Nutrition Stuff

A popular over-the-counter cold remedy suggests that megadoses of vitamin C will help prevent or minimize the effects of the common cold. If the label on the vitamin C cold remedy package states that it contains 1,000 mg of vitamin C, how many grams of vitamin C is this amount? (A) 100 grams of vitamin C (B) 10 grams of vitamin C (C) 1 gram of vitamin C (D) 1,000 grams of vitamin C

(C) 1 gram of vitamin C

The established daily value for total fat is based on the recommendation that total fat be no more than ___% of total kilocalories.(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

(C) 30

All of the following statements are true about undernutrition and overnutrition, EXCEPT: (A) Overnutrition may be characterized by obesity. (B) Overnutrition is a type of malnutrition .(C) In the United States, overnutrition is less common than undernutrition. (D) Long-term excessive energy intake can cause overnutrition.

(C) In the United States, overnutrition is less common than undernutrition.

Diet is a (A) technique to reduce carbohydrate intake. (B) method of reducing portion sizes. (C) pattern of food choices. (D) practice of restricting energy intake

(C) pattern of food choices.

_____ can be classified as a dietary supplement. (A) Cherry jelly (B) Chewing tobacco (C) Orange drink (D) Gingko biloba

(D) Gingko biloba

Which of the following journals does not have peer-reviewed articles? (A) Journal of American Medical Association (B) The New England Journal of Medicine (C) Journal of the American College of Nutrition (D) Men's Journal

(D) Men's Journal

____ refers to chemical processes that occur in living cells. (A) Physiology (B) Catabolism (C) Anatomy (D) Metabolism

(D) Metabolism

A fake treatment is a(n) (A) anecdote. (B) double-blind study. (C) pseudoscience experiment .(D) placebo.

.(D) placebo.

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach? A) Bile B) Mucus C) Hydrochloric acid D) Gastric juice

A) Bile

Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance? A) Potassium B) Copper C) Iron D) Fluoride

A) Potassium

Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure. A) nitrogen B) chloride C) potassium D) iron

A) nitrogen

B vitamins function as A) parts of coenzymes. B) structural components of body cells. C) hormones. D) neurotransmitters.

A) parts of coenzymes.

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called A) peristalsis. B) gluconeogenesis. C) lipolysis. D) segmentation.

A) peristalsis

When Benson had his blood pressure tested, it was normal. Based on this information, what was his blood pressure? A) 145/60 mm Hg B) 118/69 mm Hg C) 70/120 mm Hg D) 80/120 mm Hg

B) 118/69 mm Hg

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system? A) Liver B) Brain C) Gallbladder D) Pancreas

B) Brain

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed ________ as a result. A) fibrosis B) anaphylaxis C) torticollis D) cirrhosis

B) anaphylaxis

The liver recycles bile salts to make new A) hemoglobin. B) bile. C) white blood cells. D) glycogen.

B) bile.

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain. A) sugar B) butter C) wine D) water

B) butter

In the body, vitamin A helps A) reduce collagen synthesis. B) maintain epithelial cells. C) insulin enter cells. D) the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus.

B) maintain epithelial cells.

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? A) glucose B) starch C) high-fructose corn syrup D) carbon dioxide

B) starch

Gina is pregnant. Although Gina's physician prescribed a prenatal vitamin for her to take daily, Gina thought she could have a very healthy baby by taking extra vitamins, so she took several other dietary supplements, including those that contained vitamin A. As a result, her total intake of vitamin A was over 5000 mcg RAE/day. Based on this information, Gina is at risk of A) developing gestational diabetes mellitus. B) giving birth to a baby with cystic fibrosis. C) giving birth to a baby with birth defects. D) developing vitamin C-resistant scurvy.

C) giving birth to a baby with birth defects.

Glycogen is composed of ________ molecules. A) ribose B) fructose C) glucose D) insulin

C) glucose

Intracellular water A) normally contains high amounts of sodium. B) surrounds cells. C) is within cells. D) includes the plasma of blood.

