Nutrition Test 3

fat soluble vitamin

- dissolves in lipid (fat) - small amount necessary for health -absorption occurs in the small intestine - often in fatty portion of foods - stored in tissue - toxicity can occur when consumed in excess

What are the different types of vegetarian diets?

-Lacto- vegetarian (plant + dairy) -Lacto- ovo vegetarian (plant + dairy + eggs) -Vegan -Semi- vegetarian (only excludes red meat) -Pescatarians (plant + fish) -Flexitarian (mostly plant but sometimes eats meat)

what happens if you are deficient in water soluble vitamins?

-Pellagra -Beriberi

water soluble vitamins

-dissolve in water -most circulate freely in blood -Not stored in large amounts in tissues - easily destroyed during food storage

Which of the following is the effect that occurs in the development of iron deficiency anemia

1) decreased in stored iron 2) low Blood plasma 3) low hemoglobin

realistic weight loss amount

10% over 6 months; .5-2 llbs per week

Selenium Toxicity

1000mcg/day, brittle hair and nails, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, weakness, rashes, cirrhosis of the liver.

Hypertension

140/90, contributed by high sodium, obesity, lack of potassium. Vegetarians have lessm low sodium, high in other stuff leads to less hypertension

Enrichment acts

1941, 1998, many nutrients lost through milling process of grains, whole grains contain original nutrients, enriched, white grains still may not have original amounts of B6, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium ad zinc

Sodium UL

2300 mg

Calcium Balance

3 systems respond to keep blood calcium constant, bones, intestines, and kidneys, may lower blood pressure, preventing colon cancer, blood cholesterol regulation, kidney stones, reduces lead absorption (which is toxic)

number of kcalories to gain or lose a pound

3500 kcals

Zinc Toxicity

40 mg/day UL, inhibits copper absorption, reduces HDL, increases risk of heart disease, diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, depressed immune function

Tryptophan

60 mg this amino acid makes 1 mg niacin

Phosphorus

80% found in bones and teeth, found in every cell, ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, acid-base balance, absorption enhanced by vitamin D, excess excreted by the kidney, may be especially important in elderly

at risk for sodium toxicity

>40 years old, African Americans, people with high blood pressure

A vitamin D deficiency in children can lead to an abnormality of bone formation with the disease ________ . a. rickets b. osteomalacia c. beriberi d. osteoporosis

A

All of the following are characteristics of water-soluble vitamins, EXCEPT: a. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and stored in the liver. b. Water-soluble vitamins easily dissolve and drain away with cooking water. c. Some water-soluble vitamins are destroyed when exposed to light, heat, or oxygen during processing. d. Foods never deliver toxic doses of the water-soluble vitamins.

A

All the following are roles of vitamin B6, EXCEPT: a. Aids in the conversion of tryptophan to riboflavin. b. Plays an important role in the synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters. c. Assists in releasing stored glucose from glycogen. d. Is involved in the developing brain and nervous system of a fetus.

A

Vitamin C supplements may enhance ________ absorption, making ________ overload likely in some people. a. iron b. calcium c. magnesium d. phosphorus

A

Which of the following are classified as water-soluble vitamins? a. B, C b. A, E c. A, D, E, K d. B, C, D, E

A

Which of the following is NOT a possible toxicity symptom associated with vitamin C excesses? a. yellowing of the skin b. nausea c. diarrhea d. rashes

A

Which of the following vitamins' main role is to help synthesize proteins that help blood clot? a. K b. E c. D d. beta-carotene

A

Which vitamin is mismatched with its deficiency? a. vitamin D - pernicious anemia b. thiamin - beriberi c. vitamin C - scurvy d. niacin - pellagra

A

vitamin a

A low fat diet would have the most impact on the bioavailability of which vitamin?

All of the following statements are true concerning minerals Except

A) a deficiency of a trace mineral will not be as damaging as a deficiency of a major mineral

which of the following people is mist likely to needs vitamin b12 supplements

A) brittany, 18 years old, vegan

in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is

A) shortly before, and early in the pregnancy

which of the following foods would be the best source for vitamin e

A) sunflower seeds

Which of the following is not a function of vitamin B6

A) synthesis of collagen proteins found in connective tissue

where a particular fruit or veggie is grown can affect its mineral content

A) true

A low fat diet would have the most impact on the bioavaliblity of which vitamin

A) vitamin A

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A, D, E, K

Which of the following people is most likely to need a vitamin B12 supplement? A. Brittany, 18 years old, who is a vegan B. Edward, 68 years old, who had a hip replaced C. Andrew, 2 years old, who is allergic to milk D. Samantha, 24 years old, who is pregnant

A. Brittany, 18 years old, who is a vegan

A low fat diet would have the most impact on the bioavailability of which vitamin? A. vitamin A B. niacin C. vitamin C D. riboflavin

A. Vitamin A

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is: A. shortly before, and early in her pregnancy. B. between the third and sixth months of pregnancy. C. during the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy. D. shortly before giving birth.

A. shortly before, and early in her pregnancy

Consdier the following list of hormones and characteristics. A) aldosterone 1) produced by the pituitary gland B) antiduiretic hormone 2) secretion causes a rise in urine volume C) natriuretuc peptides 3) stimulates sodium iodine reabsorption and potassium ion secretion

A=3, b=1, c=2

_______ is the major symptom of vitamin K deficiency.

Abnormal blood coagulation

the production of energy

All of the following are roles of Vitamin C EXCEPT

false

An antioxidant is a substance that stabilizes a free radical by taking electrons from it. (T/F)

What foods do you get fat soluble vitamins from

Animal products, yellow and orange foods (A) nuts and oils (E) Green leafy vegetables (K) Fatty fish (D)

Niacin Toxicity

At 30 mg/day, there was fushing of skin, nausea, liver damage

All of the following are correct about beriberi EXCEPT: a. in alcoholics, it is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. b. it is due to a niacin deficiency. c. it was first observed in East Asia where polished rice was a staple food. d. it is characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and paralysis.

B

All of the following are correct about vitamin E, EXCEPT: a. it is widespread in food. b. supplements improve the blood clotting activity of vitamin K. c. deficiency can lead to erythrocyte hemolysis in premature infants. d. it is crucial for nerve development.

B

The best-known role of vitamin D is to: a. help synthesize proteins that help clot the blood. b. help maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels. c. release energy from the energy nutrients. d. act as an antioxidant.

B

The need for vitamin E rises as people consume more ________ because it requires antioxidant protection by the vitamin. a. olive oil b. polyunsaturated oil c. palm oil d. coconut oil

B

Which of the following foods has the highest amount of vitamin C? a. whole-wheat bread b. cantaloupe c. sirloin steak d. yogurt

B

choline

B Vitamins and ____ are necessary for many metabolic processes that occur at a cellular level.

Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin?

B) Vitamin c

Magnesium absorption is enhanced by the presence of

B) active vitamin D

Which of the following represents the best way to reduce salt in the diet?

B) avoid eating proceeded food with added sodium

Vitamin A is needed for all of the following except

B) cell metabolism

Drinks with large amounts of B vitamins added will give people energy

B) false

The antioxidant is a substance that stabilizes a free radical by taking electrons from it.

B) false

A goiter occurs as a result of a ________ deficiency

B) iodine

Which of the following minerals stabilizes the structure of ATP

B) magnesium

Of the following dieters, who would benefit the most form taking a multi-vitimin mineral supplement

B) robert, who has switched from consuming full fairy fat products to low fat dairy product

Which vitamins are water soluble?

B, C, Choline

Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamin? A. vitamin A B. vitamin C C. vitamin D D. vitamin E

B. Vitamin C

Vitamin A is needed for all of the following EXCEPT: A. cell differentiation B. cell metabolism C. vision D. maintenance of epithelial tissue

B. cell metabolism

What supplement should adults older than 50 take

B12 and D

What supplement should vegan take

B12, Calcium, Iron and Zinc

Riboflavin

B12, assist with redox reactions, Coenzymes bring H and electrons to ETC, Involved in TCA Cycle, breakdown of fatty acids, and ETC, not destroyed by cooking, no toxicity documented, makes urine a bright yellow color, sensitive to UV radiation (sunlight)

Calcium functions

Bones and teeth, normal muscle contraction/relaxation, blood clotting, blood pressure, immune defenses, nerve transmission

If the weight of whole grains and other ingredients in a bread recipe are the same, which statement is accurate? Bread leavened with yeast has a higher mineral content since the minerals have greater bioavailability. Bread leavened with baking powder has a higher mineral content since the minerals have greater bioavailability. Bread leavened with a combination of chemical leavening and organic sat has a higher mineral content since the minerals have greater bioavailability. Bread leavened with baking soda has a higher mineral content since the minerals have greater bioavailability.

