit consumption of pesticide residue in fresh fruits and vegetables, all of the following are recommended EXCEPT: a) buying locally grown produce. b) discarding the outer leaves on heads of lettuce and cabbage. c) soaking fruits for two hours in warm water. d) washing or peeling fruits to remove wax and surface pesticide residues.

c) soaking fruits for two hours in warm water.

8) Decreased growth in height in children is referred to as: a) shunting. b) stature suppression. c) stunting. d) malnutritional growth suppression.

c) stunting.

46) Crops that are grown and consumed locally are called: a) sustainable crops. b) cash crops. c) subsistence crops. d) support crops.

c) subsistence crops.

17) An "elimination diet" can be used to detect: a) foods that children like and dislike. b) foods that cause weight gain in children. c) the cause of a food allergy. d) foods that cause children to wake up during the night.

c) the cause of a food allergy.

30) Sarcopenia is defined as: a) the increase of abdominal fat that occurs with age. b) the decrease of fat on hips and thighs that occurs with age. c) the decrease of muscle mass and strength that occurs with age. d) the gains in lean body mass that occur when elderly people perform resistance exercise.

c) the decrease of muscle mass and strength that occurs with age.

35) Women tend to develop heart disease later than men because: a) women have lower levels of HDLs compared to men. b) women tend to consume more trans fatty acids than men. c) the hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause. d) women have a greater density of blood vessels than men which helps blood to circulate more efficiently.

c) the hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause.

15) A food allergy involves a reaction between an allergen and: a) digestive enzymes. b) the endocrine system. c) the immune system. d) the respiratory system.

c) the immune system.

18) As the prevalence of food insecurity in a population increases, so does: a) access to healthcare systems. b) the number of deaths due to cardiac problems. c) the infant mortality rate. d) over-nutrition.

c) the infant mortality rate.

21) Young infants are at increased risk of developing allergies as compared to older children because: a) they are unable to produce adequate amounts of digestive enzymes. b) the kidneys have not matured and they are unable to hydrolyze proteins. c) the lining of the intestine is more permeable to large molecules. d) their stomach is structured differently, allowing more undigested nutrients to be absorbed through the gastric wall.

c) the lining of the intestine is more permeable to large molecules.

5) Fatty acids are categorized based on the carbon chain length as well as: a) the number of sulfur-containing groups. b) their solubility in water. c) the types and locations of bonds between the carbons. d) the number of acid groups in the fatty acid chain.

c) the types and locations of bonds between the carbons.

39) Nursing bottle syndrome refers to: a) sore nipples from excessive breastfeeding. b) excessive crying due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract. c) tooth decay in the upper teeth resulting from putting a child to bed with a bottle containing milk or other sweetened liquids. d) irritable infant behavior associated with weaning from a bottle to a cup.

c) tooth decay in the upper teeth resulting from putting a child to bed with a bottle containing milk or other sweetened liquids.

13) Phospholipids consist of glycerol with __________ attached. a) three fatty acids b) three amino acids c) two fatty acids and a phosphate group d) two fatty acids and lecithin

c) two fatty acids and a phosphate group

8) An omega-6 fatty acid is an example of a(n): a) saturated fatty acid. b) trans fatty acid formed by hydrogenation. c) unsaturated fatty acid. d) a fatty acid found in tropical oils.

c) unsaturated fatty acid.

23) Modern, large-scale farming can do all of the following EXCEPT: a) result in increased yields in food production. b) result in depleted soil. c) use very little energy. d) contaminate groundwater.

c) use very little energy.

42) A higher incidence of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes is associated with: a) fat on hips and thighs. b) subcutaneous fat. c) visceral fat. d) Any fat, no matter where it is deposited.

c) visceral fat.

57) The supplement that is probably of LEAST value to an older adult who already eats a healthful diet is: a) calcium. b) vitamin B12. c) vitamin C. d) vitamin D.

c) vitamin C.

32) Most newborns receive a shot of ___________ to prevent hemorrhage. a) iron b) folate c) vitamin K d) vitamin A

c) vitamin K

20) The end products of glucose breakdown in the presence of oxygen are: a) water, carbon dioxide and citric acid. b) ATP, water and lactic acid. c) water, ATP and carbon dioxide. d) electrons, ATP and ketones.

c) water, ATP and carbon dioxide.

2) From a nutritional perspective, as the typical American child gets older, the quality of the diet: a) improves. b) improves by consuming fewer sugars, but worsens by consuming more fat. c) worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk. d) worsens as they eat less meat.

c) worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk.

1) The cell produced by the union of sperm and ovum during fertilization is called a(n): a) embryo. b) fetus. c) zygote. d) trophoblast.

c) zygote.

16) More than ___________ people in developing countries earn less than $1.25 per day. a) 100 million b) 500 million c) 750 million d) 1 billion

d) 1 billion

52) The AMDR for protein intake is _______% of energy intake. a) 20-35 b) 45-65 c) 30-45 d) 10-35

d) 10-35

36) For teens, protein requirements reach the adult recommendation by what age? a) 13 b) 15 c) 17 d) 19

d) 19

15) To meet protein requirements during pregnancy, an additional ____ grams of protein should be consumed during the second and third trimester. a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 25

d) 25

58) The energy (kcalories) provided by one gram each of protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol is: a) 9,9,4,4. b) 4,4,4,9. c) 7,4,9,4. d) 4,9,4,7.

d) 4,9,4,7.