C) is within cells

The ________ play a major role in regulating the body's fluid balance. A) parathyroid glands B) salivary glands C) kidneys D) ovaries

C) kidneys

Calcitonin A) increases the body's rate of potassium excretion. B) enables glucose to enter cells. C) signals osteoblasts to remove excess calcium from blood. D) enhances bone tissue loss.

C) signals osteoblasts to remove excess calcium from blood.

Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli (luncheon) meats contain high amounts of A) potassium. B) selenium. C) sodium. D) magnesium.

C) sodium.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Maltose is the complex carbohydrate in potatoes, rice, and beans. B) The pancreas secretes glucagon, a hormone that signals your cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream. C) The human body stores carbohydrate as glucose. D) A diet that contains whole-grain foods may help relieve constipation.

D) A diet that contains whole-grain foods may help relieve constipation.

Which of the following foods are legumes? A) Mushrooms B) Onions C) Potatoes D) Peanuts

D) Peanuts

________ is a source of sucrose. A) Fat-free milk B) Egg white C) Beef liver D) Sugar cane

D) Sugar cane

Parathyroid hormone A) signals osteoblasts to release calcium from bones. B) enables glucose to enter cells. C) increases the body's rate of potassium excretion. D) enhances the body's ability to retain calcium.

D) enhances the body's ability to retain calcium.

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as A) ketone bodies. B) certain B vitamins. C) fiber. D) glycogen.

D) glycogen.

Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should A) reduce her intake of fruits and vegetables. B) restrict her fluid intake. C) use colon cleansing enemas daily. D) increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.

D) increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.

According to the MyPlate Plan, which of the following foods is grouped with dairy products? (A) cheese (B) eggs (C) butter (D) cream

(A) cheese

Which of the following foods is energy and nutrient dense? (A) peanut butter (B) sugar-sweetened soft drink (C) fat-free milk (D) iceberg lettuce

(A) peanut butter

Which of the following statements best describes the amount of energy in one kilocalorie? (A) A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° Celsius .(B) A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius. (C) A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1° Fahrenheit. (D) A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gallon of water by 1° Fahrenheit.

(B) A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy? (A) Cholesterol (B) Protein (C) Vitamin D (D) Iron

(B) Protein

The _____ Program enables eligible low-income participants to use a special debit card to purchase food at authorized stores .(A) Nutritious Food Purchase (B) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (C) Healthy Diets for All (D) Eat Better for Less

(B) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance

Nutritional standards, such as the RDAs, are not (A) used to develop formula food products. (B) the basis for establishing DVs. (C) used to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets. (D) the basis for developing AIs.

(D) the basis for developing AIs.

Which of the followings statements is true? A) Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids. B) Saturated fatty acid has one double bond within its hydrocarbon chain. C) Trans fatty acids are naturally in many foods. D) The human body can convert simple carbohydrates into alpha-linolenic acid.

A) Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea? A) Epiglottis B) Tongue C) Pharynx D) Voice box

A) Epiglottis

Which of the following statements is true? A) Human cells maintain proper hydration primarily by controlling ions in fluid compartments. B) Most people can tolerate a fever of 108 to 110° F. C)Humans rely primarily on panting to dissipate excess body heat. D) Iron ions are crucial for maintaining cellular fluid balance.

A) Human cells maintain proper hydration primarily by controlling ions in fluid compartments.

Which of the following statements is true? A) A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules. B) A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. C) The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule. D) Most fatty acids in food are water soluble.

B) A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

The deamination process forms A) urine. B) ammonia. C) glycogen. D) trans fat.

B) ammonia.

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's A) blood glucose level rises too quickly. B) temperature is too high. C) metabolic rate is too slow. D) calcium content increases

B) temperature is too high

Lucy has a disease that affects the functioning of her pancreas. Based on this information, she may have difficulty digesting proteins because of a lack of A) pepsin. B) trypsin. C) amylase. D) lipase.