Bread leavened with yeast has a higher mineral content since the minerals have greater bioavailability.

Which of the following people is most likely to need a vitamin B12 supplement

Brittany, 18 years old, who is a vegan

All of the following are invalid reasons for taking vitamin/mineral supplements, EXCEPT: a. You feel tired and you take a supplement to provide energy. b. To help you cope with stress. c. If you are addicted to drugs or alcohol. d. You believe food grown on today's soils lack nutrients.

C

Neural tube defects are believed to be related to a woman's ________ intake before and during pregnancy. a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. folate d. niacin

C

Night blindness and xerophthalmia are the early and late stages of a deficiency of which vitamin? a. vitamin D b. vitamin B12 c. vitamin A d. niacin

C

The antioxidant vitamins are: a. vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate. b. vitamin D, thiamin, and riboflavin. c. vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. d. retinol, vitamin D, and biotin.

C

When keratinization occurs in the lungs, what usually occurs? a. Decreased risk of sinus infections b. Increased ability to use oxygen efficiently c. Increased risk of respiratory infections d. No symptoms occur; this is a normal process

C

Which of the following is correct concerning vitamin B6? a. It is effective in aiding sleep disorders. b. It is not possible to reach toxic levels of B6 since it is a water-soluble vitamin. c. The body's requirement for B6 is proportional to protein intakes. d. It is effective in curing carpel tunnel syndrome.

C

Which two vitamins are required to be listed on food labels? a. vitamin D and niacin b. vitamin B12 and folate c. vitamin C and vitamin A d. vitamin A and folate

C

Which vitamin supplement has caused malformations of a fetus? a. vitamin B12 b. vitamin C c. vitamin A d. thiamin

C

Supplements of which of the following nutrient may be needed by older adults

C) Vitamin b12, D, and calcium

In populations suffering from the thiamine deficiency disease, beriberi, additions of all of the following foods to the diet would be beneficial, except

C) cheddar cheese

all of the following myplate food groups are good sources of folate except

C) dairy

All of the following statements are true concerning folate except

C) folate acid toxicity is associated with the development of neural tube defects in the fetus.

Which of the following foods is the best source of vitamin b12

C) pork

All of the following statemetns are true except

C) refined grains are a good source of zinc

Water intoxication is a condition that occurs when a person drinks enough water to significantly lower the concentration of _________________________________ in his blood

C) sodium

The role of vitamin B6 is

C) synthesis of nonessential amino acids

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because: A. it calms our nerves. B. we must get it in our diet from plant foods that grow in the sun. C. it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light. D. it is used to make serotonin, a neurotransmitter that enhances feelings of happiness.

C. it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light

Which of the following foods is the best source for vitamin B12? A. spinach B. lentils C. pork D. brown rice

C. pork

The role of vitamin B6 is: A. the breakdown of glucose to produce energy B. conversion of many vitamins into their active form C. synthesis of nonessential amino acids D. cell division

C. synthesis of nonessential amino acids

What do children who are vegetarians need to focus on?

Can be a good diet because it reduces risk of disease later in life but also they tend to be smaller and lacking in protein and calories

What cooking techniques can you use to try to preserve the vitamins in foods?

Cook fresh fruits and vegetables on low heat, leave skin on fruit and vegetables, eat foods as soon as possible, don't freeze for a long time, refrigerate in airtight container

Absorption of vitamin B12 requires: a. extrinsic factor. b. niacin. c. iron. d. intrinsic factor

D

All of the following are characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT: a. they require bile for absorption. b. they may be toxic in excess. c. they dissolve in lipids. d. they are easily absorbed and excreted in urine

D

All of the following are symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies, EXCEPT: a. forgetfulness b. nausea c. pain in muscles d. increase in appetite e. irritability

D

Good food sources of vitamin B12 include: a. dark green vegetables, corn, and cabbage. b. potatoes, broccoli, and whole-wheat bread. c. citrus fruits, dairy products, and zucchini. d. sirloin steak, cottage cheese, and tuna.

D

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of: a. vitamin K. b. retinol. c. vitamin D. d. vitamin B12

D

Which of the following foods are the best sources of vitamin C and folate? a. dairy and meats b. oil and vegetables c. meats and vegetables d. fruits and vegetables

D

Which of the following is NOT a good source of beta-carotene? a. sweet potato b. mango c. spinach d. French fries

D

All of the following statements are true concerning vitamin A except

D) all of the above are true

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin e

D) almonds

The principle function of co enzymes are

D) combining with inactive enzyme

Phytic acids, tannins, and oxalates found in many fruits and veggies _____________the bioavalibility of some minerals.

D) have no effect on

All of the following statements conerning niacin are true except

D) individuals who consume corn based diet are at risk for niacin deficiency

Which of the following is not a function of water

D) regulation of blood glucose levels

all of the following are roles of vitamin c except

D) the production of energy

All of the following are water soluble except

D) vitamin a

The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is: A. bone pain. B. reduced immunity. C. poor vision. D. abnormal blood coagulation.

D. abnormal blood coagulation

The principle function of coenzymes is: A. destroying free radicals B. combining with another coenzyme C. combining with an active enzyme D. combining with an inactive enzyme

D. combining with an inactive enzyme

All of the following are roles of Vitamin C EXCEPT A. formation of bonds that hold collagen strands together B. regeneration of Vitamin E C. antioxidant D. the production of energy

D. the production of energy

activated

DNA is synthesized in the nucleus of the cell. _____ folate must be present before the process can begin

Magnesium Deficiency

Develops slowly, irregular heartbeat, increase blood pressure, weakness, muscle spasms, disorientation, vomiting, nausea, seizures

All of the following are risk factors for developing hypertension except

E) all of the above are true

Corn and Pellagra

Early 1900s, 87000 people died of pellagra due to all corn diet, not enough niacin and not enough tryptophan

water soluble - b vitamins

Enzymes require activation before they can catalyze reactions to synthesize new molecules. Enzymes are activated by ______

An antioxidant is a substance that stabilizes a free radical by taking electrons from it.

False

An individual who has consumed a diet low in calcium can improve their bone mass by supplementing with calcium when they are older and prone to osteoporosis. True False

False

Fresh veggies are always more nutritious than frozen or canned veggies

False

T/F: Antidiuretic hormone signals the kidneys to increase urine output.

False

T/F: The best food sources for folate and vitamin B12 are fresh fruits and vegetables.

False

T/F: Thirst is stimulated by increased blood volume and decreased solute concentration in the blood.

False

There are no known risks to taking dietary supplements.

False

True or False: An antioxidant is a substance that stabilizes a free radical by taking electrons from it.

False

True or False: Fresh vegetables are always more nutritious than frozen or canned vegetables.

False

True or False: The DSHEA ensures that the vitamin and mineral supplements that for sale to the public are safe and effective to use by people who are healthy.

False

True or False: You do not need to worry about upper limits for supplements only containing water soluble vitamins or herbs.

False

True or False:Vitamin D is widespread and easy to obtain in the foods we eat.

False

Vitamin D is widespread and easy to obtain in the foods we eat.

False

You do not need to worry about upper limits for supplements only containing water soluble vitamins or herbs

False

Vitamin E

Fat soluble antioxidant, first identified as essential for reproductive fertility, antioxidant in cell membranes, preventing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids,

What are dietary supplements?

Food or substance that supplements the diet and contains one or more dietary constituents (vitamins, minerals, herbs etc.)

false

Fresh vegetables are always more nutritious than frozen or canned vegetables (T/F)

niacin

Glycolysis splits six carbon glucose molecules into two three carbon pyruvate molecules. _____ is a coenzyme in this step

What is the difference between heme and nonheme iron?

Heme is found in animals and non-heme is found in plant foods

What are the benefits of a plant based diet?

High intake of fiber, vitamin C and E, magnesium, potassium fewer calories lower fat decreased processed meat lower cholesterol, blood pressure, obesity, cancer, mortality, type 2 diabetes, reduced heart disease risk

International Unit

IU- crude method of measurement

Which of the following would you expect to see when an individual uses iron supplements and an iron-rich diet to recover from iron-deficiency anemia? Improvement in the iron levels of the red blood cells only. Improvement in the iron levels of the red blood cells and iron in the plasma. Improvement in the iron levels of the red blood cells, iron in the plasma, and iron stores in other tissues. Improvement in the iron levels in the plasma only.

