NUTRITION UNIT 1

In the large intestine, __ liter of fluid material is gradually reduced to ___ g of brown fecal material.

1, 200

Approx __ tsp of chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine every ___ seconds

1, 30

Important messages at ChooseMyPlate.gov are based on three recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines: (3)

1. BALANCE KILOCALORIES (enjoy your food, but eat less; Avoid oversized portions) 2. INCREASE THE FOLLOWING FOODS: (make half your plate fruits and veggies, make at least half of your grains whole grains, switch to fat-free milk or low-fat (1%) milk. 3. REDUCE THE FOLLOWING FOODS: (Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, and frozen meals - and choose the foods with lower numbers. Drink water instead of sugary drinks)

What 4 major goals is the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010 divided into?

1. Balance kcals to manage weight 2. Reduce these foods and food components (sodium, saturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, Trans fatty acids, solid fats and added sugars, foods with refined grains, alcohol) 3. Increase these foods and nutrients: (fruits and veggies, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk products, variety of protein foods, seafood, protein foods low in saturated fat, oils to replace solid fats, foods with more potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin D) 4. Build healthy eating patterns (Select an eating pattern that meets nutrient needs over time at an appropriate kilocalorie level. Account for all foods and beverages consumed. Follow food safety recommendations)

The FDA mandates that all claims on labels follow strict guidelines. Currently three types of health claims are allowed. (3).

1. NUTRIENT CONTENT CLAIMS (claims on a food label that describe the level or amount of a nutrient in the food) (terms such as FREE, HIGH, REDUCED, or LITE are examples of nutrient content claims) 2. HEALTH CLAIMS 3.STRUCTURE/FUNCTION CLAIMS

There are more than _____ taste buds in the mouth.

10,000

Manufacturers spend ___- ____ billion annually on food advertising.

10-15

Major minerals (need at least ___mg/day) Found in amounts of at least ___ g in the body. TRACE minerals need less than ___ mg/day. Found in amounts of less than __ g in the body

100, 5, 100, 5

The intestinal matter passes through the large intestine (Entire GI tract) in __-___ hours, depending on the person's health, age diet, and fiber intake

12-70

DRIs recommend a minimum of ___g/day

130

Along with the weight gain have come higher rates of type __ diabetes, particularly among children, and increased rates of heart disease, cancer, and stroke

2

COMPARISON OF STARCH, FIBER, AND GLYCOGEN

2 types of polysaccharides in starch are amylose (straight chain) and amylopectin (branched). dietary FIBER: nondigestible and most is in the form of cellulose. GLYCOGEN: more branched than amylopectin, storage form of glucose in animals

Based on a 2000 kcal diet, Food is considered high in nutrient if DV is ___% or more. Food is considered a good source if DV is between __-___% Food is considered low in nutrient if DV is less than ___%

20, 10-20, 5

Omega __-anti inflammatory fatty acids Omega __-pro inflammatory fatty acids

3, 6

Americans, especially working women, spend less than ____ min preparing a meal, including cleanup

30

Texture affects likelihood of enjoying foods. ___% of adults dislike foods that are slippery.

30

Sugar accounts ___% of carb intake. Fat intake is about ___% of our diet. ____% take a vitamin or mineral supplement per day. __ % never eat meals as a family.

30, 33, 40, 50

Over ___ % of American adults and __ % of children are obese. This is regardless of their gender, age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, or geographical region.

35, 17

Gylycogenolysis occurs ___ hours after a meal.

4

There are __ kcal per gram of carb __ kcal per gram of protein __ kcal per gram of fat (lipid) __ kcal per gram of alcohol (nonnutrient)

4, 4, 9, 7

The more people who are present at a meal, the more the individual is likely to eat. Meal size increases by over ___%

40

MyPlate recommends: __ servings of grain/day __ servings of veggies/day __ servings of dairy/day __ servings fruit/day

6,3,3,2

The body wants to keep blood glucose between ___mg/dl and ___mg/dl. Two hormones responsible for maintaining this level

70, 100. Insulin and glucagon

Fat soluble vitamins (stored in the body)

A,D,E,K

The RDA or __ (not both), the ____, and the ___ are used to assess the quality of meals