B) trypsin.

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food. A) neurons B) villi C) arteries D) lacteals

B) villi

Which of the following compounds is a hormone that helps the body maintain fluid balance? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Aldosterone D) Pepsin

C) Aldosterone

The liver uses cholesterol to make A) Vitamin A B) Fatty acids C) Bile D) Water

C) Bile

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals. A) K B) B-12 C) E D) D

C) E

Which of the following compounds is secreted by the human stomach? A) Saliva B) Chyme C) Gastric juice D) Bile salts

C) Gastric juice

________ are fat-soluble vitamins. A) Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E B) Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline C) Vitamins K, E, and D D) Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

C) Vitamins K, E, and D

The typical American eats more protein from ________ than he or she did in the early 1900s. A) vegetables B) grains C) meat D) fruits

C) meat

Lecithin is a type of A) triglyceride. B) sterol. C) phospholipid. D) fatty acid.

C) phospholipid.

Roberta is 25 years of age, healthy, and pregnant. Based on this information, her body is in ________ nitrogen balance. A) activated B) negative C) positive D) inverse

C) positive

Chyme is the A) large particle that transports lipids throughout the bloodstream. B) material absorbed by lacteals that the liver must detoxify and excrete. C) organelle that maintains fluid balance within intestinal cells. D) semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

D) semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which of the following substances can not be classified as a dietary supplement? (A) lysine (B) tobacco (C) copper (D) vitamin E

(B) tobacco

In the United States, the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths is (A) physical inactivity. (B) tobacco use. (C) high-fat diet. (D) excessive alcohol intake.

(B) tobacco use.

Which of the following statements is true? (A) Physicians and dietitians do not recommend dietary supplements for their patients. (B) According to the legal definition developed by the FDA, a "dietary supplement" is a food that influences metabolism. (C) Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes. (D) People who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experiences to the GAO.

(C) Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes.

Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with certain dietary practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States? (A) Alzheimer's disease and blood-borne infections (B) Cancer and kidney disease (C) Heart disease and cancer (D) Chronic lower respiratory infections and stroke (E) Diabetes and accidents

(C) Heart disease and cancer

Which of the following statements is false? (A) A megadose is 10 times the recommended amount of a nutrient. (B) Megadoses of nutrients may behave like drugs in the body .(C) In general, megadoses of nutrients are safe to consume. (D) A physiological dose of a vitamin is less than a megadose of the vitamin.

(C) In general, megadoses of nutrients are safe to consume.

A testimonial is (A) an unbiased report about a product's value. (B) a scientifically valid claim .(C) a personal endorsement of a product. (D) a form of scientific evidence.

(C) a personal endorsement of a product

Daily Values are (A) for people who consume 1200 to 1500 kilocalorie diets.(B) based on the lowest RDA or AI for each nutrient. (C) dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes. (D) used to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of a population's diet.

(C) dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes.

Which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994? (A) Tobacco (B) aspirin (C) ginseng (D) ibuprofen

(C) ginseng

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) (A) has a margin of safety. (B) does not account for a person's height, weight, or physical activity level. (C) is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person. (D) reflects a person's actual daily energy needs.

(C) is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person.

Which of the following foods is a rich source of phytochemicals? (A) hamburger (B) fish (C) peaches (D) chicken

(C) peaches

An antioxidant is a(an) (A) essential nutrient found only in animal foods. (B) dietary supplement that is available without prescription.(C) substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed .(D) nonnutrient produced by plants that provides health benefits.

(C) substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed

Protein-rich food sources that also contain high amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol include (A) peanut butter. (B) dry beans. (C) nuts. (D) beef.

(D) beef.

