Nutrition Test 1
For every kilojoule (kilocalorie) expended, the muscle produces approximately ______ kJ (kcal) of heat. -0.8 -0 (no heat production) -80 -0.2 -4
0.8
Recommended protein intake for the general population varies worldwide between _____ and _____ g/kg b.w. -0.8; 1.2 -0.8; 2.4 -0.6; 1.6 -1.6; 3.2 -0.8; 3.2
0.8; 1.2
Protein intake as a percentage of total daily energy intake in Western countries is typically -10% to 15% -25% to 35% -greater than 55% -35% to 45% -40% to 50%
10% to 15%
During heavy exercise, the body's total energy expenditure may increase to -5 to 10 times that at rest -15 to 25 times that at rest -100 times that at rest -50 times that at rest -twice that at rest
15 to 25 times that at rest
The normal energy expenditure for a moderately active 70 kg (154 lb) male is -3,500 kcal -2,500 kcal -4,500 kcal -1,500 kcal -1,000 kcal
2,500 kcal
The efficiency of the human body is approximately -40% -10% -50% -30% -20%
20%
The average energy expenditure in Ironman triathletes can be as much as ________ during an Ironman competition. -52 MJ -44 MJ -60 MJ -72 MJ -32 MJ
44 MJ
The energy released from the breakdown of the high-energy phosphates, ATP and phosphocreatine, can sustain maximal exertion exercise for about -30 to 40 seconds -50 to 60 seconds -1 to 2 seconds -240 seconds -5 to 10 seconds
5 to 10 seconds
Food containing 500 kcal (kilocalories) has enough energy potential to raise the temperature of _______ L of water by 1 °C. -50 -500 -2 -5 -0.5
500
The pH in active muscle at the point of fatigue in maximal exercise may fall to -7.5 -6.0 -5.5 -6.5 -7.0
6.5
How many minutes of submaximal exercise (at club-level marathon pace) would muscle and liver glycogen stores in a well-nourished athlete be sufficient to sustain if this were the only energy source used? -210 minutes -180 minutes -30 minutes -90 minutes -300 minutes
90 minutes
Which of the following statements is not true? -Excess carbohydrate intake is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue. -Carbohydrate is stored in relatively small amounts in muscle and liver. -Ingestion of carbohydrate rapidly replenishes carbohydrate stores, and so stores should be back to normal within 24 hours with adequate carbohydrate intake. -After exercise, muscle glycogen is replenished before liver glycogen is. -Carbohydrate stores can become completely depleted after prolonged, strenuous exercise.
After exercise, muscle glycogen is replenished before liver glycogen is.
Which of the following statements is not true? -Current evidence suggests that light to moderate alcohol intake (one drink per day) will cause no negative health effects for healthy adults. -Alcohol contains 28 kJ per gram (7 kcal/g). -Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the greatest health threats in today's society. -Alcohol is not a significant fuel for the muscle. -Alcohol is an essential nutrient.
Alcohol is an essential nutrient.
Which of the following statements is not true? -Average alcohol intake in the United States is about 2% to 3% of daily energy intake. -Alcohol is not essential in our diet. -Alcohol may impair cognitive function. -Alcohol is an important cofactor in various chemical reactions. -Alcohol, or ethanol, is a nutrient that provides 28 kJ (7 kcal) of energy per gram.
Alcohol is an important cofactor in various chemical reactions.
The rate of blood lactate accumulation is determined by -All answers are correct. -the rate of anaerobic glycolysis -the difference between the rate of lactate appearance and the rate of lactate clearance -the rate of muscle glycogen depletion -the rate of muscle lactate production and the rate of muscle lactate efflux
All answers are correct.
Which of the following statements about diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is not true? -All statements are true. -The magnitude of the DIT depends on the energy content of the food and the size and composition of the meal. -DIT normally represents about 10% of the total daily energy expenditure. -DIT is the result of digestion, absorption, metabolizing, and storage of food. -DIT is the increase in energy expenditure above the resting metabolic rate that occurs for several hours after ingestion of a meal.
All statements are true.
Fatty acids with a chain length of _________ are medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and those with a chain length of ________ or less are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). -C14 or C16; C12 -C10 or C12; C8 -C12 or C14; C10 -C6 or C8; C4 -C8 or C10; C6
C8 or C10; C6
Which of the following is not true? -Cholesterol is an important constituent of cell membranes. -Cholesterol is a precursor for important hormones, in particular steroids such as testosterone. -Cholesterol causes heart disease. -Cholesterol plays an important role in the transport of fatty acids. -Cholesterol is an important precursor in the formation of bile and is itself an important component of bile.
Cholesterol causes heart disease.
Which of the following statements is not correct? -RDAs were originally intended to evaluate and plan for the nutritional adequacy of groups, such as the armed forces and children in school lunch programs. -RDA stands for recommended dietary allowance. -Consuming the RDA should meet a person's nutritional needs. -Consuming the RDA will guarantee that no deficiency will occur. -RDAs would prevent deficiency diseases in 97% of a population.