AI, AMDR, UL

The process of moving nutrients from the GI tract into the circulatory system

Absorption

Ensure that intake of nutrients is adequate and proportionate to physiological needs. Carb: __-__% of daily kcals Fats: __-__% of daily kcals Proteins: __-__ % of daily kcals

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. 45-65;20-35; 10-35

Functions of Protein (5)

Act as enzymes, play a role in the immune system, participate as neurotransmitters, primary source of tissues in muscle, bones, and skin, contribute the basic building blocks (amino acids) that are used to synthesize, grow, and maintain tissue

Estimate based on the judgement of the FNB members. Next best scientific estimate of the amount of a nutrient that groups of similar individuals should consume to maintain good health. Set without having established RDAs. Only ESTIMATION for nutrient's adequacy in infants

Adequate Intake (AI)

A nonnutrient source of energy is

Alcohol

Which is easier to digest? Amylose or Amylopectin

Amylopectin

Straight chain of polysaccharides found in starch; ___% of starch is this. Branched chains of polysaccharides found in starch; __% of starch is this

Amylose, Amylopectin

____ data measures body size or body composition

Anthropometric

The __ is the opening of the rectum, or end of the GI tract

Anus

There are 3 types of health claims:

Authorized health claims, Health claims based on authoritative statements, and Qualified health claims

Once food has been adequately chewed and moistened, the tongue rolls it into a ____ and it enters the pharynx to be swallowed. After the food leaves the mouth, it enters the esophagus.

BOLUS

_____ ridden food = unhealthy food

Bacteria

____ is the dietary principle of providing all of the essential nutrients to maintain health and prevent disease.

Balance

Generally caused by swallowing amounts of air. Usually happens as a result of eating too fast, drinking carbonated beverages, or anxiety. Can also occur without any act of swallowing

Belching

____ are the body's primary energy source. They supply GLUCOSE. Primary source of energy for several body cell types (rbc's and brain cells)

CARBS

Energy-yielding nutrients (3) are:

Carb, Lipids, Protein

Causes the small intestinal villi to flatten out, causing nutrient malabsorption

Celiac disease: an issue of absorption

Can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body's requirements and to support health

Nonessential nutrients

____ ____ is the measurement of the nutrients in a food compared to the kilocalorie content.

Nutrient Density

The excretion of undigested and unabsorbed food through the feces

Elimination

What are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.

Endocrine function: releases hormones to maintain blood glucose levels Exocrine function: secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

____ is the capacity to do work

Energy

___ ___ is the measurement of kilocalories compared with the weight (grams) of the food.

Energy density

____ are produced and secreted by the cells lining the stomach and small intestine. They influence GI motility, stomach emptying, gallbladder contraction, intestinal absorption, and hunger

Enterogastrones

This is one of the most common cancers of the digestive tract. Sufferers are typically males over age 50 living in urban areas who smoke and drink heavily. Treatment can include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

Esophageal cancer

Must be consumed from food. Cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and to support health.

Essential Nutrients

Amount of daily energy needed to maintain a healthy body and meet energy needs based on AGE, GENDER, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, ACTIVITY LEVEL. No DRI has been set for energy intake. Individuals who consume more energy than needed will gain weight.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

What does EAR, RDA, AI, UL, and AMDR stand for

Estimated average requirement, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake, Tolerable Upper Intake Level, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

The science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish the body and affect body functions and overall health.

Nutrition

Area on the food label that provides a list of specific nutrients obtained in one serving of the food. Serving size must be listed both by weight in grams and common household measures.

Nutrition Facts Panel

Digestive enzymes and their action in the stomach? (2)

Pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin, begins the hydrolysis of polypeptides (protein). Gastric Lipase begins digestion of lipids (lipid).

____ are nonnutritive plant chemicals that can be added to foods to reduce your risk of developing certain diseases

Phytochemicals

_____ is the relationship of one entity to another. Vegetables and fruits should be consumed in higher proportion than dairy and proteins in the diet.