Improvement in the iron levels of the red blood cells, iron in the plasma, and iron stores in other tissues.

shortly before and early in her pregnancy

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is

What nutrients might vegans be missing out on?

Iron, B12, calcium, iron and zinc

true

Long-term use of antibiotics can result in a vitamin K deficiency.

What are the benefits of a Mediterranean diet?

Lowers heart problems, can be as effective as modern drugs in reducing heart risk high in fiber, antioxidants and polyphenols

Enhance Absorption

MFP Factor, Vitamin C, citric acid, lactic acid, HCL, sugars (nonheme all)

What is in a Mediterranean diet?

Mainly fruits, vegetables, grains and fish. some chicken, very little red meat

Chloride

Major extracellular anion, maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance, part of HCl in stomach, crucial for digestion

Functions of Minerals

Metabolic roles, cofactors, body growth and development

Calcium sources

Milk products, broccoli, legumes, tofu

The earth is the source of all nutrients required for basic human nutrition. Therefore, which of the following statements is most accurate in regards to meeting your body's mineral needs? Foods grown in the soil, such as grains, vegetables and fruit must be processed with added minerals in order to obtain the required mineral recommendations. Minerals can be obtained from foods grown in the soil, such as grains, vegetables and fruit, as well as from animals that eat these foods. Minerals are best consumed as a supplement since the natural sources are in very small quantities. Foods grown in soil, such as grains, vegetables and fruit are the only source of minerals.

Minerals can be obtained from foods grown in the soil, such as grains, vegetables and fruit, as well as from animals that eat these foods.

What are the proposed regulations on supplements?

Must be documented as safe, laboratory studies on animals would have to be used

What is on a dietary supplement label

Name, the word "supplement", quantity, directions, serving size, ingredients, % daily value, side effects

choline

Nerves communicate by way of chemical neurotransmitters. Vitamin B6, and the chemical ______ are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis

magnesium sources

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green veggies, chocolate

true

Once they have assisted with a reaction, enzymes and vitamin coenzymes are released to participate in other reactions in the body

Parathyroid Hormone

PTH, secreted by the parathyroid gland, increases blood calcium when it falls too low,

Who benefits from taking supplements

People on restricted diets, smokers, alcoholics, pregnant women, people who give blood often, people with stomach issues

What form do dietary supplements come in?

Pill, capsule, tablet, liquid

Potassium

Positive electrolyte inside cells

What food groups are vegetarians lacking?

Protein, iron

Retinol activity equivalent

REA, current, more precise method of measurement, kind of like bioavailability

electron transport chain

Riboflavin and Niacin are coenzymes in the ________ which traps energy from electrons and uses it to make ATP

triglycerides

Riboflavin is a cofactor for the reaction in which ___split into fatty acids and glycerol in the cytosol to prepare for entry into metabolic pathways

Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called

Rickets

What happens if you are deficient in fat soluble vitamins?

Rickets, cancer, Type 2 diabetes, vision problems, hemorrhaging (can't stop bleeding)

Bones

Serve as calcium bank, blood level is maintained at the level of bone calcium, will be maintained despite inadequate calcium intake

What should vegan supplement with?

Supplements containing iron, B12, iron, zinc

Folic Acid

Synthetic form of Folate

Vitamin B6

Te three P's- Pyridoxal,pyridoxine, dyridoxamine, transanimation and decarbonation reactions, main coenzyme form is PLP, activates enzymes needed for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein, synthesis of hemoglobin, histamine, tryptophan to niacin, seratonin, selenium metabolism, gene expression

false

The DSHEA ensures that the vitamin and mineral supplements that for sale to the public are safe and effective to use by people who are healthy

Without a dietary source of the vitamin in this figure, which statement is true? The active enzyme cannot be made and the reaction will slow or stop. The active enzyme that is needed will be produced using only incomplete enzyme to make up for the missing vitamin. The functional coenzyme will be replaced by additional chemical factors. The functional coenzyme will be made but it will take longer

The active enzyme cannot be made and the reaction will slow or stop.

abnormal blood coagulation

The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is:

What are the current regulations on supplements?

The manufacturer has to give the FDA info on the safety of the supplement and show that it is "reasonably safe" Once the info is submitted then they can be on the shelf in 75 days. Does NOT need to be approved by the FDA

Calcium

The most abundant mineral in the body, performs, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood pressure regulation, the release of hormones, blood clotting, constant levels must be maintained in the blood

combining with inactive enzymes

The principle function of coenzymes is:

synthesis of nonessential amino acids

The role of vitamin B6 is

Where are carotenoids found?

There are a class of phytochemicals found in red, orange and red colored foods

The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include gums that swell and bleed. Why does this occur?

There is reduced collagen synthesis.

Xerophthalmia is a disease that is related to a Vitamin A deficiency and is commonly found in parts of Africa and India. Which statement is the best explanation for this problem? These countries have diets rich in Vitamin A and in the precursor compounds like the carotenes. These countries have diets low in Vitamin A and in the precursor compounds like carotenes, but these diets are also high in protein. These countries have diets low in Vitamin A and in the precursor compounds like the carotenes but the diets are also low in dietary fat, which limits the absorption of these compounds. These countries have diets rich in Vitamin A, but low in the precursor compounds like carotenes.

These countries have diets low in Vitamin A and in the precursor compounds like the carotenes but the diets are also low in dietary fat, which limits the absorption of these compounds.

BeriBeri

Thiamin deficiency, peripheral neuropathy, can occur within 7 days of no thiamin, first occured in Asia after polished rice was popularized, side effects include muscle weakness, edema, drepression, nervous system and heart damagee

Different B Vitamins

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Folate, Biotin, Pantothenic acid,

Beriberi

Thimain deficiency

Chloride Toxicity

Toxicity: vomiting, normally there are no symptoms for deficiency, available in meat, salt, processed foods.

amino acids

Transamination reactions prepare ______ for participation in synthesizing new proteins and nonessential amino acids

What is the function of water soluble vitamins

Transforms food into energy (B) aid in hormone production, antioxidant (C) a neurotransmitter vital to nerve and muscle function, and a component of lecithin, which is critical to normal liver metabolism (Choline)

Major roles of water

Transport, solvent, cleansing agent, assists chemical reactions, lubricant, cushion, regulates temp

T/F: High levels of homocysteine in the blood increases cardiovascular risk.

True

T/F: Low maternal folate intake increases the risk of birth defects called neural tube defects.

True

T/F: The majority of water in the body is intracellular, or located inside the cell.

True

T/F: When vitamin D is deficient, calcium absorption is greatly affected.

True

To ensure normal blood clotting, newborn babies are typically given a vitamin K injection.

True

True or False: Long-term use of antibiotics can result in a vitamin K deficiency.

True

True or False: Vitamin E protects membranes by neutralizing free radicals?

True

When vitamin D is deficient, calcium absorption is greatly affected.

True

Vitamin A deficiency

Two types, first is just with inadequate intake, second is cystic fibrosis, impaired bile production, extremely low fat diets, zinc deficiency, alcoholics

Vitamin A deficiency disorder

VADD- increased risk of infection, nght blindness, xeropthalmia, hyperkeratosis

What is the function of fat soluble vitamins

Vision, cell development, immune health (A) acts as a hormone (D) serves as an antioxidant (E) Blood clotting (K)

cell metabolism

Vitamin A is needed for all of the following EXCEPT:

cell differentiation, vision, maintenance of epithelial tissue

Vitamin A is needed for..

Which statement best explains why an individual with a Vitamin B12 malabsorption problem might exhibit symptoms of depression, tingling in the hands and feet, and headaches? These symptoms cannot be explained by the malabsorption. Vitamin B12 is needed for transamination reactions, which synthesizes nonessential amino acids by transferring an amino group to a carbon compound, and also for deamination reactions, which removes the amino group from amino acids so that the remaining carbon compound can be used to provide energy or synthesize glucose. Vitamin B12 is needed to synthesize hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is needed for the synthesis of lipids that are part of the myelin coating on nerves, which is essential for nerve transmission.

Vitamin B12 is needed for the synthesis of lipids that are part of the myelin coating on nerves, which is essential for nerve transmission.

collagen, regenerate vitamin e, antioxidant

Vitamin C acts as..

What supplement should infants and children take

Vitamin D

What supplements should people who don't eat dairy take

Vitamin D and Calcium

it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

false

Vitamin D is widespread and easy to obtain in the foods we eat

true

Vitamin E protects membranes by neutralizing free radicals

coenzymes

Vitamins promote and regulate the body's activities. One way that they accomplish this is to serve as _______. All B Vitamins are___

pork

Which of the following foods is the best source for vitamin B12

vitamin c

Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamin

18 year old vegan

Which of the following people is most likely to need a vitamin B12 supplement

Poplulations at risk for Iron

Women in reproductive years, teens, vegetarians,

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is false?

