Nutrition Test Unit 7

Acid-base balance

maintaining the proper hydrogen concentration of body fluids

phenylketonuria (PKU)

metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency metabolizing the blood, thus causing mental retardation and seizures

Complementary combinations

mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein

Food intolerance

negative physical reactions to eating a food that don't involve the immune system

Amino acids

nitrogen containing chemical units that comprise proteins

Edema

accumulation of fluid in tissues

Urea

waste product of amino acid metabolism

DNA

water molecule that has the instructions for making proteins

Know how the body builds proteins

1. Stomach- proteins undergo partial digestion by pepsin 2. Small intestine- further digestion occurs as the pancreas and intestinal cells secrete protein-splitting enzymes. 3. Small intestine cells- final digestion occurs at the absorptive cells with the release of enzymes from microvilli. 4. Liver- after being absorbed, amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the vein. 5. Rectum- very little dietary protein is excreted in feces.

Digestive process of proteins

1. begins in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid causes proteins to unfold, so pepsin, an enzyme, break aparts the peptide bonds between two amino acids. large protein chains break down into shorter polypeptide chains of several amino acids. 2. When the shortened polypeptide chains enter the small intestine, the pancreas and absorptive cells secrete protein-splitting enzymes called proteases that digest polypeptides into individual amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides. 3. Enzymes within the border of absorptive cells digest the simple polypeptides into amino acids

5 functions of protein

1. building tissue 2. producing enzymes 3. creates DNA and cells 4. creates hormones 5. provide energy

Know what a chain of protein is called and how it is made

A chain of proteins is called an amino acid, which can connect to another amino acid by a peptide bond

Know what the body does with proteins after digestion

After being absorbed the amino acids enter the large vein (portal vein) that takes absorbed nutrients to the liver. The liver keeps some amino acids for its needs and releases the rest into the general circulation.

how to calculate how much protein a person needs for a normal protein intake diet and a high protein intake diet. Be able to convert the protein in grams to calories

Divide your weight in pounds by 2.2 to obtain your weight in kilograms. Multiply your weight in kg by 0.8 to obtain your weight in grams

Essential Amino Acids

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

sickle cell anemia a. type of disease b. type of cells affected c. what changes occur in these cells d. the amino acid which gets replaced, and the amino acid replacing it

a. auto-immune and genetic; auto immune system does nothing b. red blood cells c. become sickle shaped d. valine replaces glutamic acid

Non essential Amino Acids

alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine.

Essential amino acids

amino acids the body can't make or can't make enough to meet its needs

Polypeptides

chains of two or more amino acids

Peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

Celiac Disease

chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune response in the small intestine to the protein gluten

Protein- energy malnutrition(PEM)

condition that affects people whose diets lack adequate amounts of protein and energy

High quality protein

contains all essential amino acids; well digested and absorbed by your body; Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products

Nonessential amino acids

group of amino acids that the body can make

Sulfites

group of sulfur-containing compounds in foods and often added to wines, potatoes, and shrimp and preservative

Low quality protein

lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids; digestive tract doesn't digest sources of low-quality protein as efficiently

Proteins

large, complex organic nutrients made up of amino acids

Legumes

plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds.

Protein folding

process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape making it able to perform its biological function

gluconeogenesis

process by which glucose ismade from non-carb nutrients, such as amino acids

High-quality(complete) protein

protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person

Low-quality (incomplete) protein

protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

Antibodies

proteins that help prevent and fight infection

Pepsin

stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides

three fates of lipids

stored in fat cells, energy, structure