Proportionality

Contain nitrogen and some contain sulfur in addition to C, H, O

Protein

Nutrients that participate in Growth, Maintenance, Support, or Structure

Protein, Fats, Water, Vitamin, Mineral. EVERYTHING EXCEPT CARBS

4/6 nutrients are organic. What are they

Protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, lipids

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone ALL ____ blood glucose

RAISE

Recommendation for each nutrient that should meet the needs of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) of the individuals in a specific gender and age group. Higher than the EAR. Not available for all nutrients. For nutrients with no RDA, Adequate Intake (AI) can provide an alternative guideline.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Claims on the label that describe the role of a nutrient of dietary compound that is proposed to influence the structure or function of the human body. Dietary supplements that use structure/function claims must display a disclaimer on the label stating that the FDA did not evaluate the claim and that the dietary supplement is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease." These claims are the weakest.

STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONCLAIMS

Dissolves small food particles. Contains the enzyme amylase, which begins to break down carbohydrate. In adults no other chemical digestion takes place in the mouth

Saliva

Digestive enzymes and their action in salivary glands? (1)

Salivary Amylase Action: begins digestion of starch (carb)

___ is propelled through the large intestine until it reaches the rectum, the 8-inch portion of the large intestine.

Stool

most common disaccharide. found naturally in sugar cane and sugar beets

Sucrose (table sugar)

THe role of the nervous system in digestion. Lets you know when you need to eat and drink, and when to stop. _____ nerves communicate changes in the GI tract and stimulate motility. ____ nerves receive the message from the extrinsic nerves and respond by stimulating the release of digestive juices. ____: signals that you have eaten or are full.

Extrinsic, Intrinsic, peptide YY

Food Labels are strictly regulated by the ___

FDA

Individual nutrients serve unique roles in the body (3)

Supply energy, Regulate metabolism, and Provide structure

____ is the most important consideration in food choices.

Taste

Assessing Nutritional Status of a Population Group. Large-scale collection of dietary intake info is needed. Usually conducted through national surveys. (3)

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), The Framingham Heart Study

three conditions must be present for enzymes to work

The compatible enzyme and nutrient must both be present. pH must fall within a certain range. Temp of environment must be optimal

sweetest of natural sugars. Found abundantly in fruits.

Fructose

________ is a campaign designed to promote eating a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables

Fruits and Veggies - More matters

____ foods are foods that may provide additional health benefits beyond the basic nutrient value.

Functional

____ ____ is a type of fiber that has been extracted or isolated from a plant or manufactured by the food industry, and has been shown to have health benefits

Functional Fiber

Galactose and fructose: (2) Glucose: (3)

GALACTOSE AND FRUCTOSE: Used by the liver for energy. Converted to GLUCOSE. GLUCOSE : Used for energy. Converted to glycogen through glycogenesis. Converted to glycerol and fatty acids for storage in adipocytes.

commonly occurs as part of the dissaccharide lactose. Rarely found on its own

Galactose

Diagnosed most frequently in women and older Americans. Obesity and rapid weight loss are contributing factors.

Gallbladder Disease

Types of hormones: ____: Stimulates HCl production and the release of gastric enzymes ____: Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to the small intestine; pH is raised ____ : Stimulates the pancreas to release lipase and the gallbladder to release bile; slows down gastric motility _____: inhibits gastric motility and stomach secretions

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastric inhibitory peptide

____ (Stomach flu) is the inflammation of the stomach or intestines. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping. Treat symptoms through rest, rehydration, and eating soft foods.

Gastroenteritis

The hormone ____ stimulates hunger

Ghrelin

Most abundant carbohydrate. Preferred source of energy for the blood, brain, and nervous system

Glucose

Storage form of glucose in animals. Stored in liver and muscle

Glycogen

MyPlate is split into five sections:

Grains, Fruits, Vegetable, Protein, and Dairy (oils are an important part of the diet but are not considered a food group)

areas of the body that show signs of malnutrition: (6)

Hair, skin, eyes, fingernails, tongue, and lips

A person's state of nutrition is defined as (4)

Healthy, malnourish, undernourished, or overnourished

What are the 4 leading causes of death in the US?

Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes, Stroke

____ (also known as indigestion or acid reflux). The lower esophageal sphincter doesn't close properly, allowing HCl from the stomach to flow into the esophagus. Chronic heartburn and stomach acid reflux are typical of ____ ____ disease

Heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Common anthropometric measures:

Height, weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, growth chart, body composition

Swelling of the veins of the rectum and anus

Hemorrhoids

A blood glucose level that is too low (usually below 70 mg/dl)

Hypoglycemia

Nutrients the body needs in large amounts (4). Essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts (2)

Macronutrients (Fat, Carb, Protein, Water) Micronutrients (Vitamins, minerals)

Least common disaccharide. Formed from digestion of starches.