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is rare.

false

You do not need to worry about upper limits for supplements only containing water soluble vitamins or herbs

riboflavin

_____ is required for ALL lipid metabolism

hemoglobin

_______is the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Vitamin B6 is necessary for synthesis of this molecule

A diet that contains about 1500 mg of sodium is more likely to cause a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. an increase in systolic blood pressure. an increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. a decrease in diastolic and systolic blood pressure.

a decrease in diastolic and systolic blood pressure.

Besides being an important part of the bone matrix, phosphorus is an important hormone regulating acid base balance. an important hormone regulating fluid balance. an important enzyme for fat metabolism. a major constituent of DNA and RNA, which are required for the synthesis of proteins.

a major constituent of DNA and RNA, which are required for the synthesis of proteins.

A diet rich in fresh fruit, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains is most likely to result in a population that has similar rates of hypertension to individuals eating a meat based diet. a population with low rates of clinical hypotension. a population with low rates of clinical hypertension. a population that has similar rates of hypertension to individuals eating the typical American diet

a population with low rates of clinical hypertension.

Foods that are preserved by smoking or brining, such as ham, pickles, sauerkraut and olives, provide a great deal of potassium but little sodium. a great deal of both potassium and sodium. a small amount of potassium and a great deal of sodium. a small amount of both potassium and sodium.

a small amount of potassium and a great deal of sodium.

Beta Carotene

a weak antioxidant, effective against oxidation in cell membranes and LDL, no RDA orAI established, found in fruits and veggies, red orange yellow deep green

Milk is one of the nest sources of riboflavin

a) true

Which of the following does not increase the need for water? a. a low-salt diet b. a low-calorie diet c. a high-fiber diet d. increased exercise

a. a low salt diet

Most of the symptoms of scurvy are related to vitamin C's role in the synthesis of: a. collagen b. amino acids c. intrinsic factor d. myelin covering nerves

a. collagen

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is: a. shortly before, and early in her pregnancy b. between the third and sixth months of pregnancy c. during the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy d. shortly before giving birth

a. shortly before, and early in pregnancy

The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is

abnormal blood coagulation

The main symptom of vitamin k deficiency is

abnormal blood coagulation

Water soluble vitamins

absorbed directly into the blood and then travel freely, no carriers needed, excreted in urine, vitamins B and C

Fat soluble vitamins

absorbed first into the lymph, then the blood, may require protein carriers, stored in cells associated with fat, less readily excreted, Vitamins A, D, E, K

Vitamin D absorption

absorbed in the small intestine and transported via chylomicrons, synthesis in skin is blocked by suncreeen, air pollution, yes from tanning booths

Zinc Absorption

absorbed throughout the SI, dependent on body's need, decreased by phytates in foods, stored in intestine cells bound to metallothionein, competes with copper and iron for absorption

Fortification

adding vitamins to foods

Osteoporosis Prevention

adequate consumption of calcium, weight bearing exercise throughout life, estrogen supplements later in life

An elderly African-American woman is on a 1500 Calorie diet to lose weight and reduce her blood pressure. Her physician may recommend supplements for vitamin B1, B2 and niacin only. vitamin A and C only. vitamin D only. all of the vitamins and minerals.

all of the vitamins and minerals.

Potassium Sources

all whole fields, milk, grains, food, vegetables, legumes

Vitamin Sources

almost all food contain some vitamins, vitamin content can be affected by cooking, storage, and processing, nutrient status may be affected by absorption issues

Biotin

also called vitamin H, Acts as Coenzyme for the TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Normal Sodium Balance

amount in equals amount out, kidneys regulate, excess excreted in urine.

Mineral

an element needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reactions and body processes. Inorganic, cannot be destroyed, only lost,

iron deficiencies

anemia, weakness, pale skin, headaches, inability to concentrate, disabled children

Zinc Sources

animal products, red meaat, shell fish, whole grains, nute, legumes, leafy greens

methotrexate

anticancer drug that mimics folate, which cells take up and then cannot multiply

Vitamin C Job

antioxidant operating in body fluids in the blood, DNA, WBC, lining of lungs and stomach mucosus, helps form collagen, protects DNA from free-radicals

Health claims on the supplement must be

approved by the FDA

Water serves all of the following body functions except as a solvent. as a transportation medium for nutrients. as a regulator of body temperature. as a hormone for acid base balance.

as a hormone for acid base balance.

Vitamin C

ascorbic acid, abundant in fresh food and veggies, synthesized by most animals, soluble in water and the fluids of the blood, deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy, decreased absorption of high intakes, excess excreted, easily lose through cooking, sensitive to heat, sensitive to iron, copper, oxygen

selenium functions

assists a group of enzymes, antioxidant

Magnesium Toxicity

associated with kidney disorder, weakness, nausea, malaise, diarrhea, coma, death, 350 mg is UL

b12 absorption

attached to protein in foods, pepsin, HCl separates it, intrisic factor binds b12, b12 absorbed, lack of HCl can be a problem

When the intracellular concentrations of protein and sodium are high, you would expect that water is drawn into the a. blood capillaries b. cells c. extracellular fluid d. red blood cells

b. cells

Water helps cool the body by: a. urine loss b. evaporation of sweat from the body c. increasing blood volume d. decreasing blood volume

b. evaporation of sweat from the body

The distribution of water between intra- and extra-cellular spaces depends on concentration differences of _______, or dissolved substances, including protein, sodium and potassium a. reverse osmotic particles b. solutes c. solutions d. solvents

b. solutes

Iron Absorption

based on needs of the body, heme vs nonheme iron, ferrous better than ferric, ( 2>3 both absorption enhancing and inhibiting factors, Iron balance primarily through regulation of absorption, based on body's stores, initially held in small intestine and released into body as needed

compensatory behaviors

behavior to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives/ enemas, excessive exercise, etc

what foods have antixodants

berries, dark chocolate, pecans, artichokes, cranberries

Carotenoids

beta carotene, alpha carotene, beta cryptoxanthin, presursor of vitamin A, found in plant tissues, beta carotene is also an antioxidant, other carotenoids without vitamin A activity

which vitamins can be made in the gut by bacteria

biotin and Vitamin K

Prothrombin

blood clotting protein

Hypervitaminosis A

blurred vision, liver abnormalities, reduced bone strength, birth defects, increased risk of lung cancer, hypercarotenemia

underweight

body mass that is 15% or more below normal body weight

chloride

body's principal negative electrolye

magnesium functions

bone mineralization, enzyme action, muscle function, nerve impulses, immune function, maintenance of teeth

Folate Absorption

bound to mono or polyglutamate in foods, digestion breaks off all but 1 glutamate, intestinal cells add to the methyl group, absorbed and goes to liver and other areas, excreted in bile and can be reabsorbed if needed

lutein

broccoli, brussel sprouts, spinach, kale, macular degeneration prevention, breast cancer prevention

Water serves all of the following body functions EXCEPT: a. as a solvent b. as a transportation medium for nutrients c. as a hormone for acid base balance d. as a regulator of body temperature

c. [water does NOT] act as a hormone for acid base balance

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because: a. it calms our nerves b. we must get it in our diet from plant food that grow in the sun c. it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light d. it is used to make serotonin, a neurotransmitter that enhances feelings of happiness

c. it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light

Which of the following MyPlate food groups is the richest in vitamin B12? a. fruits b. grains c. protein d. vegetables

c. protein

What food is an excellent source of vitamin E? a. whole-wheat bread b. oranges c. sunflower seeds d. cheddar cheese

c. sunflower Seeds

In its role as an antioxidant, _____ guards cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, and cholesterol, and thus helps prevent heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration, and other chronic diseases: a. thiamin b. vitamin D c. vitamin E d. vitamin K

c. vitamin E

Osteoporosis

calcium deficiency, "pediatric disease with geriatric consequences, leads to about 1.3 mil fractures a year, less bones, most at risk are slender, inactive women who smoke.