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract? A) Peptic ulcer B) Crohn's disease C) Cystic fibrosis D) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

B) Crohn's disease

Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity? A) D B) E C) K D) B-6

B) E

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? A) Chylomicron B) LDL C) VLDL D) HDL

B) LDL

Kevin is a body builder who takes a variety of vitamin supplements. He often has diarrhea, and last week he was diagnosed with a kidney stone. Based on this information, which of his supplements is most likely contributing to his current health problems? A) Thiamin B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin B-6 D) Biotin

B) Vitamin C

The human body needs vitamin K to A) synthesize DNA. B) form active blood clotting factors. C) release the energy stored in glucose. D) absorb phosphorus from foods.

B) form active blood clotting factors.

Caden develops intestinal cramps and gas after he drinks more than a half cup of milk. He can eat yogurt and cheese without any discomfort. Based on this information, Caden probably has A) hemorrhoids. B) lactose intolerance. C) diverticulosis. D) milk allergy.

B) lactose intolerance.

Rosa is a teenager who has an eating disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation. Based on this information, her body is in ________ nitrogen balance. A) denatured B) negative C) positive D) activated

B) negative

Which of the following statements is true? A) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) begins the partial digestion of fats in the small intestine. B) Cystic fibrosis is an infectious disease that causes the muscles that control swallowing to malfunction. C) Heartburn often results when the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to close properly. D) A thin layer of chyme protects the lining of the digestive tract from being broken down by enzymes.

C) Heartburn often results when the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to close properly.

Dehydration can cause A) cirrhosis. B) diabetes. C) death. D) hypoglycemia.

C) death.

Most lipids have ________ in their chemical structures. A) nitrogen and sulfur B) amino acids C) fatty acids D) glucose polymers

C) fatty acids

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should A) undergo cardiac catheterization to determine the ejection factor of his heart. B) test his urine for the presence of glucocorticoids. C) have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood. D) have a chest x-ray.

C) have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood.

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme. A) esophageal sphincter B) lower stomach C) large intestine D) pyloric valve

C) large intestine

The ________ is main site of deamination in the body. A) spleen B) thyroid C) liver D) gallbladder

C) liver

The ________ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans. A) pancreas B) small intestine C) liver D) pituitary gland

C) liver

In the human body, water is involved in A) alcohol digestion. B) providing energy to fuel cellular activity. C) protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from free radical damage. D) transporting substances.

D) transporting substances.

After a particularly strenuous workout at the gym, Jaime purchased an electrolyte-replacement drink. According to the Nutrition Facts panel on the product's label, each 8-oz serving of the drink supplies 60 kcal. Jaime was so thirsty, he drank the entire contents of the bottle (32 oz). How many kcal of this product did he consume? (A) 240 kilocalories (B) 300 kilocalories (C) 120 kilocalories (D) 60 kilocalories

(A) 240 kilocalories

Lena weighs 165 pounds. What is her weight in kilograms? (A) 75 kg (B) 7.5 kg (C) 82 kg (D) 8.2 kg

(A) 75 kg

The amount of a nutrient that should meet the needs of half of the healthy people in a particular group is the (A) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). (B) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) .(C) Adequate Intake (AI). (D) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).

(A) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).

A serving of food supplies 20 g carbohydrate, 4 g protein, 10 g fat, and 50 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food? (A) Fat provides the most food energy. (B) Carbohydrate provides the most food energy. (C) Water provides the most food energy. (D) Fat provides about 25% of total calories.

(A) Fat provides the most food energy.

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the (A) Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (C) Agricultural Research Service (ARS). (D) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

(A) Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Denny's requirement for vitamin C is 12 mg/day, and his Recommended Dietary Allowance for the vitamin is 90 mg. Which of the following statements is true? (A) The requirement for vitamin C is the minimum daily amount that Denny needs to prevent the vitamin's deficiency disease. (B) The Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin C is the maximum amount needed to optimize stores of the vitamin in Denny's body. (C) When Denny buys groceries, he can use his nutrient requirement for vitamin C to compare packaged foods. (D) Nutrient requirements are universal standards, so any healthy person who is Denny's age will require the same amount of vitamin C per day—12 mg.