Maltose

____ digestion: Breaking down food through chewing, grinding, squeezing, and moving food through the GI tract by peristalsis and segmentation ____ digestion: Breaking down food through enzymatic rxns

Mechanical, Chemical

____ assist in body processes and are essential to the structure of hard and soft tissues like bone and RBC's

Minerals

_____ is the dietary principle of consuming reasonable but not excessive amounts or foods and nutrients

Moderation

The ____ food guidance system and the ___ ___ help implement the DRI recommendations for the purpose of selecting and comparing specific foods. These resources help consumers Decide what foods to buy and help plan a varied, moderate, and balanced diet

MyPlate, Daily Values

____ is a visual depiction of the recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Online components provide personalized diet plans based on the latest nutrition and health recommendations from the (2)

MyPlate; Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report; DRIs

Highest amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily. Consumption above this level increases risk of toxicity. Not all nutrients have ULs.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

The process of moving absorbed nutrients throughout the body through the circulatory and lymph systems

Transport

Make up the majority of lipids we eat. Found in margarine, butter, oils, and animal products, Source of energy during rest and sleep, Storage form for excess energy (Adipose tissue beneath the skin and around several organs)

Triglycerides

Usually begins in childhood or early adulthood. __-__ % of diabetics. Immune system destroys ___ cells of the pancreas. No insulin produced.

Type I, 5-10, beta

A chronic inflammation of the large intestine, resulting in ulcers in the lining of the colon. tends to run in families. Afflicts both men and women, beg btwn the ages of 15 and 30

Ulcerative colitis

A sore or erosion in the lining of the lower region of the stomach or upper part of the duodenum. (more common in the duodenum than stomach) ____ ___, a bacterium, is often involved in the creation of ulcers.

Ulcers, Helicobacter pylori

____: a state of inadequate nutrition whereby a person's nutrient and/or energy needs aren't met through diet. ____: the state of consuming an excess of nutrients and/or energy ____: the long-term consequence of consuming too many or too little nutrients or energy

Undernutrition, Overnutrition, Malnutrition

What are the two sphincters in the esophagus and their function?

Upper esophageal sphincter: Allows the bolus of food to enter the esophagus Lower esophageal sphincter (LES): allows the bolus of food to enter the stomach. The LES relaxes after swallowing to allow the bolus to enter the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from returning to the esophagus.

____ is the dietary principle of including a mixture of different food groups and foods within each group

Variety

Do not provide energy. Involved in numerous key functions in the body (metabolism regulation)

Vitamins and Minerals

____ is the most abundant nutrient found in foods and in the body.

Water

_____ are naturally occurring chemicals found in animal foods that have health-enhancing properties such as strong antioxidant benefits

Zoochemicals

The chemical composition of carb: lipid: Protein: Vitamin: Minerals: Water:

carb, lipid, protein, and vitamins all have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins have nitrogen in addition. Some vitamins contain nitrogen. Water contains hydrogen and water. Minerals contain single elements.

Animal foods do not contain any _____ by the time we consume them

carbohydrates

It must contain ____ to be organic

carbon

A genetic disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when foods containing gluten are consumed

celiac disease

Vitamins function as _____-- they help enzymes catalyze reactions in the body.

coenzymes

The Gall bladder receives bile from the liver via the ___ ____ duct. Concentrates bile. Releases bile into small intestine via ____ ____ duct.

common hepatic, common bile

Dissaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together through a process called ____.

condensation?