Excess of Sodium

can lead to hypertension and heart disease

Niacin as Medicinee

can lower LDL, increase HDL, slow, reversion of artherosclerosis with diet and exercise

Biotin Sources

cauliflower, yolk, liver, peanuts, cheese, synthesized in intestine, lots of missing data, unsure if supplements work,

Biotin Deficiencies

caused by raw egg whites, ansticonvulsant drugs, symtoms are thinning of hair, nausea, loss of hair color, skin rashes, hallucinations, and tingling., Unknown toxicity

Vitamin A is needed for all of the following except

cell metabolism

In populations suffering from the thiamin deficiency disease, beriberi, addition of all of the following foods to the diet would be beneficial, except

chedder cheese

populations at risk for magnesium

children and teens

Vitamin C sources

citrus fruits, potatoes, green peppers, cauliflower, broccoli, strawberries, romaine lettuce, spinach

Functions of Magnesium

cofactor in hundreds of reactions, activates ATP, contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis, proper nerve and cardiac functions, insulin release from the pancreas, may dilate arteries, may prevent heart rhythm abnormalities

Zinc

cofactor to many enzymes, DNA and protein synthesis cell divison, Protein and alcohol metabolism, cell membrane, wound healing, immune function, growth, eye function (Vitamin A), development of sexual organs and bones

factors influencing need for more water

cold/hot weather, high altitude, diarrhea, young/old age, alcohol, fiber, forced air environments (airplanes), ketosis

Bone Calcium

constantly being remodeled, broken down and reformed, peak bone mass or maximum bone density, usually occurs in young adulthood and then begins to decline

Calcium Toxicity

constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction, interferes with absorption of other minerals, though more studies are needed

Calcium toxicity

constipation, interfere with absorption of other minerals (iron and Zinc), urinary/kidney stones

Vitamin b12

contains cobalt, very connected with folate metabolism, necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis, maintenance of myelin sheaths around axons, rearrange 3 carbon chains so they can enter TCA Cycle, synthesized exclusively by bacteria, fungi, and algae

Phosphorus Deficiency

contributes to bone loss, decrease growth, poor tooth development, people at risk: pre-mature babies, alcoholics, elderly with poor diets, use of aluminum containing antacids, long standing diarrhea

Fatigue is a common symptom of a thiamin deficiency, which can be explained by the role of thiamin to function as a coenzyme in forming cofactors with minerals to make ATP. converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. converting vitamins to energy compounds. changing vitamins to make ATP.

converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.

b12 functions

converts stuff so it can enter TCA Cycle, recycles folate coenzymes, nerve functions (myelin sheaths), prevents megablastic anemia,

Pro Supplements

correct overt deficiencies, improve nutrition status, reduce disease risks, support increased nutrient needs, improve the body's defenses

Selenium Sources

crops are high or low depending on nutrient level in soil, foods of animal origin tend to be consistent in these levels, whole grains, nuts,

All of the following are functions of water EXCEPT: a. it regulates acid base balance b. it helps regulate body temperature c. it lubricates eyes and joints d. it acts as a hormone

d. it [DOES NOT] act as a hormone

Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called: a. osteopenia b. osteoporosis c. osteomalacia d. rickets

d. rickets

Folate coenzymes are needed for the: a. synthesis of collagen b. synthesis of RNA c. metabolism of some vitamins d. synthesis of DNA and metabolism of some amino acids

d. synthesis of DNA and metabolism of some amino acids

Sailors of the 18th century would often be at sea for months living on dried bread and meats, water and cheese. After approximately 3 months on this diet, some sailors would experience symptoms of irritability, achy joints and bleeding gums/loose teeth. These symptoms can be explained by: a. their diet lacked enough protein to make collagen b. their diet lacked vitamin B6 necessary to make non-essential amino acids c. their diet lacked vitamin B1, so they had impaired energy production d. their diets lacked vitamin C, necessary for collagen tissue formation and repair

d. their diets lacked vitamin C, necessary for collagen tissue formation and repair

The Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of which B vitamin? a. folate b. niacin c. riboflavin d. vitamin B12

d. vitamin B12

Active _________ is required to maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels. a. vitamin A b. vitamin E c. vitamin C d. vitamin D

d. vitamin D

The vitamin D deficiency disease rickets causes short stature and bone deformities because: a. vitamin D is essential for bile secretion allowing dietary calcium to be absorbed b. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by diminishing the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract c. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by increasing the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract and diminishing calcium losses in the kidney d. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels through its ability to pull calcium from the bone and intestines

d. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels through its ability to pull calcium from the bone and intestines

For vitamin x and y, the daily needs are 140 mg. the bioavalibtly of vitamin x is 45% and vitamin y is 20%. Considering this information, which of the following statements is correct?

daily intake for vitamin x is higher than y

Calcium Sources

dairy products, kale, collard, mustard greens, calcium fortified foods, tofu, if made with calcium carbonate, canned fish

Vitamins can function as antioxidants in that they are able to increase the activity of the free radicals, thereby lessening their damage to DNA. increase the amount of free radicals to decrease damage to the DNA. reduce the amount of free radical attacking DNA. deactivate free radicals, thereby lessening their damage to DNA.

deactivate free radicals, thereby lessening their damage to DNA.

Antioxidants

deactivate free radicals, who can damage other molecules and cells (also pro-antioxidants, which like free radicals)

realistic weight loss strategies

decrease energy intake, increase physical activity, and modify behavior

Rickets

deficiency of vitamin D

potassium deficiencies

dehydration, muscle weakness paralysis and confusion, death

amenorrhea

delayed onset of menstruation or absence of 3 or more periods in a row

Bone Strength

dependent on bone mass and bone mineral density, the more there is, the stronger the bone

iodine toxicity

depressed thyroid activity, goiter-like thyroid enlargement

B6 Deficiency

dermatitis, glossitis (sore tongue), depression, confusion, sleepiness, anemia, peripheral nerve damage, reduced immune response. At risk people: poor diet, elderly, alcoholic, kidney dialysis, liver disease

magnesium toxicity

diarrhea, electrolye and pH imbalances

Pellagra

disease caused by niacin deficiency

Sodium Toxicity

diseases from hypertension, links to stomach cancer, ulcers, heartburn, kidney stones, osteoporosis, toxic if water is not accompanied by the sodium

Magnesium Deficiency

diuretic use, heavy perspiration, long standing diarrhea or vomiting, alcoholism

Vitamin A

diverse roles, part of the visual pigment rhodopsin, also involved in regulation or growth and differentiation of cells, including some cells in the immune system, gene expression, maintenance of epithelial tissue, needed for reproductive development

Selenium Health

doesn't contribute to heart disease, but may contribute to lower lung, colorectal, and prostate cancer

argument against vitamin supplements

don't provide all benefits like the nutrients in food

osteoporosis treatment

drugs that increase bone building cell activity & decrease activity of bone dismantling cells

weight loss drugs

effective for a short amount of time- jump start weight loss

Sodium Functions

electrolyte balance,nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

Niacin Sources

enriched grains, beef, chicken, turkey, fish, mushrooms, heat stable, little cooking loss, can be lost from foods when it leeches into water, amino acid tryptophan can be converted to this

fat-soluble vitamins

enter the lymph then blood, require transport proteins, stored in liver and fatty tissues, increased risk of toxicity, take longer to develop a deficiency, stored in large amounts

Vitamin C toxicity

essientially non-toxic, excess amounts are removed from the body fairly quickly, excessive supplments can give nausea, cramps, and diarrhea

2011 Food safety modernization act

expands FDA authority over new dietary ingredients

Free Radical

extra electrons attack and create chain reaction of destruction, also from ultraviolet light, trauma, smoking, cause many diseases by damaging genetic material, part of what happens in aging- but they alsodestroy harmful substances and fight diseases as well

Vitamin D is widespread and easy to obtain in the foods we eat.

false

all calcium in the body is found in the bone

false

the dshea ensures that the vitamin and mineral supplements that are for sale to the public are safe and effective to use by people who are healthy.

false

environmental factors that lead to obestiy

family history, genes, thrifty metabolism, food choices and availability, and inactivity

Which of the following helps form the net that traps platelets and blood cells and forms the structure of a blood clot? dicoumarol vitamin K warfarin fibrin

fibrin

fluoride toxicity

fluorosis: discoloration of teeth

What supplement should pregnant women take

folic acid

Women of childbearing age should consume _____ daily from fortified foods or supplements.

folic acid

fluoride functions

forms bones and neeth enamel, decreases bacteria forming acid

Heme Iron

found in foods that are from the flesh of animal meat, represents 10% of a day's iron, but 25% of absorption, part of hemoglobin and myglobin and is obtained from meat of all types,

Iron

found in minute amounts of every cell, necessary for many redox reactions, hemoglobin in red blood cells, myoglobin in muscle cells, electron transport chain, enzyme cofactor, immune function

nonheme Iron

found in plant derived and animal derived foods, has an absorption rate of 17%, foudn in leafy green, veggies, legumes, and meat