(A) The requirement for vitamin C is the minimum daily amount that Denny needs to prevent the vitamin's deficiency disease.

A diet is likely to be safe and nutritionally adequate if (A) average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values. (B) intakes of various nutrients are consistently less than EAR amounts. (C) nutrient intakes are consistently above ULs. (D) vitamin supplements are included.

(A) average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values.

Which of the following foods would be classified as "empty calories" by MyPlate? (A) chocolate syrup (B) fat-free milk (C) white bread (D) corn oil

(A) chocolate syrup

Having a control group enables researchers to (A) compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group. (B) avoid using harmful interventions when testing control subjects' responses. (C) provide specific treatments to participants of the group.(D) explore possible hypotheses for future research efforts.

(A) compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.

An aspect of ______ involves studying causes of health problems in a population. (A) epidemiology (B) technobiology (C) diseasiology (D) censusology

(A) epidemiology

People who follow Islamic dietary rules will not consume (A) pork. (B) rice. (C) beef. (D) milk.

(A) pork

Which of the following conditions is not one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States? (A) tuberculosis (B) cancer (C) heart disease (D) stroke

(A) tuberculosis

Phytochemicals (A) are essential nutrients. (B) may have healthful benefits. (C) should be avoided. (D) are in animal sources of food.

(B) may have healthful benefits.

Which of the following information was not provided by the Nutrition Facts panel in 2015? (B) percentage of calories from fat (C) amount of carbohydrate per serving (D) serving size (E) amount of trans fat per serving

(B) percentage of calories from fat

The Exchange System allows you to (A) estimate your carbohydrate intake. (B) predict your risk of serious chronic diseases such as diabetes. (C) nterpret nutrition information on food labels (D) calculate your DRIs.

(A) estimate your carbohydrate intake.

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ____ study. (A) retrospective (B) macrosomatic (C) prospective (D) case-control

(A) retrospective

Which of the following statements is true? (A) Since 1970, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. (B) When interpreting results, researchers generally seek to include some bias into the analyses. (C) Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one team of nutrition researchers. (D) Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

(D) Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Comparing individuals with iron-deficiency anemia to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of (A) a prospective study. (B) an anecdotal study. (C) a retrospective study. (D) a case-control study.

(D) a case-control study.

Pearson's mother and father have type 2 diabetes. To reduce his risk of this disease, Pearson should A) avoid gaining excess weight. B) reduce his sodium intake to 1500 mg/day. C) consume a low-fiber diet. D) increase his animal protein intake to 120 g/day.

A) avoid gaining excess weight.

Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should A) become more physically active. B) smoke no more than a pack of cigarettes daily. C) consume more saturated fat. D) gain some body weight.

A) become more physically active.

The ________ of a food describes the extent to which the body is able to absorb the nutrients from the food and use them. A) bioavailability B) homeostasis C) digestibility D) essentiality

A) bioavailability

A ________ remains when the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid is removed. A) carbon skeleton B) ribonucleotide C) fatty acid D) dipeptide fragment

A) carbon skeleton

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid A) consuming foods that contain gluten. B) lying down after meals. C) taking dietary supplements that contain homocysteine. D) eating foods that contain phenylalanine.

A) consuming foods that contain gluten.

Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate ________ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects. A) folate B) selenium C) iron D) vitamin A

A) folate

The body constantly loses water through the skin as a result of ________ perspiration. A) insensible B) hydrostatic C) homeostatic D) perceptible

A) insensible

A gene is a A) piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein. B) structure that helps transfer amino acids to ribosomes. C) type of lipoprotein that transports certain vitamins in the bloodstream. D) cellular organelle that helps maintain proper acid-base balance.

A) piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance. A) positive B) activated C) negative D) inverted

A) positive

Which of the following statements is true? A) Fatty acids contain nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. B) A saturated fat has a triple bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. C) The omega end of a fatty acid molecule contains the acid group. D) A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

D) A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Which of the following foods is not usually responsible for causing allergic responses? A) Wheat and shellfish B) Fish and shellfish C) Peanuts and other nuts D) Carrots and celery

D) Carrots and celery

Which of the following vitamins acts as a hormone in the human body? A) C B) Riboflavin C) Niacin D) D

D) D

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a(n) _____ study. (A) retrospective (B) case-control (C) prospective (D) hypothetical

(A) retrospective

Which of the following statements is true? (A) Phytochemicals are antioxidants produced by animal cells. (B) An essential nutrient must be supplied by the diet. (C) People develop scurvy when their diets lack vitamin E. (D) Under certain conditions, the human body can make iron, copper, and zinc.

(B) An essential nutrient must be supplied by the diet.

Which of the following statements is true? (A) A person's diet is influenced by his or her blood type, birth order, and sustainability. (B) Nutrients are life-sustaining substances in food. (C) In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to the ten leading causes of death, including influenza and pneumonia. (D) People have an instinctual ability to choose a nutritious variety of foods.

(B) Nutrients are life-sustaining substances in food.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? (A) When a population's intake of green tea increases, the percentage of lung cancer cases in that population decreases. (B) When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average. (C) When members of a population consume fewer fruits and vegetables, their risk of high blood pressure increases.(D) When a group of children increases their physical activity levels, the percentage of the children who contract cold infections decreases.

(B) When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

A group of scientists observe a group of college students over 4 years to determine which of their characteristics leads to weight gain. This study is an example of (A) a case-control study. (B) a prospective study. (C) a retrospective study. (D) an experimental study.

(B) a prospective study.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is (A) revised every year. (B) a set of general nutrition-related recommendations. (C) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (D) used to develop DVs.

(B) a set of general nutrition-related recommendations.

Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable nutrition information? (A) the site of a nationally recognized health association (*.org) (B) a site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (*.com)(C) the site of a U.S. government agency (*.gov) (D) an accredited college or university's site (*.edu)

(B) a site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (*.com)

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense? (A) potato chips (B) broccoli (C) butter (D) chocolate chip cookie

(B) broccoli

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are (A) supplements. (B) placebos. (C) probiotics. (D) antidotes.

(B) placebos.

Which of the following statements is true? (A) According to MyPlate, vegetable oils are grouped into the "Fats and Oils" food group. (B) The MyPlate menu planning guide cannot be individualized to meet a person's food preferences (C) A person can use www.choosemyplate.gov to evaluate his or her diet's nutritional adequacy. (D) MyPlate was the first food guide developed for Americans.

(C) A person can use www.choosemyplate.gov to evaluate his or her diet's nutritional adequacy.

Which of the following statements is true? (A) In the United States, only registered dietitians can provide nutrition information legally. (B) Pseudoscience is the scientific study of the causation and treatment of chronic diseases (C) The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation. (D) Registered dietitians are not required to update their knowledge of nutrition and dietetics regularly.

(C) The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.

Generally, epidemiological studies (A) establish causation. (B) prove correlations. (C) cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. (D) are experimental-based research efforts that examine two variables.

(C) cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Which of the following statements is false? (A) RDAs are standards for daily intakes of certain nutrients.(B) RDAs meet the nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people. (C) RDAs contain a margin of safety. (D) RDAs are requirements for nutrients.

(D) RDAs are requirements for nutrients.

The first step of the scientific method usually involves (A) gathering data. (B) developing a hypothesis. (C) identifying relationships between variables. (D) making observations.

(D) making observations.

Fruit is generally a good source of all of the following substances, except (A) fiber. (B) vitamin C. (C) phytochemicals. (D) protein.

(D) protein.