36) Carbohydrates provide 60% of the energy in John's diet of 2700 kilocalories. This represents how many grams of carbohydrate? a) 100 b) 225 c) 300 d) 405

d) 405

1) It is estimated that __________ Americans contract food related illnesses each year. a) 3,000 b) 128,000 c) 4.8 million d) 48 million

d) 48 million

28) More than ____% of elderly patients in nursing homes and hospitals suffer from constipation. a) 26 b) 34 c) 56 d) 75

d) 75

3) The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population group? a) 33% b) 50% c) 75% d) 97-98%

d) 97-98%

32) The number of young children with elevated blood lead levels has changed from >80% in the late 1970s to approximately what percentage by 1999-2002? a) 90%. b) 53%. c) 10% d) <1%

d) <1%

33) Which statement about BMI is correct? a) A BMI of 16-22 is defined as a healthy body weight. b) BMI is an excellent tool for predicting health risks for all body types. c) A BMI of <20 is classified as underweight. d) A BMI over 30 is considered obese.

d) A BMI over 30 is considered obese.

32) Which athlete is LEAST likelyto need dietary protein in excess of the RDA? a) An endurance runner b) A long distance cyclist c) A weight lifter d) A ballerina

d) A ballerina

41) Which of the following most accurately describes the chemical structure of a fatty acid? a) A three carbon molecule bound to nitrogen. b) A carbon chain bound to a phosphate group. c) A multiple ring structure with a sugar group attached. d) A chain of carbon atoms linked together by chemical bonds.

d) A chain of carbon atoms linked together by chemical bonds.

20) Which of the following methods is MOST likely to provide accurate information about what a person typically eats? a) A computerized food frequency questionnaire b) A 3-day food record that includes a weekend day kept by the individual c) Analyzing all grocery store and restaurant receipts kept over a 60 day time period d) A diet history that includes a 24 hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire

d) A diet history that includes a 24 hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire

38) Which of the following dietary practices does NOT help to protect a person from developing heart disease? a) Consuming recommended amounts of dietary fiber. b) Adequate consumption of antioxidant nutrients. c) Substituting monounsaturated fats for saturated fats. d) A diet which substitutes beef for fish.

d) A diet which substitutes beef for fish.

45) In which individual would you expect the highest muscle glycogen content? a) A person on a high protein weight loss diet b) A person who eats a balanced diet of protein, carbohydrate and fat c) A sedentary person d) A trained athlete consuming 65-70% of kcals as carbohydrate

d) A trained athlete consuming 65-70% of kcals as carbohydrate

40) Among older adults, which is LEAST likely to be a problem? a) Adequate calorie intake b) Adequate fluid intake c) Adequate protein intake d) Adequate fat intake

d) Adequate fat intake

11) The American College of Sports Medicine recommends an exercise regimen that consists of which of the following? a) Aerobic exercise b) Strength training c) Stretching routines d) All of the above

d) All of the above

17) Which of the following will help prevent food-borne illnesses? a) Thoroughly cooking hamburger, chicken and eggs b) Storing food properly c) Preventing cross-contamination d) All of the above

d) All of the above

37) During hot weather, athletes should consume fluids ______ exercise. a) before b) during c) after d) All of the above

d) All of the above

14) The starvation associated with anorexia causes which of the following except: a) cardiac irregularities b) decline in sex hormones c) apathy, exhaustion and depression d) all of the following

d) All of the following

15) Dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by: a) binding cholesterol and bile acids in the GI tract. b) blocking reabsorption of bile acids in the GI tract. c) inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver. d) All of the these choices are correct.

d) All of the these choices are correct.

12) During aging, which of the following is a possible source of cell damage? a) Errors in DNA synthesis b) Free radicals c) Elevated glucose levels d) All of these

d) All of these

19) During pregnancy, enhanced red blood cell formation and cell division increase the requirements for which of the following micronutrients? a) Iron b) Vitamin B12 c) Zinc d) All of these

d) All of these

21) Inadequate zinc status in older adults can cause which of the following? a) Reduced immune function b) Reduced wound healing c) Loss of taste acuity d) All of these

d) All of these

29) The need for vitamin A is increased by which of the following? a) Rapid growth b) Development c) Frequent infections d) All of these

d) All of these

31) Lead exposure causes which of the following? a) Iron-deficiency anemia b) Nervous system dysfunction c) Learning disabilities in children d) All of these

d) All of these

41) The amount of energy needed for _________________ decreases as adults ages. a) physical activity b) digesting and absorbing food c) basal metabolism d) All of these

d) All of these

54) Malnutrition may occur in which individuals even when the rest of the household is adequately fed? a) Pregnant women b) Infants c) Children d) All of these

d) All of these

42) A food frequency questionnaire reveals that an individual has very low energy intake. What other information would be needed before a diagnosis of malnutrition could be made? a) Anthropometric measurements b) Medical history c) Physical exam d) All of these analyses would be required.

d) All of these analyses would be required.

26) Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can: a) increase risk of preterm delivery. b) affect brain development. c) reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus. d) All of these are correct

d) All of these are correct

26) Which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract? a) Gallbladder b) Pancreas c) Salivary glands d) All of these are correct

d) All of these are correct

29) Proteins regulate which of the following body processes? a) Acid-base balance b) Fluid balance c) Muscle contraction d) All of these are correct

d) All of these are correct

13) Which statement about lactose intolerance is correct? a) It is a food allergy. b) It is an allergic reaction to milk proteins. c) It as classified as a food intolerance. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

34) Protein requirements are in part based on a person's: a) body weight. b) age. c) health status. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

47) Vegetarians have a lower risk of: a) diabetes. b) cardiovascular disease. c) high blood pressure. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

34) Consuming nutrient-dense foods helps to ensure a proper diet. One effective strategy is: a) eating foods that have been minimally processed. b) consuming foods with a high nutrient content compared to the kcalories provided. c) limiting added fats and sugars. d) All of these are effective strategies

d) All of these are effective strategies

66) Foods containing fat replacers: a) provide less fat and kcalories. b) cause fat soluble vitamins to be poorly absorbed. c) are not necessarily nutrient dense. d) All of these choices are correct

d) All of these choices are correct

21) Which of the following conditions is likely to increase ketone production? a) Untreated diabetes b) Starvation c) A very low carbohydrate diet d) All of these choices are correct.

d) All of these choices are correct.

24) Obesity is associated with an increased risk of: a) gallbladder disease. b) sleep apnea. c) arthritis. d) All of these choices are correct.

d) All of these choices are correct.

25) Aspartame: a) is an artificial sweetener. b) consists of two amino acids linked together. c) is often found in soft drinks. d) All of these choices are correct.

d) All of these choices are correct.

51) The anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fats are beneficial in regards to: a) heart disease. b) rheumatoid arthritis. c) multiple sclerosis. d) All of these choices are correct.

d) All of these choices are correct.

56) An injury to an artery wall leading to inflammation could be caused by: a) high blood glucose. b) infectious microorganisms. c) free radicals formed during cigarette smoking. d) All of these choices are correct.

d) All of these choices are correct.

23) Gene expression and protein synthesis involve: a) messenger RNA. b) transcription c) translation. d) All of these choices.

d) All of these choices.

60) What is the most likely reason that high fat diets contribute to weight gain and obesity? a) Fat provides more kcals per gram than carbohydrate or protein. b) Fat does not provide as much satiety as carbohydrate. c) The conversion of dietary fat to stored fat is very efficient. d) All of these contribute.

d) All of these contribute.

55) Which of the following functions is performed by proteins in the body? a) Transport b) Structure c) Immunity d) All of these functions are performed by proteins.

d) All of these functions are performed by proteins.

52) Which of the following health problems can increase a person's risk of developing heart disease? a) Type 2 diabetes b) High blood pressure c) Obesity d) All of these increase the risk

d) All of these increase the risk

47) Which of the following foods should not be given to young children (< 1 yr) because of the risk of choking? a) Carrots b) Hot dogs c) Grapes d) All of these should be avoided.

d) All of these should be avoided.

40) Obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods: a) are typically good sources of fiber. b) may contain healthy poly- and mono- unsaturated fats. c) may lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly. d) All of these statements are correct.

d) All of these statements are correct.

41) Which of the following is TRUE of protein needs in athletes? a) Strength and endurance athletes may require 50-100% more protein than the RDA. b) Protein supplements are not typically necessary as long as kcal needs are met. c) It is unlikely that protein requirements in excess of the AMDR would be required. d) All of these statements are correct.

d) All of these statements are correct.

24) Which of the following is likely to limit the availability of food? a) Socioeconomic status b) Health status c) Where a person lives d) All of these statements are true

d) All of these statements are true

35) Processed foods and convenience foods tend to ______ compared to freshly prepared foods. a) provide more kcalories b) contain fewer nutrients c) be higher in fat, sugar, or salt d) All of these statements are true

d) All of these statements are true

34) Which of the following is true of colon cancer? a) High fiber and whole grain intake may reduce the risk. b) Changes in DNA underlie the development of colonic tumors. c) Environmental carcinogens are thought to cause many cancers. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

40) Studies suggest that the incidence of colon cancer may be lowered with high fiber diets. How might this be explained? a) Fiber decreases contact between mucosal cells and colonic contents. b) Fiber decreases transit time. c) Fiber containing foods are usually high in phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

44) Which of the following statements is true about the Daily Values standards? a) DVs help consumers know if a food is a good source of a particular nutrient. b) A DV of 5% or less on a food label indicates that the food is low in that nutrient. c) The DVs may overestimate nutrient needs for some populations but they would never underestimate the requirements for any group. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

45) Which statement about proportionality is true? a) Proportionality means we need to eat more of some types of foods than others. b) Proportionality is represented by the area covered on the MyPlate logo. c) Proportionality indicates that grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy are the groups from which to eat the most foods. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

48) Eicosanoids are: a) hormone-like compounds. b) synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. c) needed to regulate important body processes. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

49) Chylomicrons: a) transport lipids, from the food we eat into the body. b) are absorbed into the lymphatic system. c) are formed by the intestinal mucosal cell. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

57) The oxidation of LDLs: a) recruits macrophages with scavenger receptors to the site. b) increases inflammation. c) results in the formation of foam cells. d) All of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

12) Hormonal changes during pregnancy may be the cause of minor problems such as: a) heartburn. b) constipation. c) morning sickness. d) All of these.

d) All of these.

