Nutrition Test 3 (Chapters 9-12)
A male athlete weighed 74 kg just before a training session and 73 kg after a 1-hour session. The athlete drank 500 ml of a sports drink during the session. What was his sweat rate? 250 ml/h 500 ml/h 750 ml/h 1,000 ml/h 1,500 ml/h
1,500 ml/h
The optimum ambient temperature for performance of endurance exercise by trained athletes is 0 to 5 °C 10 to 15 °C 20 to 25 °C 30 to 35 °C 90 to 95 °C
10 to 15 °C
What is a normal concentration of sodium in plasma (in mmol/L)? 4 80 145 290 Substantial variation occurs throughout the day.
145
What is the concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the extracellular fluid of a normal healthy person? 4 80 104 145 290
145
In most people, water accounts for _________ of skeletal muscle. 20% to 30% 30% to 40% 40% to 50% 50% to 60% 70% to 80%
70% to 80%
Which of the following is not a transcription factor? NF-kB Activator protein 1 (AP1) MyoD AMPK
AMPK
Which of the following is not true? Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. Iron is essential for both oxygen transport and utilization. About one-fourth (1,000 mg) of the total-body iron content in adult males is in storage. Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron. Anemia will reduce maximal oxygen uptake.
Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron.
Which of the following statements is not true about carnitine? Carnitine is used to buffer acetyl-CoA. Carnitine plays an important role in fatty-acid uptake into the mitochondria. Carnitine absorption improves in the presence of carbohydrate. Carnitine reduces the flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase, thereby increasing fat metabolism. Chronic ingestion of carnitine with carbohydrate can increase the muscle carnitine concentration.
Carnitine reduces the flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase, thereby increasing fat metabolism.
Which of the following statements is not true? IGF can bind to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and activate PI3K. Insulin can bind to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and increase muscle glucose uptake. Contractile activity stimulates the release of IGF-1. IGF can activate the mTOR signaling pathway. Contractile activity inhibits glucose uptake.
Contractile activity inhibits glucose uptake.
Which of the following is not true? Iron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency in the world. The incidence of iron deficiency is similar among athletes and the general population. The body adapts to endurance training by increasing the red blood cell mass as well as the myoglobin content of skeletal muscle. Altitude exposure causes an additional increase in the production of red blood cells. Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.
Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.
Which of the following is not true? Vitamin and mineral supplementation is not necessary for athletes consuming a normal varied and balanced diet. Vitamin C supplementation may help relieve cold symptoms. Excess vitamins are excreted in the urine, and megadoses are therefore harmless. Prolonged high intakes of vitamin C can result in diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. A daily multivitamin and mineral supplement is advisable for athletes on a restricted dietary intake.
Excess vitamins are excreted in the urine, and megadoses are therefore harmless.
Acute activation of AMPK results in a response that aims to generate ATP and conserve energy. True False
False
Blood concentrations give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements. True False
False
Branched-chain amino acid supplementation can prevent overtraining. True False
False
Caffeine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight is sufficient to see optimal performance benefits. True False
False
Caffeine increases fat oxidation, which results in enhanced performance. True False
False
Caffeine results in performance improvements that are positively and linearly related to the dosage up to 9 mg/kg of body weight, after which no further performance benefits are observed. True False
False
Carnitine results in an increase of fat oxidation at rest and during exercise. True False
False
Chromium supplementation leads to an increase in lean body mass. True False
False
Coenzyme Q10 enhances maximal aerobic capacity in elite athletes. True False
False
Coenzyme Q10 increases mitochondrial biogenesis. True False
False
Creatine is essential for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. True False
False
Dehydration affects exercise that is only 2 hours in duration or longer. True False
False
Drinking large amounts of water the day before competition is a simple way to become hyperhydrated on the day of competition. True False
False
During heavy exercise, vitamins are lost in sweat, and if high sweat rates are maintained for prolonged periods, vitamin requirements may increase significantly. True False
False
Free radical reactive oxygen species are released after damaging exercise and interfere with the repair process. True False
False
High doses of antioxidants can stimulate training adaptations. True False
False
In general, a person does not perceive the sensation of thirst until she or he has lost at least 1% of body weight through sweating. True False
False
Nutrition supplements must be proved safe and effective before they can be sold. True False
False
Only fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A have antioxidant properties. True False
False
Radical species are highly reactive and directly target lipid membrane structures by lipid oxidation, causing membrane stability and decreased permeability. True False
False
Signaling pathways that are activated by exercise and increase the synthesis of mRNA always result in increased protein synthesis. True False
False
Small doses of the amino acid tyrosine may improve both sleep latency and sleep quality. True False
False
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increases intracellular buffering capacity. True False
False
The best marker of vitamin D status is the blood plasma concentration of 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D2. True False
False
The highest sweat rate ever recorded is 2.62 L/h. True False
False
Which of the following statements is not true? Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, and choline is its precursor. Choline is a normal component of the diet, present mostly in meat and dairy products. Strenuous exercise reduces plasma choline concentrations. Ingestion of choline prevents the reduction in plasma choline concentration during exercise. Ingestion of choline increases muscle size and strength.