The nutrients that provide energy are (A) carbohydrates, vitamins, and lipids. (B) lipids, proteins, and minerals. (C) vitamins, minerals, and proteins. (D) proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

(D) proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Bernice is a vegan. Which of the following foods does she eat? A) Legumes B) Cheese C) Butter D) Eggs

A) Legumes

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion? A) Pancreas B) Liver C) Gallbladder D) Pituitary

A) Pancreas

If you wanted to include a starchy food to your meal, which of the following foods would you add? A) Potatoes B) Eggs C) Honey D) Milk

A) Potatoes

Constance is making a vegetable soup that contains carrots, beans, water, salt, pepper, bits of ham, and onions. The soup has to cook for 4 hours. While the soup is cooking, what will happen to some of the minerals that are in its ingredients? A) The minerals will leach out of the food and into the cooking water, becoming part of the soup in the process. B) Cooking the soup's ingredients for this extensive amount of time will enable the minerals to become antioxidants. C) The relatively high temperature that is needed to cook the soup will destroy the iron, phosphorus, and sulfur in the vegetables. D) The minerals will leach out of the ham and vegetables and lose their natural bioavailability.

A) The minerals will leach out of the food and into the cooking water, becoming part of the soup in the process.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins? A) They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat. B) Compared to protein, the body requires vitamins in larger quantities. C) Chemically, they are the same as minerals. D) Excesses can be converted to glucose for energy.

A) They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of type 2 diabetes? A) Weighing more than average B) Having northern European ancestry C) Being taller than average D) Having low blood pressure

A) Weighing more than average

Which of the following statements is true? A) Most forms of fiber are easily digested in the human small intestine. B) Fruits and vegetables are sources of fiber. C) The typical American consumes recommended amounts of fiber. D) People may increase their risk of type 2 diabetes by eating more fiber-rich foods.

B) Fruits and vegetables are sources of fiber.

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues? A) LDL B) HDL C) Insoluble fiber D) Insulin

B) HDL

Which of the following carbohydrates is in plain, fat-free milk? A) Starch B) Lactose C) Sucrose D) Glycogen

B) Lactose

Which of the following organs is the main site for detoxifying alcohol? A) Stomach B) Liver C) Kidneys D) Spleen

B) Liver

Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, Cameron has A) amino acid toxicity syndrome. B) PKU. C) cystic fibrosis. D) IBD.

B) PKU.

________ is a major source of sodium in the typical American's diet. A) Unprocessed food B) Salty food C) Tap water D) Fresh fruit

B) Salty food

Which of the following statements is true? A) A protein molecule loses its natural folded and coiled shape as well as its usual functions when it undergoes hydrogenation. B) Transamination is the process of removing the nitrogen group from an amino acid and transferring it to another substance. C) The human digestive tract cannot digest the peptide bonds that hold amino acids together. D) Application of heat, alcohol, or acid can kill proteins.

B) Transamination is the process of removing the nitrogen group from an amino acid and transferring it to another substance.

A scientist wants to break down a carbohydrate called "maltose" into its component parts. To accomplish this task, she should A) mix maltose with 10 ml of water to form a solution. B) add maltase to a solution that contains maltose. C) heat maltose until it decomposes. D) combine maltose with copper and zinc ions.

B) add maltase to a solution that contains maltose.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Each gram of fat contributes 4 kcal. B) Adding fat to a food reduces the food's "mouth feel." C) Food fat is not a source of essential nutrients. D) Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.

D) Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.

Paige is 6-weeks pregnant. Although Paige drank alcohol before she became pregnant, she refuses to drink any alcohol now, because she does not want to have a baby born with A) cirrhotic liver disease. B) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. C) pancreatic cancer. D) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

B) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Insulin A) stimulates cells to break down glycogen for energy. B) helps glucose enter cells. C) increases blood glucose levels after meals. D) is released during fasting periods, such as between meals.

B) helps glucose enter cells.

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a A) partially hydrogenated protein. B) peptide bond. C) glycosidic linkage. D) fatty acid chain.

B) peptide bond

Subcutaneous fat does not A) store energy. B) stimulate red blood cell production. C) protect against minor bruising. D) insulate the body against cold temperatures.

B) stimulate red blood cell production.