38) Puberty is associated with: a) changes in body composition. b) maturation. c) growth. d) All of these.

d) All of these.

42) Population groups likely to experience food insecurity in the U.S. are: a) people living in inner cities. b) Hispanic populations. c) Native Americans. d) All of these.

d) All of these.

48) Vegan vegetarians may not get enough of which nutrient(s)? a) Iron and zinc b) Vitamin B12 c) Calcium and vitamin D d) All these nutrients could be low

d) All these nutrients could be low

13) Which of the following describes a hypothesis? a) A conclusion based on many studies with similar outcomes. b) An idea based upon no observable phenomena. c) A fact stated in a textbook. d) An educated guess made to explain an observation.

d) An educated guess made to explain an observation.

35) Which of the following organisms invades the stomach and intestinal tract, and can be acquired from eating raw fish? a) Giardia lamblia b) Cryptosporidium parvum c) Trichinella spiralis d) Anisakis simplex

d) Anisakis simplex

10) ______________is NOT generally associated with a sedentary lifestyle. a) Obesity b) Osteoporosis c) Some types of cancer d) Anorexia nervosa

d) Anorexia nervosa

42) Which statement about antibiotics is FALSE? a) Antibiotic use in animals may contribute to the creation of antibiotic resistant bacteria. b) Almost half of the antibiotics produced in the US are used to prevent disease in animals. c) Antibiotics are used to promote growth in animals. d) Antibiotic use in animals is not regulated.

d) Antibiotic use in animals is not regulated.

51) Which of the following could be considered an ergogenic aid? a) Hypnosis to overcome pre-game jitters b) Vitamin E supplements taken by female varsity volleyball players c) Magnets in an endurance runner's shoes d) Any of the above

d) Any of the above

7) The cycle of malnutrition can be broken by: a) providing better health care for children. b) arranging for better nutrition and healthcare for women during pregnancy. c) increasing availability of nutritious foods for adults. d) Any of these.

d) Any of these.

19) Which of the following statements about binge eating disorder is untrue? a) It is more common in men than bulimia nervosa or anorexia. b) It is more common in the overweight. c) It is not associated with compensatory behaviors. d) Binging must occur daily to fit the definition.

d) Binging must occur daily to fit the definition.

47) Which is NOT generally associated with iron-deficiency anemia? a) Low-birth-weight infants b) Decreased resistance to infection c) Increased maternal mortality d) Blindness

d) Blindness

13) Which of the following foods are the best sources of complex carbohydrates? a) Milk and dairy products b) Meat, fish, and poultry c) Fats and oils d) Cereals and grains

d) Cereals and grains

20) Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a) The rate of growth in the second year of infant life is greater than the rate of growth during the first year of life. b) Growth charts are used to determine an infant's energy requirements. c) Growth charts are used to predict ultimate adult weight and height of infants. d) Clinicians use growth charts to compare an infant's growth to standard growth patterns.

d) Clinicians use growth charts to compare an infant's growth to standard growth patterns.

54) For people who want to gain weight, which of the following is NOT a recommendation? a) Eat more frequently b) Drink more milk and fruit juices c) Exercise d) Eat more low-fat, bulky foods

d) Eat more low-fat, bulky foods

29) Refined grain products contain predominantly what part(s) of the kernel? a) Husk and germ b) Stalk c) Germ and bran d) Endosperm

d) Endosperm

13) Which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea? a) Tongue b) Pharynx c) Esophageal sphincter d) Epiglottis

d) Epiglottis

11) __________ fatty acids are not synthesized by the body. a) Nonessential b) Saturated c) Short chain d) Essential

d) Essential

37) Which is NOT a true statement about population control in countries where hunger is a problem? a) When women are better educated, the birthrate declines. b) The rate of population growth has slowed in Singapore, Thailand, Colombia and Costa Rica. c) To be effective, national or regional family planning efforts must take into consideration cultural and religious practices. d) Families tend to be larger when a country's economy appears secure.

d) Families tend to be larger when a country's economy appears secure.

4) Which nutrient is found in plant protein foods but not in animal protein foods? a) Iron b) Zinc c) Calcium d) Fiber

d) Fiber

58) Which is NOT true regarding pesticides? a) There are "natural pesticides" in some plants that are toxic to humans. b) In general, pesticides have less toxic effects than they did several years ago. c) The level of pesticide residue in most foods is well below the tolerable level. d) Food grown in other countries is subject to the same pesticide tolerances as food grown in the USA.

d) Food grown in other countries is subject to the same pesticide tolerances as food grown in the USA.

5) Which of the following contributes the LEAST to differences in the way people react to food-borne pathogens? a) Age b) Health and nutritional status c) Body size d) Gender

d) Gender

47) Which of the following does NOT help to explain why Americans are now eating more kcals than 30 years ago? a) Appetite is often triggered by ads for foods or the easy accessibility of foods. b) Average portion sizes have increased in homes and restaurants. c) People tend to eat in units regardless of the size of the unit. d) Genetic changes over the last 3 decades have led to Americans being hungrier.

d) Genetic changes over the last 3 decades have led to Americans being hungrier.

28) Reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by: a) chylomicrons. b) LDLs. c) VLDLs. d) HDLs.

d) HDLs.

19) A system that scores the average American diet is the: a) Dietary Guidelines. b) Food Guide Pyramid. c) Exchange List. d) Healthy Eating Index.

d) Healthy Eating Index.

14) ___________________ should not be served to children less than a year old because it/they may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum? a) Eggs b) Fresh fruits such as cherries and apricots c) Whole cow's milk d) Honey

d) Honey

36) Which brain region regulates long-term food intake and energy expenditure? a) Cerebellum b) Cortex c) Frontal lobe d) Hypothalamus

d) Hypothalamus

20) Which food would NOT be recommended as a source of calcium to someone who is lactose intolerant? a) Soy milk b) Tofu c) Fortified orange juice d) Ice cream

d) Ice cream

12) The most dangerous aspect of Anorexia nervosa is: a) amenorrhea b) the habit of using body weight and shape as a means of evaluating oneself. c) excessive exercise d) If left untreated it can be fatal.

d) If left untreated it can be fatal.

15) _____________________ protects human subjects in a study and limits the types of procedures that can be performed on them. a) Peer review b) Double blind design c) Prior authorization d) Informed consent

d) Informed consent

12) Which of the following are NOT ways in which the labels on foods intended for children under the age of 2 are different from other food labels? a) Much of the information on fat is not included b) Serving sizes are based on servings appropriate for small children c) Health claims are largely excluded d) Iron is not listed to discourage parents from limiting it

d) Iron is not listed to discourage parents from limiting it

64) When selecting a weight loss program for long-term weight loss, which is the least important question to consider? a) Does the program require purchase of special foods? b) Does the program offer social support? c) Does the program incorporate and encourage physical activity? d) Is there a book available which explains the diet?

d) Is there a book available which explains the diet?

56) Which of the following statements about smoking is FALSE? a) Smoking increases the risk of heart disease and lung cancer. b) Many teens start smoking to promote weight loss. c) Smokers have an increased requirement for vitamin C. d) It has been shown that smokers do not gain weight in the first year after quitting.

d) It has been shown that smokers do not gain weight in the first year after quitting.

51) Which of the following is TRUE regarding attention deficit hyperactive disorder? a) It is an example of a food intolerance. b) It is caused by excess sugar in the diet. c) It is a type of food allergy. d) It is characterized by a short attention span and a high level of activity.

d) It is characterized by a short attention span and a high level of activity.

49) When a diet is very low in kcalories and carbohydrate for a long period of time, what is most likely to develop? a) Diabetes b) Hepatitis c) Hyperglycemia d) Ketosis

d) Ketosis

10) Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? a) Liver b) Pancreas c) Salivary glands d) Kidney

d) Kidney

30) Which of the following nutrients are NOT organic molecules? a) Carbohydrates b) Lipids c) Proteins d) Minerals

d) Minerals

53) Fresh pasta is packaged in a sealed container and sold in the refrigerated section of the grocery store. There is a "sell by" date on the container and the directions indicate that the product should be kept refrigerated until used. How is the pasta probably preserved? a) Aseptic packaging b) Fermentive consolidation c) Irradiation d) Modified atmosphere packaging

d) Modified atmosphere packaging

9) Which statement about food-borne illness is FALSE? a) Food is more likely to be contaminated in retail establishments because of the large volume of food and the number of people involved. b) Food-borne illness outbreaks occurring in commercial establishments usually involve more people per incidence. c) Food-borne illness outbreaks in commercial establishments are more likely to be reported. d) Most food-borne illnesses are caused by food prepared in commercial establishments.

d) Most food-borne illnesses are caused by food prepared in commercial establishments.

3) Which statement about dietary protein sources is FALSE? a) Animal products are the most highly concentrated sources of protein. b) Plant sources of protein are typically rich in fiber and phytochemicals. c) Legumes provide about as much protein per ½ cup serving as a cup of milk. d) Most people in the U.S. need protein supplements to meet dietary requirements.

d) Most people in the U.S. need protein supplements to meet dietary requirements.

37) Using dietary information provided by ______________would be the most practical approach to evaluate your own diet. a) Exchange Lists b) Dietary Guidelines for Americans c) DRVs d) MyPlate

d) MyPlate

46) Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a) Obesity is uncommon in American children. b) Obese children should be put on a very low-kcal diet (<500 kcal/day) c) Children in the 10th percentile or below on growth charts are classified as obese. d) Obese children are more likely to develop the chronic diseases common in obese adults (type 2 diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure).

d) Obese children are more likely to develop the chronic diseases common in obese adults (type 2 diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure).

1) Which statement about obesity is true? a) Obesity rates have remained constant over the last 50 years. b) Obesity is defined as having a BMI >25. c) Obesity rates tend to be constant across racial and ethnic groups. d) Obesity is defined as having a BMI >30.

d) Obesity is defined as having a BMI >30.

38) Which statement about pesticides is FALSE? a) Pesticides are applied to crops after harvest to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. b) Crops grown using pesticides produce higher yields and look more appealing. c) Pesticides can be found in untreated products like meat, poultry and dairy. d) Pesticides are only applied to crops while they are growing.

d) Pesticides are only applied to crops while they are growing.