Consuming the RDA will guarantee that no deficiency will occur
The United Kingdom food guide is called -Eat Good -Eat for Health -Eat Better -Eatwell -MyPlate
Eatwell
Which of the following statements about the thermic effect of exercise (TEE) is not true? -Even when a person is sedentary, the TEE contributes at least 30% to energy expenditure. -The TEE is by far the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. -All statements are true. -TEE includes all energy expended above the resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis. -The TEE can have an involuntary component (shivering, fidgeting, or postural control).
Even when a person is sedentary, the TEE contributes at least 30% to energy expenditure.
An 80 kg man running a marathon (42.2 km) will expend about 12,000 calories, or 50 MJ.
False
Carnitine acts as an important intracellular buffer in skeletal muscle.
False
Energy balance is the difference between energy expenditure and energetic efficiency.
False
Ingested protein is completely digested and absorbed.
False
Micronutrients are smaller molecules than macronutrients.
False
Plant carbohydrates cannot be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract.
False
Reducing fiber in a meal generally reduces the coefficient of digestibility.
False
Resting metabolic rate is synonymous with basal metabolic rate
False
The main principle of the doubly labeled water technique is that the excretion of 2H and 18O occurs at different rates. The more rapid the drop in 2H relative to the drop in 18O, the higher the energy expenditure is.
False
Which of the following is not true? -Fiber decreases the transit time of fecal matter through the intestines. -Insoluble fiber has its effects mainly in the colon, where it adds bulk and helps to retain water, resulting in a softer and larger stool. -Soluble fiber is known to lower blood cholesterol concentrations and normalize blood glucose. -Soluble fiber helps maintain healthy populations of friendly bacteria. -Insoluble fiber helps to store carbohydrate in the liver.
Insoluble fiber helps to store carbohydrate in the liver.
_______________________ are important constituents of cell membranes. -Triacylglycerols and phospholipids -Phospholipids and cholesterol -Fatty acids and triacylglycerols -Fatty acids and cholesterol -Eicosanoids and phospholipids
Phospholipids and cholesterol
Which of the following statements is not true? -If the entire population were to reduce trans fatty acid intake to less than 1% of total energy intake, the reduction in risk of coronary heart disease would be about 7.5%. -Trans fatty acid intake can increase HDL cholesterol. -Epidemiological evidence based on up to 20 years of follow-up in prospective studies has consistently reported an adverse effect of trans fatty acids on coronary heart disease risk. -Commercially prepared baked goods and fast foods are generally high in fat but also contain a significant amount of trans fatty acids. -In New York City, trans fat is banned.
Trans fatty acid intake can increase HDL cholesterol.
A person expends about 1 kcal (4.186 kJ) per kilometer of distance covered per kilogram of body mass when walking or running.
True
A smaller amount of the energy is available to the body from a food item high in fiber than from a food item with identical energy content but low in fiber.
True
About 10% of the population in the Western world consumes less than one serving of vegetables per day.
True
About two-thirds of body water is found inside cells as intracellular fluid. The remaining one-third is found outside cells as extracellular fluid.
True
An athlete's salt requirement may be higher than that of the average adult in the general population.
True
Carbohydrates have varying energy content depending on the type of carbohydrate and the arrangements of atoms within the carbohydrate.
True
In the Western diet, about 50% of carbohydrate intake is in the form of sugars, especially sucrose and high-fructose corn syrups.
True
Lipids contain significantly fewer oxygen atoms compared with carbohydrate and therefore require more oxygen in the oxidation process.
True
Most of the cholesterol in the body is synthesized in the body tissues and organs, and only a small percentage is obtained by our diet.
True
Nitrogen excretion in urine can be used to estimate protein oxidation.
True
Protein intake in the Western world is usually well in excess of the recommendations and usually averages 80 to 100 g/day.
True
Proteins are deaminated (nitrogen is removed), and this nitrogen (as urea) will be excreted in urine and feces.
True
The calories expended in diet-induced thermogenesis for ingested protein are higher than those expended for carbohydrate or fat.
True
The human small intestine has no enzymes to break down the polysaccharides in dietary fiber (and thus they cannot be digested in this part of the gastrointestinal tract).
True
Very strenuous activities can result in an energy expenditure that exceeds 13 kcal/min.