Which of the following statements about calcium is false? A) A person's calcium intake early in life can affect his or her bone density later. B) Adolescents should consume adequate dairy products to build strong bones. C) After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium. D) The calcium in dairy products is well absorbed by the body.

C) After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.

Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction? A) Selenium B) Cesium C) Calcium D) Aluminum

C) Calcium

Erika is a college student who has never experienced dental decay. Recently, she slipped and fell down a flight of stairs. Although she had bumps and bruises after the fall, she did not break any bones. Which of the following practices is the most likely reason for Erika's strong bones and decay-resistant teeth? A) Eating a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet B) Chewing iron pills before swallowing them C) Drinking fluoridated water D) Taking vitamin K supplements daily

C) Drinking fluoridated water

The body uses proteins to make A) calcium carbonate. B) bile salts. C) certain hormones. D) magnesium ions.

C) certain hormones

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be A) converted to proteins that are metabolized for energy. B) eliminated in feces. C) converted into fat and stored. D) metabolized to form urea and excreted by the kidneys.

C) converted into fat and stored.

The introduction of iodized salt in the 1920s dramatically reduced rates of ________ in the United States. A) pellagra B) anemia C) goiter D) hypogonadism

C) goiter

Which of the following substances is the primary fuel for muscles and other cells? A) Fructose B) Lactose C) Fiber D) Glucose

D) Glucose

1) Iodine is necessary for A) producing properly-formed collagen. B) carrying oxygen in blood. C) maintaining normal thyroid function. D) transporting proteins in lymph.

C) maintaining normal thyroid function.

Routine vitamin C supplementation A) prevents common colds among the general population. B) reduces the risk of kidney stones. C) may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so. D) prevents Alzheimer's disease.

C) may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so.

On sunny days, Juan spends at least 20 minutes exercising outdoors, because he knows sunlight helps his body make A) copper. B) choline. C) vitamin D. D) glucose.

C) vitamin D.

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's A) golgi apparatus. B) plasma membrane. C) ribosomes. D) DNA.

D) DNA.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding. B) Compared to children in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the United States have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. C) In the United States, teenagers have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. D) Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

D) Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins? A) The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins. B) In general, water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be stored in the body than fat-soluble vitamins. C) The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins. D) In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

D) In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

For the past 4 years, 23-year-old Maggie has been losing a lot of blood during her menstrual periods. Based on this information, which of the following conditions is she most likely to develop? A) Hemochromatosis B) Pellagra C) Osteoporosis D) Iron-deficiency

D) Iron-deficiency

Which of the following foods is a rich source of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)? A) Fresh strawberries B) Luncheon meats C) White bread D) Regular soft drink

D) Regular soft drink

In the United States, ________ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency. A) calcium B) magnesium C) selenium D) iron

D) iron

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrate. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal. A) vitamin C B) muscle fibers C) glycogen stores D) ketone bodies

D) ketone bodies

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into chylomicrons and enter A) the gastroesophageal sphincter. B) chyme. C) special cells lining the hepatic portal vein. D) lacteals within the villi.

D) lacteals within the villi....

A chylomicron is a type of A) phospholipid. B) fatty acid. C) sterol. D) lipoprotein.

D) lipoprotein

Osteoporosis is characterized by A) immature red blood cells that lack hemoglobin. B) defective collagen production. C) keratinization and death of epithelial cells. D) loss of bone mass and structure.

D) loss of bone mass and structure.

The process of digesting food begins in the A) colon. B) liver. C) esophagus. D) mouth.

D) mouth.

The body uses essential fatty acids to make A) glycogen. B) polysaccharides. C) proteins. D) prostaglandins.

D) prostaglandins.

To reduce her intake of added sugars, Isabelle should A) consume more refined sources of carbohydrates. B) increase her intake of beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup. C) consume energy drinks instead of coffee. D) replace regular soft drinks with plain water.

D) replace regular soft drinks with plain water.