Ingestion of choline increases muscle size and strength.
Which of the following is not a branched-chain amino acid? leucine L-tryptophan valine isoleucine
L-tryptophan
Which of the following is not true? Low intakes of vitamins A and D are likely attributable to the restriction of dietary fat intake in weight-conscious athletes. Athletes who are attempting to maintain a low body weight by restricting their total energy intake are most at risk for inadequate intake of vitamins. The seven macrominerals are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur. Some minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus) are the building blocks for body tissues, including bones and teeth.
Low intakes of vitamins A and D are likely attributable to the restriction of dietary fat intake in weight-conscious athletes.
Which of the following is not a signaling molecule? PDH Akt mTOR PI3K p38 MAPK
PDH
Which of the following statements is correct? Vitamin C losses through sweat can be substantial. Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial. Vitamin K is water soluble. Vitamin D losses through sweat can be substantial. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial.
Which of the following statements is correct? Vitamin C losses through sweat can be substantial. Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial. Vitamin K is water soluble. Vitamin D losses through sweat can be substantial. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial.
Which of the following statements is true? Antioxidants can prevent damage and will improve training adaptations. Antioxidants may reduce the signals produced by exercise and reduce training adaptations. There are endogenous and exogenous antioxidants. Statements a and c are true. Statements b and c are true.
Statements b and c are true.
Which of the following statements is true? Less than 40% of all athletes use nutrition supplements. There is no strict regulation regarding testing, advertising, and promotion of nutrition supplements. Vitamins and minerals are not classed as nutrition supplements. Herbal extracts are not classed as nutrition supplements. No supplements can improve sprint performance.
There is no strict regulation regarding testing, advertising, and promotion of nutrition supplements.
A dose of 300 mg/kg of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to increase performance in events lasting 2 to 7 minutes. True False
True
A free radical is an atom or molecule that possesses at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbit. True False
True
According to a recent consensus paper, heat acclimatization sessions should last at least 60 min/day and induce an increase in body core and skin temperatures as well as stimulate sweating. True False
True
Among U.S. high school athletes, heat illness is the third-leading cause of death. True False
True
Anabolic steroids tend to increase fat-free body mass. True False
True
Caffeine can increase lipolysis. True False
True
Caffeine is a methylxanthine. True False
True
Creatine ingestion can increase the buffering capacity of muscle. True False
True
Creatine seems to be especially effective during repeated sprint exercise with little recovery. True False
True
Evidence suggests that training with low muscle glycogen results in better adaptations of fat metabolism. True False
True
Exercise training results in a slower rise in core temperature during exercise. True False
True
Hypertrophy refers to the increase in muscle cross-sectional area after resistance training. True False
True
In many situations, ingesting high doses of antioxidants leads to a blunting of the effects of exercise training with smaller changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression. True False
True
Low muscle glycogen is related to increased transcriptional activity of several genes. True False
True
Major food sources of vitamin B12 are meat, liver, and milk, and so vegetarian athletes are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. True False
True
Most vitamins were first recognized by the deficiency symptoms and illnesses that arose when their intake was inadequate. True False
True
Phosphorus is also found as a component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and phospholipids, which form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. True False
True
Reduced maximal cardiac output is the most likely physiological mechanism whereby dehydration decreases a person's and impairs work capacity in fatiguing exercise of an incremental nature. True False
True
Rich sources of polyphenols include tea, wine (particularly red wine), fruits, and vegetables. True False
True
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increases lactate and H+ efflux from muscle. True False
True
Sports anemia refers to the observation that training causes a transient fall in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit because of the increase in plasma volume. True False
True
The cardinal symptom of both overreaching and the overtraining syndrome is reduced performance. True False
True
The only natural dietary source of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is from meat. True False
True
The rate of heat transfer away from the body core is the product of the skin blood flow and the temperature difference between the core and the skin. True False
True
Trained athletes exhibit a lower resting body temperature and have a lower sweating (and shivering) threshold. True False
True
Which of the following statements is correct? Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal. Vitamins are inorganic compounds required in small amounts. Vitamins can be synthesized in the body. Phosphate is a trace element. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal.