12) Which is NOT a true statement about nutritional studies using animals? a) Animal studies can be more easily controlled than human studies. b) The digestive system of some animals is quite different from humans, making these animals inappropriate choices for some studies. c) The choice of the animal studied may influence the outcome of the study. d) Results from animal studies can always be readily extrapolated to humans.

d) Results from animal studies can always be readily extrapolated to humans.

18) The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract? a) Small intestine b) Large intestine c) Gallbladder d) Stomach

d) Stomach

17) Which of the following is characteristic of neural tube defects? a) Improper closure of the hard and/or soft palate b) Developmental defects of the heart c) Abnormalities in the long bones of the legs and arms d) Structural abnormalities associated with the spine and/or brain

d) Structural abnormalities associated with the spine and/or brain

35) Which is a term used to describe a system that endeavors to maintain natural resources such as soil and water while producing food products? a) Ecological conservation b) Food self-sufficiency c) Restorative farming d) Sustainable agriculture

d) Sustainable agriculture

16) Which of the following is a common source of anecdotal evidence? a) Peer-reviewed scientific literature b) Federal government web sites c) Registered dieticians d) Testimony of individuals

d) Testimony of individuals

28) Which of the following statements about glycogen is FALSE? a) Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate in humans and animals. b) Glycogen is composed of many glucose molecules. c) Glycogen is made and stored in liver and muscle. d) The primary role of muscle glycogen is to maintain blood glucose levels.

d) The primary role of muscle glycogen is to maintain blood glucose levels.

3) Which of the following statements about aerobic capacity is FALSE? a) It relates to ATP generation by aerobic metabolism during exercise. b) It is dependent on the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to cells. c) Aerobic capacity is dependent on the ability of cells to use oxygen to produce energy. d) The smaller a person's aerobic capacity, the more intense the activity that can be performed before lack of oxygen affects performance.

d) The smaller a person's aerobic capacity, the more intense the activity that can be performed before lack of oxygen affects performance.

53) Which of the following is true regarding level of education and household income? a) The higher the level of education, the higher the income level. b) The highest household incomes were in families where a family member had a Bachelor's degree. c) High school graduates typically make more than those who attended college but did not graduate. d) There is no direct relationship.

d) There is no direct relationship.

56) If mold is found on a loaf of banana bread, what is the best course of action? a) Scrape off the mold; eat the rest of the bread soon b) Remove the mold plus about 2 inches of bread on all sides c) Freeze and rethaw the bread, scraping off the mold d) Throw it away

d) Throw it away

13) Which governmental agency is responsible for inspection of meat and poultry? a) Center for Disease Control b) Food and Drug Administration c) Environmental Protection Agency d) United States Department of Agriculture

d) United States Department of Agriculture

17) Which of the following is NOT an authorized health claim associating intake with a health consequence? a) Soluble fiber and coronary heart disease b) Dietary fat and cancer risk c) Sodium intake and blood pressure d) Vitamin A intake and risk of cataracts

d) Vitamin A intake and risk of cataracts

32) Which of the following nutrients is NOT added to enriched grains? a) Thiamin b) Niacin c) Folate d) Vitamin E

d) Vitamin E

1) Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient? a) Carbohydrate b) Fat c) Protein d) Vitamins

d) Vitamins

43) Which federal program targets pregnant and lactating women, and infants and children for nutritional food assistance and education? a) Emergency Food Assistance Program b) Food Stamp Program c) State Foodservice Program for Women and Children d) Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

d) Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

10) Stunting refers to: a) decreased average weight during the first year of life. b) increased body mass index (BMI). c) depression of intelligence quota (IQ). d) a decreased rate of linear growth.

d) a decreased rate of linear growth.

28) The "let-down" reflex refers to: a) hormonal changes which initiate the process of birth. b) postpartum depression that mothers experience following birth. c) muscular contractions which push the infant through the birth canal. d) a hormonal reflex that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts and flow to the nipple.

d) a hormonal reflex that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts and flow to the nipple.

26) A food jag is: a) when a child begins to consume new foods regularly. b) a contaminant found in some processed foods. c) an allergic reaction. d) a period when a child will eat only one food and nothing else.

d) a period when a child will eat only one food and nothing else.

5) The cycle of malnutrition: a) begins when infants are weaned and appropriate substitutes for milk are unavailable. b) ends after the adolescent growth spurt. c) is an inability to meet nutrient needs at some stages of life. d) affects both the health and productivity of a population.

d) affects both the health and productivity of a population.

25) The leading cause of preventable birth defects and mental retardation during pregnancy is: a) tobacco use. b) coffee consumption. c) cocaine abuse. d) alcohol abuse.

d) alcohol abuse.

32) In general, populations that have a high intake of total fat have a higher incidence of __________ than populations that have a lower intake. a) certain types of cancer b) heart disease c) obesity d) all of these choices are correct

d) all of these choices are correct

32) Excessive intake of animal protein foods could cause: a) excessive bone mineralization, causing brittleness. b) a diet to be too low in energy. c) increased waste production overworking the liver. d) an increased risk of heart disease.

d) an increased risk of heart disease.

1) An eating disorder is typified by a) eating more than is necessary under certain situations, like parties or holidays. b) eating less than the body requires when busy or stressed. c) the emotional aspects of food overpowering the role of food as nourishment. d) an obsession about body size and shape.

d) an obsession about body size and shape.

3) A processed food is defined as: a) having more than five ingredients. b) requiring heating or cooking before it can be eaten. c) a food which has had preservatives added. d) any food that has been changed from its natural state.

d) any food that has been changed from its natural state.

15) The recommendations for fat intake in older adults: a) reflect their decreased ability to digest and absorb it. b) reflect their decreased ability to metabolize fat. c) are very strict because of their decreased energy requirement. d) are the same as for younger adults.

d) are the same as for younger adults.

49) Individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) should limit their intake of foods containing: a) carbohydrate. b) iron. c) monosodium glutamate. d) aspartame.

d) aspartame.

55) Probiotics are: a) an example of total parenteral nutrition. b) substances that promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. c) are used to prevent bacterial overgrowth in the stomach. d) beneficial bacteria added to foods.

d) beneficial bacteria added to foods.

20) Estimated energy requirements are NOT influenced by: a) height. b) level of physical activity. c) gender. d) body shape.

d) body shape.

44) Protein complementation is a technique which: a) increases the biological value of a protein. b) increases the nitrogen content of dietary protein sources. c) minimizes nitrogen loss in the urine. d) combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

d) combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

55) The Emergency Food Assistance Program distributes ___________ for home and institutional use. a) funds to buy food b) meals c) grocery store vouchers d) commodity foods, such as peanut butter and pasta

d) commodity foods, such as peanut butter and pasta

5) All of the following contribute to the increase in energy consumption in American children over the last 25 years EXCEPT: a) eating more meals away from home. b) larger portion sizes. c) more snacking. d) consumption of low fat diets, which do not provide satiety, so children eat more.

d) consumption of low fat diets, which do not provide satiety, so children eat more.

14) A healthy eating pattern emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT: a) nutrient-dense foods. b) medium amounts of high protein foods. c) consuming more oils than solid fats. d) eating 3 servings of foods containing refined grains per day.

d) eating 3 servings of foods containing refined grains per day.

36) A diseased gallbladder can interfere with: a) chyme formation. b) the ability to chew. c) the ability to regulate blood glucose levels. d) fat digestion.

d) fat digestion.

32) The three main categories in the Exchange List are carbohydrate, meat and meat substitutes, and: a) protein. b) fiber. c) fruits & vegetables. d) fat.

d) fat.

33) Of the following, meeting dietary requirements for vitamins and minerals is MOST difficult for: a) soccer players with high energy needs. b) basketball players trying to gain weight. c) distance runners consuming large volumes of fluid. d) female athletes consuming low energy diets.

d) female athletes consuming low energy diets.

28) Consuming adequate __________ can help to decrease dental caries. a) calcium b) iron c) zinc d) fluoride

d) fluoride

50) Before and during pregnancy, consumption of foods fortified with _________ reduces the incidence of _________ in infants in the U. S. a) iron; high blood pressure b) vitamin B12; diabetes c) calcium; cognitive deficits d) folic acid; neural tube defects

d) folic acid; neural tube defects

19) Fructose is found mostly in: a) dairy products. b) grains and cereals. c) meat. d) fruits and vegetables.

d) fruits and vegetables.

10) Excess weight gain during pregnancy can increase the mother's risk for: a) premature delivery. b) having a low-birth-weight infant. c) pelvic stress fractures. d) gestational diabetes.

d) gestational diabetes.

3) Most fatty acids in food and in the body are bound to a molecule called: a) cholesterol. b) phospholipids. c) lecithin. d) glycerol.

d) glycerol.

24) "Hitting the wall", or experiencing a sudden feeling of overwhelming fatigue, occurs after __________ stores are depleted. a) ATP b) fatty acid c) creatine phosphate d) glycogen

d) glycogen

27) Muscle fatigue most directly relates to: a) ketoacidosis. b) lactic acid accumulation. c) creatine phosphate degradation. d) glycogen depletion.

d) glycogen depletion.

10) Since 1900, the ideal body in the US a) has stayed the same. b) has become curvier. c) has become heavier. d) has become thinner and more muscular.

d) has become thinner and more muscular.

23) The primary function of lipoprotein lipase is to: a) convert nonessential fatty acids into essential fatty acids. b) transport lipids through the blood. c) convert cis fatty acids into trans fatty acids. d) help clear triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins in the blood.

d) help clear triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins in the blood.

59) A strong correlation exists between the development of colon cancer and diets: a) high in fish. b) high in grains and cereals. c) with moderate amounts of alcohol. d) high in animal fats.

d) high in animal fats.

27) Decreased saliva production in older adults may cause all of the following EXCEPT: a) making swallowing more difficult. b) decreasing the taste of food. c) increasing the likelihood of periodontal disease d) increasing susceptibility to viral infection.

d) increasing susceptibility to viral infection.

37) Limiting chemical application of pesticides while introducing non-chemical methods of pest control in an orchard is an example of: a) establishing tolerable limits. b) genetic engineering. c) organic farming. d) integrated pest management (IPM).

d) integrated pest management (IPM).