Pantothenic Acid Sources

from every side- meat, milk, mushrooms, liver, peanuts

Folate Toxicity

from supplemental form only, skin, respiratory disorders, epilepsy, can mask B12 deficiency

selenium toxicity

from supplements may increase skin cancer risk, nail and hair changes, nerve liver and muscle damage

What foods can you get phytochemicals from?

fruits and vegetables, tea

Fluoride

function has not yet been described, involved in formation of bones and teeth, makes teeth resistant to decay, resists acid demineralization, and dental carries, inhibits teeth bacterial growth, stimulates osteoblasts,

iodine deficiencies

goiter, cretinism

phytochemicals

group of numerous substances found in plants that serve as antioxidants, anticarcinogens, or many other ways to help prevent disease.

zinc deficiencies

growth failure in children, dermatitis, sexual retardation, loss of taste, poor wound healing

Iodine Deficiency

growth of the thyroid gland, drop in the metabolic rate, harmful during pregnancy, consumption of goitrogens

Zinc Deficiency

growth retardation, loss of appetite, taste change, delayed sexual maturation, dematitis, hair loss, skeletal abnormalities, night blindness, and depressed immunity, often due to poor absorption in veggie diets, rare in US

Potassium Toxicity

harmless of kidneys function normally, high blood potassium inhibits, no upper level, found in seasonings

Keshan disease

heart disease in children, ccumulation of fatty peroxides in the heart, increase blood clots, irreversible

Why is Vitamin D important for our bodies

helps bone growth and maintenance, acts as a hormone, regulates calcium and protein

Vitamin D functions

helps to maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, works in combination with other nutrients and hormones, regulation of blood calcium concentrations, regulation of gene expression and differentation, immune system, brain and nervous system, pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage, and reproductive organs. increased exposure=less cancer (not skin)

Iron Toxicity

hemochromatosis is generally a genetic disorder, that enhances iron absorption, caused by repeated blood transfusions, massive doses of supplmental iron, rare metabolic disorders, tissue damage, infections, diabetes, liver cancer, heart disease, arthritis, iron poisoning, damage to the intestinal lining, abnormalities in body pH,

Vitamin E deficiency

hemolytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, may be caused by insufficient bile production, rare- people at risk are premature infants and people with fat malabsorption

Hard Water

high Ca and Mg concentrations, low cardiovascular disease risk, poor lather need more shampoo, less white laundry

Soft water

high Na and K concentrations, good lather less soap, aggravate hypertension from Na,, dissolves and absorbs some pipes of cadmium and lead

Hypocarotenemia

high amounts of carotenoids in the bloodstream, excessive consumption of carrots, squash, supplements, skin turns yellow orange color- NOT HARMFUL

Iron Sources

high in meat, fish, and poultry, intermediate in grains and legumes, low in veggies,

Diseases

high vitamin C is correlated with a lower risk of many diseases, including cancer of the mouth, larynx, and esophagus, may also prevent oxidative damange to lipoproteins and arteries by lowering LDL levels

zinc functions

hormones, to make enzymes, genetic material and proteins, immune cells, taste, wound healing, making of sperm, normal fetal development

populations at risk for Magnesium

hospital clients on prolonged IV's, people using diuretecs

sodium toxicity

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Vitamin A Toxicity

if you eat too much liver, polar bear liver, or supplements, you could experience nausea, vomiting, headache, blurred vision, lack of muscular coordination,

Folate Deficiency

impairs cell division and protein synthesis, similar signs and symptoms of B6 Deficiency (megablastic anemia)., pregnant women- neural tube defects, cleft lip and pallet, At risk are alcoholics, malabsorption, liver disease, kidney dialysis

Higher blood pressure at the arterial side of the capillaries forces water from the blood into the tissues, whereas lower blood pressure promotes the release of hormones that assists in the movement of water from cells. has little or no affect on the hydration of tissues. decreases the sodium and water in cells. in combination with differences in solute concentration, causes fluid to move back into the capillaries via osmosis.

in combination with differences in solute concentration, causes fluid to move back into the capillaries via osmosis.

Where is vitamin D activated

in the kidney

Night blindness

inadequate of retinol to reform rhodopsin, compound in retina that consists of opsin and vitamin cis retinol that is needed for night vision, night vision becomes difficult

argument for vitamin supplements

increase nutrient intake, enhance athletic performance, promote weight loss, alleviate existing conditions, extend life, prevent chronic disease

health risks associated with being overweight

increased risk of chronic diseases: diabetes, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, heart disease

diuretics

increases amount of water lost in the body, but doesn't increase amount of fat lost

how are vitamins different from energy nutrients

individual units that don't form chains, don't yield energy, assist enzymes, needed in smaller amounts

retinoic acid

influences how epithelial cells differentiate and mature

Riboflavin Deficiency

injuries heal slowly, cell growth is slowed, symptoms start in tissues that multiply rapidly, (skin, linking of eyes, lips), rare in US and not really significant worldwide, occurs within 2 months of total depravation and normally accompanied by other deficiencies

iodine sources

iodized salt, seafood, bread, plants

iron toxicity

iron overload, fatigue, abdominal pain infections, liver injury, joint pain, growth retardation in children, bloody stools

Which of the following are minerals needed for the formation of red and white blood cells necessary for the transport of oxygen and for a healthy immune response? iron, zinc, potassium, sodium and calcium iron, copper, calcium, zinc, selenium, and magnesium iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium and calcium iron, potassium and sodium

iron, copper, calcium, zinc, selenium, and magnesium

Vitamin B6 is important for protein metabolism because it is a coenzyme for protein and amino acid metabolism. converts non-essential amino acids into essential amino acids. helps code proteins. is an amino acid transporter.

is a coenzyme for protein and amino acid metabolism.

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light.

Blood Pressure

it's a silent disease, regulating it helps prevent cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, stroke, and a decline in brain function. African Americans are most at risk

anorexia

lack of appetite

folate and heart disease

lack of folate may result in high levels of homocystein, which may damage arteries

Magnesium Sources

leafy green veggies, sunflower seeds, garbanzo beans, almonds, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, chocolate!

Vitamin D deficiency

less calcium absorbed, bone matrix cannot be properly mineralized- rubbery bones, in children this results in ricket,s bone deformities and bowed legs, weakened bones (osteomalacia)

Pros of organic foods

less exposure to bacteria and pesticides, positive for the environment

fad diets

limits food selection to a few food groups, promotes rapid weight loss, requires a rigorous menu, makes outlandish claims, no change in physical activity or behavior

Epithelial cells

line the outside (skin), and external passages, mucus forming cells, within the body

liposuction

literally vaccums out fat from desire location, but does not lower body weight or reduce risk of diseases

The danger of herbal sources for minerals and vitamins is the result of the active compounds in the herbs being chemically inferior to the synthetic but identical chemicals. over-regulation in the labeling and assessment of dose for the active compounds found in the herbs. the active compounds in the herbs being chemically superior to the synthetic but identical chemicals. little regulation in the labeling and assessment of dose for the active compounds found in the herbs.

little regulation in the labeling and assessment of dose for the active compounds found in the herbs.

Folate Sources

liver, grains/legumes, vegetables, fortified breakfast cereals, fortification 1998, susceptible to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light

Vitamin A benefits

lower risk of some types of cancers, may also increase incidence of lung and colorectal cancer

Potassium

main cation in intracellular fluid, functions in fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, associated with lowering blood pressure, 90% consumed is absorbed, naturally abundant in unprocessed foods, 4700 MG a day

Sodium functions

maintain normal fluid balance and acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission

Vitamin A immunity

maintains protective barriers, helps produce antibodies and lymphocytes, high dose therapy of vitamin a increases immune response

xerophthamia

major cause of blindness- not enough vitamin A

potassium functions

making of protein, support cell integrity, nerve transmission, contraction of muscles especially heart, fluid electrolyte balance

health risks associated with being underweight

malnutrition, wasting disease, infertility, bad pregnancy outcomes

b12 therapy

many factors can disrupt absorption process, monthly injections of B12, b12 nasal gel, megadoses to allow for passive infusion

Vitamin E

may prevent against heart disease by inhibitin LDL oxidation, inhibiting formation of arthrosclerotic plaque, reduces synthesis of molecules that cause cells to stick to the lining of blood vessels, increases production of eicosanoids,

Vitamin E

may prevent or cure cancer, diets high in this show decreased cancer risk, little experimental evidence, lower risk for developing cataracts

What is good about polyphenols

may reverse or prevent cancer

B6 sources

meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, banana, spinach, avocado, potato, heat and alkaline sensitive,