Nonessential nutrients can become essential under some circumstances. These are called _____ essential nutrients.

conditionally

Fiber helps prevent (3)

diabetes, heart disease, cancer

The small intestine consists of three segments (3). how long are they? ____ and ___ digestion take place in the small intestine. The surface of the small intestine is lined with ___, which help maximize absorption. The contact time in the small intestine is __-___ hours, depending on the food eaten

duodenum: 10 inches long jejunum: 8 ft long Ileum: 12 ft long mechanical, chemical, villi, 3-10

Water soluble vitamins (not stored in the body/need to be consumed DAILY)

eight B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

The ___ and ___ systems work together to coordinate digestion, absorption, and excretion of waste products

endocrine, nervous

Digestion is also controlled by the ___ nervous system, a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the GI tract, pancreas, and gallbladder.

enteric

The ___ nerves monitor stomach contractions after eating and the secretions of the cells in the GI tract.

enteric

Chemical digestion is aided by digestive ___. Regulated by ___. Completed by the time the food reaches the ____

enzymes, hormones, large intestine

Unused energy is stored predominantly as ___. Using more energy than is consumed results in fat breakdown.

fat

Without bile, can't digest ___.

fat

Nutritional genomics studies the relationship between ____, ____, and ____.

gene expression, nutrition, and health

____: Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. ____: triglycerides in adipose tissue

glycogenesis, lipogenesis

Each energy-yielding nutrient provides a set number of kilocalories per ____.

gram

Fruits and veggies should make up ___ of the plate

half

Chyme enters the large intestine through the ___ valve. Large intestine has 3 segments (3). Site of water, Na, K, and Cl absorption. Bacteria produce vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, and vitamin B12. Only (2 can be absorbed)

ileocecal, cecum, colon, rectum, vitamin K and biotin.

Minerals and water do not contain carbon and are classified as ____ compounds

inorganic

What is the role of the epiglottis

it makes sure food doesn't get into the trachea

Fluid absorption occurs in the ____

large intestine

The majority of nutrients have been absorbed when chyme enters the ____

large intestine

Carbs prevent Ketosis, an excess number of ketone bodies in the blood. Not good for ___,___, or ___

liver, brain, body

Health benefits of Soluble fiber and examples.

lowers cholesterol, lowers blood glucose, appetite control EXAMPLES: pectins, mucilages, beta-glucans

Insulin : ____ blood glucose levels Glucagon: ____ blood glucose levels

lowers, increases

Fat-soluble nutrients ar absorbed into the ____ system.

lymphatic

Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream or ___ system. Water soluble nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular system through the hepatic portal vein to the ____. Water soluble nutrients include: (3)

lymphatic, liver, carbs, amino acids, and water-soluble vitamins

Digestion begins in the ____

mouth

Foods also contain non-nutrient compounds such as (3)

nondigestible fiber, phytochemicals or zoochemicals, chemicals added by food manufacturers

insulin and glucagon are both secreted from the ____

pancreas

The same mechanisms used in the small intestine are also used in the large intestine. Water: ___ Sodium: ___

passive diffusion, active transport

Food is propelled through the GI tract by strong muscular contractions. Two primary contractions are:

peristalsis - squeezes food forward through the GI tract Segmentation: shifts food back and forth along the GI tract in the intestines and adds chemical secretions.

Phyto: Zoo:

plant, animal

Common symptoms of elevated blood sugar include (3) ____: uncontrollable thirst ____: Excessive urination ____: Strong desire to eat

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

After carbs are digested to monosaccharides. Absorbed through the intestinal cell mucosa. then transported to the liver via the ____ vein. Metabolic needs direct fate of the monosaccharides.

portal

____ is impaired glucose tolerance. Fasting blood sugar between ___ mg/dl and ___mg/dl...high risk of developing diabetes and heart disease

prediabetes, 100, 126,

Nutrients that regulate body processes

protein, fat, water, vitamin, mineral. EVERYTHING EXCEPT CARBS

Americans eat too much (4). They eat too little ____.

protein, sugar, sodium, saturated fat.; fiber and some vitamins (esp A and E) and minerals (esp calcium)

The ___ sphincter is the gateway for chyme to enter the small intestine from the stomach

pyloric

Fermented fiber produces ____. (fiber is a type of carb)

short chain fatty acids

Most digestion occurs in the ___

small intestine

Plants store glucose in chains of ___

starch

Six food groups in the exchange system

starch, fruit, milk, veggies, meat, fat

There are no carb-digesting enzymes in the ____.

stomach (the acidity inactivates amylase)

The ___ mixes food with various gastric juices to chemically break it down into smaller pieces. ___ digestion occurs in the stomach as the muscles of the stomach mix, churn, and push the contents with gastric juices.