Which of the following statements is correct? Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal. Vitamins are inorganic compounds required in small amounts. Vitamins can be synthesized in the body. Phosphate is a trace element. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal.
Evidence suggests that supplementation with creatine increases fat-free mass and strength serves as a buffer that helps to regulate acid-base balance improves endurance performance a and b a and c
a and b
Caffeine ingestion may increase the concentration of phosphorylated proteins GTP cAMP adenylyl cyclase activated G proteins
cAMP
Which of the following is not on the 2004 World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances? ephedrine caffeine nandrolone testosterone clenbuterol
caffeine
Which of the following supplements is often referred to as a muscle builder and fat burner? chromium choline colostrum chondroitin cellulose
chromium
Which of the following is not associated with increased risk of early osteoporosis? insufficient calcium intake absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) low levels of body fat low energy intake chronically high plasma estrogen levels
chronically high plasma estrogen levels
The primary effect of high circulating levels of vasopressin (ADH) on urine production is to decrease the volume increase the volume decrease the sodium excreted increase the sodium excreted correct dehydration
decrease the volume
Which of the following is not true? Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants prevent oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by preventing ROS formation intercepting ROS attack by scavenging the reactive metabolites and converting them to less-reactive molecules binding metal ion catalysts, such as copper and iron, to prevent initiation of free-radical reactions digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell providing a favorable environment for the effective functioning of other antioxidants
digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell
Which of the following is a known risk of bicarbonate loading? gastrointestinal disturbances cardiovascular problems urinary problems liver problems
gastrointestinal disturbances
Which of the following is a known risk of bicarbonate loading? gastrointestinal disturbances cardiovascular problems urinary problems liver problems
gastrointestinal disturbances
Which of the following organs contains the most carnitine? brain heart liver kidney skin
heart
Sodium and chloride are found in ________ concentration in the extracellular fluid, and potassium is found in ________ concentration inside cells. lower; lower lower; higher higher; lower higher; higher lower; similar
higher; higher
Ingestion of 30 g of medium-chain triglycerides during 2 hours of exercise will increase fat oxidation and spare muscle glycogen increase ketone body production increase lipolysis but not fat oxidation delay fatigue and improve endurance capacity improve carbohydrate absorption
increase ketone body production
AMPK activation can result in lipid synthesis reduced glucose uptake increased insulin secretion increased fat oxidation increased epinephrine secretion
increased fat oxidation
Which of the following increases carnitine uptake into the muscle? glucagon insulin adrenaline cortisol carnosine
insulin
Which of the following may result from excessive intake of vitamin A? oxalate stones cardiovascular disease liver damage hypercalcemia kidney damage
liver damage
Select the most correct answer. The concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the sweat excreted onto the skin is ________ the concentration in blood. higher than lower than the same as roughly twice similar to
lower than
Carnitine can be synthesized in the body from arginine, glutamine, and methionine arginine and lysine leucine, valine, and isoleucine lysine and methionine vitamin C and arginine
lysine and methionine
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC) family is important in driving energy supply to the working muscle mitochondrial biogenesis protein degradation DNA synthesis peroxisome synthesis
mitochondrial biogenesis
With resistance training, substantial increases occur in muscle fiber diameter muscle fiber number maximum heart rate muscle mitochondria muscle myoglobin
muscle fiber diameter
In the training method "train low, compete high," the high and low refer to intensity altitude muscle glycogen energy mileage
muscle glycogen
Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by slowing the rate of decrease of creatine phosphate altering the rate at which oxygen leaves the hemoglobin reducing the concentration of free H+ decreasing the rate at which H+ leave the muscle
reducing the concentration of free H+
Which of the following is not an antioxidant nutrient? vitamin C carotenoids flavonoids polyphenols riboflavin
riboflavin
Which of the following will help iron absorption? vitamin C alcohol caffeine copper myoglobin
vitamin C
A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with weakening of bones. iodine iron vitamin D biotin vitamin K
vitamin D
Anemia is not likely to be caused by a deficiency of iron folic acid vitamin B12 vitamin C vitamin D
vitamin D