True
Fast-twitch fibers contain -a relatively large number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity -no mitochondria and high ATPase activity -a relatively small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity -a relatively large number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity -a relatively small number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity
a relatively small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity
The complete resynthesis of phosphocreatine after very high-intensity exercise normally takes -about 10 seconds -about 1 minute -more than 10 minutes -about 4 minutes -about 30 seconds
about 4 minutes
The rate of lactate formation increases during high-intensity exercise because of -activation of high-glycolytic muscle fibers -hypoxia in the muscle -fatigue -hyperventilation -reduced lactate oxidation
activation of high-glycolytic muscle fibers
In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the proportional contribution of -anaerobic energy production -the electron transfer chain to the production of ATP -fat oxidation -aerobic energy production -the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) to the production of ATP
anaerobic energy production
How are FFAs predominantly transported in the blood? -dissolved in the plasma water -inside red blood cells -as chylomicrons -bound to albumin -as lipoprotein particles
bound to albumin
Which of the following food categories are good sources of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron? -fruits -dairy products -bread, cereals, and pasta -vegetables -oils and margarine
bread, cereals, and pasta
Lipolysis in adipose tissue refers to -breakdown of triacylglycerol into FFAs and glycerol -reesterification of lipids -breakdown of FFAs into acetyl-CoA -synthesis of triacylglycerol from FFAs and glycerol -oxidation of lipids
breakdown of triacylglycerol into FFAs and glycerol
When glucose is broken down during glycolysis and the ATP generated is used for muscle contraction, _________ is converted to _________. -mechanical energy; mechanical energy -chemical energy; mechanical energy -electrical energy; chemical energy -chemical energy; electrical energy -electrical energy; mechanical energy
chemical energy; mechanical energy
The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the -interstitial fluid -cytoplasm -nucleus -mitochondria -lysosomes
cytoplasm
Fruit sugar is -sucrose -glucose -lactose -fructose -galactose
fructose
The metabolic changes associated with endurance training do not allow an athlete to -achieve a greater maximal oxygen uptake -run faster for a given oxygen uptake -sustain a higher percentage of maximal oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise -use more fat as fuel at a given percentage of maximal oxygen uptake -generate more force in a maximal static contraction
generate more force in a maximal static contraction
Which of the following is not a carbohydrate? -glutamate -trehalose -galactose -cellulose -starch
glutamate
Direct calorimetry measures energy expenditure by measuring -heart rate -heat production -carbohydrate and fat oxidation -physical activity -oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production
heat production
Aerobic resynthesis of ATP occurs -only in type I muscle fibers -in the mitochondria in a process called glycogenolysis -in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation -in the sarcoplasmic reticulum -in the cytosol
in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation
Increasing the muscle glycogen content before exercise will -increase lactate production, leading to early fatigue -result in metabolic alkalosis -increase lactate production and perhaps delay the onset of fatigue -have no effect on the metabolic response -have no effect on muscle metabolism
increase lactate production and perhaps delay the onset of fatigue
Which of the following cannot be considered a metabolic adaptation to endurance training? -decreased glycogen utilization -increased maximal rate of fat oxidation -increased maximal oxygen uptake -increased epinephrine response to exercise -decreased RER during submaximal exercise
increased epinephrine response to exercise
The creatine kinase reaction is -irreversible -not important for sprinting -slow compared with glycolysis -inhibited by low pH in the muscle -not activated until all the ATP has been used up
inhibited by low pH in the muscle
The SI (International Unit System) unit for energy is the -watt -calorie -joule -kilocalorie -ampere
joule
Which of the following is not a low-calorie sweetener? -sorbitol -maltose -aspartame -saccharin -sucralose
maltose
There are ___________ nutrients classified as essential or indispensable. -36 -16 -26 -more than 40 -more than 260
more than 40
Training for endurance has little effect on -aerobic capacity -muscle mass -mitochondrial content of muscle -muscle triacylglycerol and glycogen content -capillary density of muscle
muscle mass
The most rapid method to resynthesize ATP during exercise is through -glycogenolysis -glycolysis -tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) -phosphocreatine breakdown -gluconeogenesis
phosphocreatine breakdown
High-intensity exercise performance may be limited by accumulation in the extracellular space of -calcium -chloride -sodium -magnesium -potassium
potassium
Which of the following are not harmful to health if regularly consumed in excess amounts? -trans fats -saturated fats -salt -simple sugars -protein
protein
Complete proteins, or high-quality proteins, are -proteins that contain all amino acids in the optimal ratios -proteins that are ultrapure and undamaged -proteins that are manufactured using the latest technology -proteins that are not damaged -proteins that contain all the essential amino acids
proteins that contain all the essential amino acids
The increased capacity of the endurance-trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in -sparing of muscle glycogen -reduced postexercise protein synthesis -faster sprint speed -higher intramuscular triacylglycerol stores -faster breakdown of muscle glycogen
sparing of muscle glycogen
Under the umbrella of dietary reference intake, or DRI, four standards have been developed. Which of the following is not one of them? -the daily value (DV) -the adequate intake (AI) -the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) -the estimated average requirement (EAR) -the tolerable upper intake level (UL)
the daily value (DV)
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? -vitamin D -vitamin A -vitamin K -vitamin B -vitamin E
vitamin B
Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of ATP -in the absence of available oxygen -without the use of oxygen -by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate -without the involvement of ADP -without the use of glycogen
without the use of oxygen