stomach, mechanical

Simple carbs are perceived as ___ than complex carbs

sweeter

Diet planning tool used to create meal plans based on the macronutrient content and total kilocalories of foods. Groups foods together based on carb, protein, and fat content. Provides specific portion sizes for each food so each food in the group provides a similar amount of kilocalories per exchange. Useful tool to control kilocalories, protein, and fat intake

the Exchange System

Hormones regulate digestion by controlling (3)

the release of gastric and pancreatic secretions, peristalsis, and enzyme activity

There is no DV for (3)

trans fat, sugar, protein

The only function of the esophagus is to ____

transport food and fluids to the stomach

Lipids include a group of compounds: (4)

triglycerides (fats), oils, phospholipids, and sterols that are insoluble in water

Overweight individuals frequently develop this form of diabetes. __-___ percent of diabetics

type 2, 90-95

The large intestine absorbs ___ and ___

water, some nutrients

is sugar and starch a carb?

yes

____ is the semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

Chyme

The third leading cause of cancer death. One of the most curable cancers if detected early. Begins with polyps on the lining of the colon that are often small, benign, and can be surgically removed.

Colon cancer

Infrequent passage of dry, hardened stools. Often due to insufficient fiber or water intake.

Constipation

Similar to ulcerative colitis, but ulcers can occur throughout the GI tract. there is no known cause or cure. Treatment includes drug therapy and possibly surgery.

Crohn's disease

a medical condition in which an individual doesn't have enough insulin or is resistant to the effects of insulin, which results in a rise in blood glucose levels.

Diabetes

The passage of watery, loose stools more than three times a day. can lead to dehydration and potentially death, particularly in children and the elderly. Treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement

Diarrhea

Developed to improve nutritional quality and reduce incidence of overnutrition and its associated health problems for Americans. Nutritional goals for Americans established by scientists. Updated every five years bye the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The most current nutrition and physical activity recommendations for good health. Designed to help individuals aged 2 and over improve the quality of diet and lower the risk of chronic disease and unhealthy conditions

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010

Reference values for nutrients developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

The process of breaking down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

Digestion

Starting point for determining other values. Amount of a nutrient projected to meet the needs of 50 percent of healthy Americans by age and gender. Requirements are based on a measurement that indicates whether the individual is at risk of a deficiency.

EAR

The DRIs cover five reference values: (5)

EAR, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR

Nutrients that provide energy.

Fat, Carb, Protein

Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals cause (4)

Fatigue, Stunted Growth, Weak bones, and organ damage

Six categories of nutrients (6)

Fats (lipids) Carbohydrates Protein Vitamins Minerals Water

Most forms are nondigestible polysaccharides; provide no energy

Fiber

Intestinal gas, which needs to be released 10 t0 20 times a day. Caused by: Foods high in fiber and starch, Eating quickly, Drinking carbonated beverages, Lack of exercise, and smoking

Flatulence

Obtaining dietary intake and diet history data is an important aspect of nutrition assessment. Tools to collect dietary intake data include (3)

Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), food records, or 24-hr dietary recalls

____ ___ ____ are graphics used to summarize guidelines to healthy eating.

Food guidance systems

How serious is celiac disease? How is the diagnosis made?

Increased risk for osteoporosis, diminished growth, seizures. Diagnosis is made with a blood test and tissue biopsy of the small intestine

Health benefits of Insoluble fiber and examples

Increases stool bulk, relieves constipation. EXAMPLES: Cellulose, lignins, some hemicelluloses

Changes in colon rhythm.those with this disorder experience an overresponse to colon stimuli, resulting in alternating patterns of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain

Irritable bowel syndrome

Amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius

Kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie

A major player in digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients. Is essential in carbohydrate metabolism, produces proteins, manufactures bile salts that are used to digest fats, is the site of alcohol metabolism, removes and degrades toxins and excess hormones.

LIVER

Scientists can use diff types of studies to test a hypothesis. (3)

Lab experiment, Observation or experimental research, or epidemiological research

Disaccharide found in dairy products

Lactose

Inability to digest lactose due to low levels of the enzyme is ___ When symptoms of lactose maldigestion result in nausea, cramps, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea

Lactose maldigestion. Lactose intolerance

Accessory organs include (4)

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands