Nutrition test 2

What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.

Which of the following statements regarding glucose absorption is true?

Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine.

Gastrin stimulates the release of ________ from the parietal cells and the inactive enzyme pepsinogen from the chief cells.

HCl

Pepsin can begin the digestion of protein in the stomach after it is converted from pepsinogen by __________.

HCl

How does dietary fiber reduce blood cholesterol?

It binds bile acids in the intestinal tract, which increases removal of cholesterol from the blood.

Which of the following statements regarding protein absorption is true?

Protein is absorbed as single amino acids or small peptide chains by the process of active transport.

Denaturation of proteins changes their __________.

Shape

Which of the following statements regarding absorption of monosaccharides is true?

Some monosaccharides are absorbed via a form of passive transport, namely facilitated diffusion.

What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal?

The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin.

A severe deficiency of protein results in kwashiorkor; a severe deficiency of kilocalories causes marasmus.

True

Before amino acids can be used for energy production or converted to other compounds, the amine group must be removed and converted to ammonia (NH3) in a process called deamination.

True

Sugar alcohols do not cause tooth decay but they provide kilocalories.

True

The MEOS system begins to function when too much alcohol is consumed and overwhelms alcohol dehydrogenase.

True

The acute condition of diverticulitis often requires a low fiber diet until the lining of the colon heals.

True

The enterogastrones gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide regulate digestion by stimulating or inhibiting the release of secretions from the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and gallbladder.

True

The fingerlike projections which line the small intestine increase the surface area to maximize absorption and help mix the partially digested chyme with intestinal secretions are

Villi

The large intestine absorbs

Water

When is a healthy body in nitrogen balance?

When protein intake equals the amount of nitrogen excreted.

The second stage of alcohol liver disease is __________.

alcoholic hepatitis

Insoluble fiber promotes gastrointestinal health by increasing stool __________, which _________ stool transit time through the GI tract.

bulk; decreases

The liver is able to synthesize all the __________ the body needs.

cholesterol

Lipid ________ begins in the mouth and stomach with the help of lingual lipase and gastric lipase.

digestion

The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas produce ________ secretions that flow into the GI tract through various ducts.

digestive

During the process of digestion, ________ are converted to glucose.

disaccharides

The LES contracts to prevent stomach contents from returning to the

esophagus.

The scientific name for alcohol found in consumable beverages is __________.

ethanol

The digestion of polypeptides begins in the mouth with the enzyme pepsin.

false

Protein synthesis is regulated by __________.

genes

If a patient experiences symptoms including alternating patterns of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain, he or she may have __________.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Transport vehicles for lipids in the blood and lymph are called __________.

lipoproteins

Lipids are transported via the __________ because they are __________.

lymphatic system; fat-soluble

The body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

Protein is different to carbohydrates and fats because proteins contain

nitrogen.

Fats that are liquid at room temperature are called

oils

Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated essential ________ fatty acid; and alpha-linolenic acidpolyunsaturated essential ________ fatty acid.

omega-6-omega-3

Lecithin, an emulsifier, is an example of a ________ found in food and in the body.

phospholipid

Nondigestible starch found in plant foods that promotes the growth and health of your GI flora are

prebiotics.

The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein is called __________.

protein turnover

When exposed to oxygen, or oxidized, foods containing fatty acids may develop a bitter, pungent smell or taste, a condition called

rancidity.

This fatty acid has fewer than eight carbons, so it is classified as a ________ fatty acid.

short-chain

Which of the following fats cannot be digested?

sterols

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the

stomach.

What is denaturation?

the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

If a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, it is called a ________ fatty acid.

trans

Which of the following fats most powerfully raises blood cholesterol levels?

trans fats

The most common lipid(s) found in both foods and the body is/are __________.

triglycerides

The action of proteases results in the formation of

tripeptides and dipeptides.