What foods do you get water soluble vitamins from

meats, (B) Fruits (C) Liver, eggs, meat (Choline)

potassium sources

meats, milk, fruits, veggies, grains

What are some nutritional considerations with plant based diets?

might lack in protein, iron, vitamin D, Riboflavin, B12, fatty acids and Iodine

Riboflavin Sources

milk/products, (stored in paper, opaque plastic containers), enriched grains, liver, oyster, brewer's yeast,

eicosanoids

molecules that help lower blood pressure and reduce blood clot formation

Iron deficiency

most common nutrient deficiency, vulnerable during reproductive years, pregnancy, infants and young children due to rapid growth, teenagers due to rapid growth in males and menstruation in females, can be caused by blood loss, menstruation, malaria and parasites, donating blood, energy metabolism is impaired, neurotransmitter synthesis is reduced, physical capacity is reduced, may be confused with behavioral issues

Fluoride Toxicity

mottling of teeth, limit toothpaste to pea size, high amounts can weaken teeth in children, may weaken bones at high levels,, risk if you have a very high concentration in drinking water, or use too much toothpaste. Severe is nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, excessive salivation, tearing, pulmonary disturbances, cardiac insufficiency, convulsion, paralysis, coma

water-soluble vitamins

move directly into the blood, don't require transport proteins filtered by the kidneys, required daily, little risk of toxicity, easily excreted in urine, develop deficiency in shorter amount of time

sodium deficiencies

muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Selenium Deficiency

muscle pain, muscle wasting, cardiomyapathy, keshan disease

potassium toxicity

muscular weakness, triggers vomiting, stop heart if given in a vein

Folate

natural form, coenzyme form THFA, transfer of single carbon atoms, necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis, needed for cell division, rapid cell turnover, amino acid metabolism homocyctein

zinc toxicity

nausea, vomiting diarrhea, immune suppression, reduced iron

Iron poisoning

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock, and confusion,

Niacin

nicotinic acid, a coenzyme, also involved in redox reactions,

B6 as medicine

no evidence of benefit, placebo test with parkinsons, depression, headache, seizures showed equal results, nothing for carpal tunnel, pms, heart disease risk unknown

Vitamin D

nonessential nutrient that acts like a hormone, derived from cholesterol, synthesis from sun exposure, insufficient sun exposure makes this a vitamin, activated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys, deficiency can cause diseases

B6 Toxicity

not from food but from supplements, can lead to irreversible nerve damage with more than 200 mg a day,

Oxidation

occurs all over the body, when oxygen reacts with molecules, creates free radicals,

populations at risk for Calcium

older women, children, teens, and elderly

zeaxanthin

orange and dark green veggies, macular degeneration prevention

Vitamins

organic compounds required in smaller amounts for diet, promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes, needed for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of health, Deficiencies of any vitamin will lead to illness and death, as well as great excesses of some vitamins

A vitamin

organic compounds that are needed in small quantities for specific functions in the body

Cons of organic foods

organic farmers can still use some pesticides, there is no evidence that eating organic is better for your health

vitamin losses

organic nature means that vitamins can be destroyed by exposure to light, oxidation, cooking and storage, refrigerate food and vegetables, store cut fruits and veggies in airtight wrappers or closed containers in fridges, clean fruits and veggies before they are cut, use a microwave, steam, or simmer in small amounts of water, save cooking water for other uses, avoid high temps and long cooking times

Vitamin D toxicity

oversupplementation or overfortified foods=high concentrations of calcium in blood and urine, leading to cardiovascular damage, affects function of nervous system, promotes bone loss, not toxicity from sun exposure, over absorption of calcium

anorexia nervosa

overwhelming fear of gaining weight, even those who are under-weight; characterized by self-starvation

Vitamin E protects membranes in red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and lung cells. Why are these cells in particular in need of high amounts of vitamin E?

oxygen concentrations in these cells are high

Identify the organs that are responsible for the regulation of calcium in the blood. brain, small intestines, liver and kidneys pituitary gland, small and large intestines, liver and kidney parathyroid gland, small intestines, liver, kidney and bone brain, heart, liver and kidneys

parathyroid gland, small intestines, liver, kidney and bone

Selenium

part of a group called selenoproteins, defends against free radical damage, is an anti-oxidant, regulates thyroid function, plays a role in immune function

Pantothenic Acid

part of coenxyme A, essential for metabolism of carbs, fat, protein

Iron functions

part of hemogloben (oxygen to blood), part of myglobin (oxygen to muscles), use of energy

Identify the foods that would best meet the vitamin needs identified for bone health. whole grain cereal, corn oil, rye flour and peaches. peaches, spinach, milk and tomatoes. peaches, tomatoes, cantaloupe and apricots. whole grain bread, brown rice, milk and tomatoes.

peaches, spinach, milk and tomatoes.

Niacin Deficiency

pellagra, rough or raw skin, 4 d's- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death, occurs 50-60 days, decrease appetite and weight, prevented with an adequate protein diet, only dietary nutrient deficiency to reach epidemic portions in US,

Vitamin D supplements

people who should take these are the elderly, vegans who don't go outside much, people who have cancer, people with darker skin, people who don't go outside much

who needs supplements

people with low levels of essential nutrients

ghrelin

peptide hormone in the stomach that stimulates desire to eat meals at a certain time

b12 deficiency

pernicious anemia, nerve degeneration, weakness, tingling, numbness in xtremities, paralysis or death, looks like folate deficiency, due to decreased absorption ability, low gastric acid in elderly

Inhibit Absorption

phytates and fibers from legumes, grains, and rice, veggie proteins in legumes, soybeans, and nuts, calcium in milk, tannic acid and otherpolyphenols,

risk factors for osteoporosis

poor calcium and vit D, estrogen deficiency in women, lack of physical activity, body thinness, smoking and alcohol,

sodium

positive electrolyte in extracellular fluids

vitamin a sources

preformed- liver, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, proformed- dark leafy green, yellow orange veggies/fruits

populations at risk for Zinc

pregnant women, young children, elderly poor

Magnesium

primarily in leafy green plants, absorption based on body's needs, enhanced by vitamin D, kidneys regulate blood concentration, alcohol increases loss in urine, much stored in the bones

Phosphorus Toxicity

problem for individuals with inefficient kidney functions, phosphate ions bind calcium, chronic imbalance may lead to bone loss, upper level is 3-4 g per day

leptin

produced by adipocytes that signal amount for body fat

Vitamin K Sources

produced by bacteria in our intestines, leafy green veggies, especially of the mustard variety, vegetable oils, carrots, kiwi fruits, liver, broccoli, peas, green beans, resistant to cooking losses, limited vitamin K stored in the liver, milk, eggs,

Vitamin K

produces prothrombin, productions of several proteinsinvolved in the mineralization and demineralization of bones, calcium binding potential,

why is physical activity important in weight loss

promotes fat and weight loss, develops lean muscle, increases energy expenditure, 200 kcals 5 times/ week= 1.5 lbs lost

zinc sources

protein containing foods, meats, fish, grains, yogurt

collagen

protein structural component of skin, connective tissue, bone, and other body components

What are the benefits of phytochemicals?

provide color, aroma and flavor. Have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions

binging

rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete manner associated with a feeling of eating that is out of control

selenium deficiencies

rare, but effects heart disease

Vitamin K Deficiency

rare, but may occur with fat malabsorption, after long term use of antibiotics, result in failure to produce normal blood clots, increased risk in hip fractures, may be related to osteoporosis, don't have the right bacteria at a young age so you may have to get supplements

Potassium Deficiency

rare, may result in poor appetite, muscle cramps, confusion, apathy, constipation, and irregular heartbeat, can be life threatening

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

rare- people usually get adequate amountsm seen in cases of severe malnutrition and experimental animals

b vitamin deficiencies

rarely occur except for beriberi and pellagra, can be primary or secondary causes, glossitis, cheilosis, toxicities occur with supplements,

iron sources

red meats, fish, eggs, legumes, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits

bariatric surgery

reduces food intake and nutrient absorption, but can cause permanent changes in eating habits and bowel movements

thyroid hormones

regulates body temperature, metabolic rate, growth, and more

Aldosterone

regulates potassium, along with the kidneys

helpful weight gain tips

replace low calorie fluid with fruit juice, strength training exercises, more frequent high calorie snacks

Vitamin A and bones

required for processes with osteoplasts and osteoclasts, favors bone formation, high performed vitamin A intake, may lead to greater risk of bone fragments in elderly, more research needed

Vitamin A absorption

requires bile, digestive enzymes, integration into micelles, dependent on fat in the diet, 90% of retinoids can be absorbed, only about 3% of carotenoids are absorbed

enrichment

restoration of vitamins that have been lost in processing, to their original or higher levels

Retinoids

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid, in animal tissues, function directly as Vitamin A

when parathyroid hormones is released, blood calcium levels will _______________

rise

Con Supplements

risk of toxicity, life threatening misinformation, unknown needs, false sense of security, not highly regulated, cost

1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

said the manufacturer is responsible for making the supplements safe and the ingredients have to be federally regulated

Which snack will help increase the level of the antioxidant Vitamin E in the diet? salad with blue cheese, sunflower seeds and dried cranberries. salad with croutons, toasted coconut and fat free ranch dressing. salad with fat free poppy seed dressing. salad with fresh carrots, dried cranberries and fresh pear.

salad with blue cheese, sunflower seeds and dried cranberries.