18) The requirement for ___________ decreases in women older than 50. a) vitamin D b) calcium c) magnesium d) iron

d) iron

57) Supplements of __________ can be of benefit to many female athletes. a) vanadium b) zinc c) selenium d) iron

d) iron

55) Getting enough vitamin D may be a problem for older adults due to: a) drinking too much milk. b) drinking carbonated beverages with artificial sweetener. c) taking multiple pharmaceutical drugs. d) limited exposure to sunlight.

d) limited exposure to sunlight.

45) The hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to the: a) brain. b) kidneys. c) stomach. d) liver.

d) liver.

6) The correct sequence of events in the scientific method is: a) conduct the experiment, develop a hypothesis, form a theory, and make an observation. b) develop a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, make an observation, and form a theory. c) form a theory, conduct the experiment, develop a hypothesis, and make an observation. d) make an observation, develop a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and form a theory.

d) make an observation, develop a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and form a theory.

55) All of the following foods EXCEPT _____________help reduce LDL cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease. a) oats b) flaxseed c) nuts d) margarine containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

d) margarine containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

57) Parasites can be destroyed by all of the following methods EXCEPT: a) freezing. b) canning. c) cooking to a high temperature. d) marinating.

d) marinating.

3) Over the last 25 years, children's intake of _________ has declined. a) cheese b) fruits c) juices d) milk

d) milk

51) Risk for malnutrition among the elderly is associated with: a) strong family support. b) educational level. c) access to vitamin supplements. d) more hospital admissions.

d) more hospital admissions.

7) The digestive tract begins at the _________ and ends at the _________. a) esophagus; small intestine b) mouth; transverse colon c) esophageal sphincter; pylorus d) mouth; anus

d) mouth; anus

6) The internal lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the: a) submucosa. b) serosa. c) muscularis. d) mucosa.

d) mucosa.

26) A measure of the nutrient content of a food compared to its energy content is referred to as a) Healthy Food Index. b) nutrient score. c) dietary reference intake. d) nutrient density.

d) nutrient density.

28) Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from the: a) gallbladder. b) kidneys. c) liver. d) pancreas.

d) pancreas.

17) Dietary sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT: a) meat. b) eggs. c) fish. d) peanut butter.

d) peanut butter.

11) A(n) ____________ bond links one amino acid to the next. a) disulfide b) ionic c) glycosidic d) peptide

d) peptide

15) Coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract are called: a) segmentation. b) muscular syncopation. c) gastroesophageal sphincterization. d) peristalsis.

d) peristalsis.

6) Which of the following groups is least likely to develop an eating disorder? a) professional dancers or models b) gymnasts c) wrestlers d) pre-pubescent boys

d) pre-pubescent boys

39) During intense exercise, important functions of water include all of the following EXCEPT: a) producing sweat. b) transporting oxygen and nutrients. c) eliminating metabolic waste products. d) preventing body temperature change.

d) preventing body temperature change.

23) The sphincter that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine is the __________ sphincter. a) gastroesophageal b) celiac c) anal d) pyloric

d) pyloric

3) After eating a large dinner, we feel full and satisfied. The term to describe this feeling is: a) appetite suppression. b) caloric equilibrium. c) hunger displacement. d) satiety.

d) satiety.

7) When subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving in a clinical trial, but the researchers do, the study is called: a) anecdotal. b) collaboration. c) double blind. d) single blind.

d) single blind.

30) The primary site of nutrient absorption is the: a) liver. b) large intestine. c) stomach. d) small intestine.

d) small intestine.

46) Cholesterol is an example of a(n): a) trans fatty acid. b) phospholipid. c) essential nutrient. d) sterol.

d) sterol.

26) Sugar alcohols are: a) derived from ethyl alcohol. b) a combination of amino acids. c) produced from oleic acid. d) structurally similar to dietary sugars.

d) structurally similar to dietary sugars.

6) "Infant mortality rate" refers to: a) the number of deaths during the first 24 hours of life per 100 live births. b) the number of deaths during the first 24 hours of life per 1,000 live births. c) the number of deaths during the first year of life per 100 live births. d) the number of deaths during the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

d) the number of deaths during the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

9) The energy expended to digest and store nutrients is called: a) basal metabolic rate. b) digestive capacity thermogenesis. c) consumptive heat capacity. d) thermic effect of food.

d) thermic effect of food.

6) The major goal of the National Food Safety Initiative is: a) to document food-borne illness outbreaks. b) to provide education to employees in the food industry. c) to provide a reporting system to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). d) to substantially reduce the risk of food-borne illness.

d) to substantially reduce the risk of food-borne illness.

56) The end-products of carbohydrate catabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) water. b) carbon dioxide. c) energy (ATP). d) urea.

d) urea.

37) Dementia, or diminished mental state, is LEAST likely to be associated with: a) alcoholism. b) Alzheimer's disease. c) strokes. d) vitamin C intake levels.

d) vitamin C intake levels.

32) Atrophic gastritis interferes with absorption of all of the following EXCEPT: a) calcium. b) iron. c) vitamin B12. d) vitamin C.

d) vitamin C.

42) Meals and snacks for the elderly should include plenty of _____________ to prevent dehydration? a) grains b) fiber c) milk and dairy d) water

d) water