Iodine Sources

salt, saltwater fish, seafood, bread, molasses, plant source dependent on soil content

sodium sources

salt, soy sauce, processed foods

Vitamin C deficiency

scurvy- deficient for 20-40 days, fatigue, pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums and joints, loosening teeth, muscle degeneration, bone fragility and finally death, associated with poverty (and sailing)

selenium sources

seafoods, organ meats, whole grains, varies on soil content

Calcitonin

secreted by the thyroid gland, reduces blood calcium levels when they're too high

purging

self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives, enemas, etc; associated with those who have bulimia

B Vitamins

serve primarily as coenzymes in energy metabolism, some also function in cell division,

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defined the term dietary supplement and created standards for manufacturing of supplements. insures the safety and efficacy of supplements and herbs. provided the FDA with guidelines for restricting new supplements. set standards for the labeling of supplements.

set standards for the labeling of supplements.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

severe depletion of iron stores, includes fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor, and poor resistance to cold temps

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is

shortly before, early in pregnancy

follicular hyperkeratosis

skin disorder- not enough vitamin A

A meal of a hot pastrami sandwich with pickles and chips is high in sodium and chloride. calories. fat. iron and calcium.

sodium and chloride.

Neural Tube Defects

spina bifida, anencephaly, 1/1000 pregnancies, important before and after pregnancy

Thiamin

steaming and microwaving are cooking methods that preserve this, leaches into water with boiling or blanching, easily destroyed by heat

Kidneys

stimulated to reabsorb mineral if levels are too low, excreted by kidneys if BC level gets too high

Fluoride Absorption

stomach and small intestine, rapidly enters demineralized tissue, does not accumulate in soft tissue

Vitamin D Metabolism

stored in fat tissue, activation is regulated, activation by the liver and the kidneys, activate vitamin D when calcium is inadequate, excretion of vitamin D mainly via bile

Calcium deficiencies

stunted bone growth, osteoperosis

Calcium Deficiency

stunted growth in children, bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults,

antioxidants

substance that can neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and thereby reduce oxidative damage

Which of the following foods would be the best source for vitamin E?

sunflower seeds

Vitamin E sources

sunflower seeds, vegetable oils, almonds and other nuts, leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, easily destroyed by high heat and oxidation- polyunsaturated plant oils,

How do we get vitamin D

sunshine!! also in fatty fish, cheese, eggs

Iodine

synthesis of thyroid hormones, depends on soil concentrations, lack causes enlargement of thyroid glands

Vitamin D is important for bone health and may play a role in the increased risk of type 1 diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and high blood pressure in people who live at a latitude of greater than 40 degrees north or south. Individuals living at this latitude can obtain vitamin D from a few dietary sources, as well as synthesize it in the skin when exposed to sunlight from October through March. synthesize it in the skin when exposed to sunlight from April until October. synthesize it in the skin when exposed to sunlight only in December and January. synthesize it in the skin when exposed to sunlight throughout the year.

synthesize it in the skin when exposed to sunlight from April until October

b12 sources

synthesized by bacteria, stored primarily in the liver, animal products, some yeasts

What are supplements regulated by?

the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

An athlete that has just run 15 miles is dehydrated. What organ is responsible for monitoring this athlete's hydration status? the pituitary gland the kidneys the heart the bladder

the pituitary gland

All of the following are roles of vitamin C except

the production of energy

Vitamin D Sources

the sun... duh. an adequate amount produces slight redness over your body, north of 37 degrees can't make vitamin D in the winter, also fatty fish, fortified milk, some fortified cereal, liver, beeef, eggs

Sailors of the 18th century would often be at sea for months living on dried bread and meats, water and cheese. After approximately three months on this diet, some sailors would exhibit symptoms of irritability, achy joints and bleeding gums/loose teeth. These symptoms can be explained by their diet lacking the Vitamin B6 so necessary to make non-essential amino acids. their diets lacking Vitamin B1, so they had impaired energy production. their diets lacking the Vitamin C necessary for collagen tissue formation and repair. their diet lacking enough protein to make collagen.

their diets lacking the Vitamin C necessary for collagen tissue formation and repair.

An older woman is gardening in the direct sun for three hours without any rest. She suddenly feels weak and dizzy before she faints. She is taken to an emergency room where the doctor suspects she is suffering from dehydration. This is a common problem in older people because they have a reduced sensitivity to their thirst mechanism. they have a greater body surface area, which makes them more likely to become thirsty. they have enhanced kidney function, with causes them to increase water reabsorption. they have a larger body mass, which makes them more likely to become thirsty.

they have a reduced sensitivity to their thirst mechanism.

Vitamin E toxicity

this is due to supplement use, and may interfere with blood clotting action of vitamin K, causing hemorrhages. supplements cause increased risk of mortality

Vitamin D Dna

this vitamin binds to specific sequence in DNA, regulates the expression of genes coding for specific proteins, more than 900 genes have these elements

iodine functions

thyroid hormone component, regulates growth, development, and metabolic rate

Iodine Toxicity

thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited, consumption of seaweed, UL is 1.1 mg/day

Lycopene

tomatoes, cancer prevention, cateract prevention

Fluoride Deficiency

tooth decay for victims of all ages

fluoride deficiencies

tooth decay/cavities

Fluoride Sources

toothpaste, tea, seafood, chicken, drinking water, foods made with fluorinated water

Which of the following scenarios is the most satisfactory treatment for macrocytic anemia? treating a person with folate or Vitamin B12 depending on the associated deficiency treating a person only with Vitamin B12 treating a person only with Vitamin B6 treating a person only with active folate

treating a person with folate or Vitamin B12 depending on the associated deficiency

Long-term use of antibiotics can results in a vitamin k deficiency

true

an herbal supplement is plant based supplement

true

vitamin e protects membranes by neutralizing antioxidants

true

Vitamin K toxicity

unknown, may interfere with anticoagulant medication

Decrease Calcium Absorption

very high fiber intake, excess phosphorus, vitamin D deficiency, menopause, aging, phylates, oxalates, large amount at one time (greater than 500 mg)

Zinc and Immunity

vital for immune system, cannot boost an already healthy immune system by taking supplements, may or may not contribute to getting better when you're sick

what vitamins and precursors function as antioxidants

vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene

Which vitamin is required to maintain normal blood calcium levels

vitamin D

The vitamin D deficiency disease rickets causes short stature and bone deformities because

vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by increasing the absorption of calcium in the intestines, pulling calcium from bones, and diminishing calcium losses in the kidney.

The vitamin D deficiency disease rickets causes short stature and bone deformities because vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by diminishing absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels through its ability to pull calcium from the bone and intestines. vitamin D is essential for bile secretion allowing dietary calcium to be absorbed. vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by increasing the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract and diminishing calcium losses in the kidney.

vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels through its ability to pull calcium from the bone and intestines.

Increase Calcium Absorption

vitamin D, adequate acid environment, Calcium binding protein, estrogen and testosterone

Which of the following enhances the absorption of the non-heme iron?

vitamin c

fluoride sources

water, toothpaste, seafood

magnesium deficiencies

weakness, muscle twitches, appetite loss

prevention of osteoporosis

weight bearing exercise, plenty of calcium and vit D, maintain healthy body weight,

OTC drugs and supplements

weight is regained when drug is used, may cause GI issues, dangerous side effects (not regulated by FDA), some are not effective in promoting weight loss

Thiamin Sources

wide variety of foods including pork, sunflower seeds, whole grains, legumes, mixed grains

Phosphorus sources

widespread in many foods, dairy, bakery products, sodas, and meats, some from food additives, deficiency highly unlikely

Low - 140 mg or less High - greater than or equal to 20%

yes