Nutrition Unit 2

influence

Not only are people genetically different, they also have different lifestyles, and they typically recall or report dietary information and follow instructions concerning health care practices differently. These and other factors can ___________ the results of nutrition research involving human subjects.

cause and effect

Population studies involving people and their eating practices generally cannot establish ________ ____ _______ that is, whether a practice is responsible for an outcome.

press/speech

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of the ________ and freedom of ________. As a result, people can provide nutrition information that's not true. Thus, the First Amendment doesn't protect consumers with freedom from nutrition misinformation or false nutrition claims.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The U.S. _________ _________ _________ ______ (____) can regulate nutrition- and health-related claims on product labels, but the agency cannot prevent the spread of health and nutrition misinformation published in books or pamphlets or presented in television or radio programs.

federal trade commission (FTC)

The _________ ________ _________ (____) enforces U.S. consumer protection laws and investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims that are used in advertising.

legally protected

The titles "registered dietitian" and "registered dietitian nutritionist" are ________ _________, so people cannot refer to themselves as RDs or RDNs without having the proper certification.

www.eatright.org

You can locate registered dietitians by contacting your local dietetic association or visiting the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics website at _______________

www.quackwatch.org

You can visit ____________________ and submit an "Ask a Question" e-mail requesting information about a person's credentials.

placebos

________________ are not simply "sugar pills"; they are a fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure.

testimonial

a personal endorsement of a product. People are usually paid to provide them therefore, their remarks might be biased in favor of the product.

scientific sounding terms

be wary of ________ ________ _______ such as "enzymatic therapy," "nutritionals," or "colloidal chelated extract" • Such vague or meaningless terms are false or misleading • Designed to convince people without science backgrounds

nutrition experts

be wary of ________ ________ because of: Educational background? • Quackery • Degree in nutrition from an accredited institution? • Professional experience?

salespeople

be wary of ______________ because of: Favorable biases • Lack of scientific training • Commission based

sensational reporting

• Quick reports to get your attention -Consumers often feel confused and disappointed over conflicting findings. -Results in consumers thinking that nutrition scientists are unreliable.

testimonials and anecdotes

"I lost 50 pounds in 30 days using this product," or "I rubbed this vitamin E-containing lotion on my scar and it disappeared in days."

money back guarantee

"No risk. Just return the partially empty container and pay only shipping and handling," or "You have nothing to lose!" (redflag)

overlooking risks

"Our all-natural supplement boosts your metabolism naturally so it won't harm your body."

quick and easy

"Our product helps you lose weight fast, without exercising or dieting." (redflag)

single study

"Research conducted at our private health facility proves coffee enemas can cure cancer." (redflag)

disclaimer

"Results may vary," "Results not typical," (redflag)

scare tactics

"Your liver is loaded with toxins and needs cleansing" and "There are chemicals in your food!" (redflag)

influential factors of study differences

- Genetics, behavior, environment, and lifestyle

registered dietitian (RD)

A _______ ________is a college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics. Dietetics is the application of nutrition and food information to treat many health-related conditions

billions

According to the FTC, Americans spend _________ of dollars annually on fraudulently marketed and unproven health-related products and treatments that are often useless

surveys

Additionally, they may collect information about a specific population's health and food-related practices by conducting __________.

experiment

An ____________ is a way of testing a scientific question

be skeptical

Don't believe everything you hear or read about nutrition, including nutrition-related products or services. Ask questions about the information's source. Why should you believe and trust the source? Ask questions about the source's motives for promoting the information. Radio or TV programs that promote nutrition information as facts may actually be advertisements for profitable nutrition-related products or services.

framingham heart study

Findings from the _________ _________ ________ identified numerous risk factors for heart disease, including high blood cholesterol levels and cigarette smoking

red flags

For consumers of nutrition information, ______ ______ are clues or signals of misinformation in media, advertising, and personal communications

physical examinations

For decades, nutrition scientists have noted differences in rates of chronic diseases and causes of death among various populations. To understand why these differences exist, researchers rely on __________ __________, such as height and weight measurements, of large numbers of people to obtain health data.

biases

However, the funding sources of scientific research may have certain expectations or __________ about research outcomes. As a result, such groups are more likely to finance studies of scientists whose research efforts support their interests.

placebo effect

If a patient believes a medical treatment will improve his or her health, the patient is more likely to report positive results for the therapy. Such wishful thinking is called the ___________ ___________

.org

Relies primarily on sites that are sponsored by groups of qualified health professionals. In general, websites sponsored by nationally recognized health organizations (____) such as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (www.eatright_____) and nonprofit organizations such as the American Cancer Society (www.cancer_____) and National Osteoporosis Foundation (www.nof______) are reliable sources of nutrition information

scientific method

Scientists generally use the _______ _______ to answer questions about natural and physical observations

anecdotes

reports of personal experiences

analyze info

step five of the scientific method

collect info

step four of the scientific method

observe

step one of the scientific method

conclusion

step six of the scientific method

test

step three of the scientific method

form a question

step two of the scientific method

double blind study

the researchers and subjects don't know which participants are assigned to the treatment and control groups.

control group

• Group being studied that does not receive the treatment

treatment group

• Group being studied that receives treatment

popular magazine

More colorful, attractive covers and photographs; Articles that are shorter and easier for the average person to read Advertisements for products mentioned in articles.

genetic susceptibility

Multiple risk factors, including your ________ ________ (inherited proneness) to develop the disease, usually influence whether you'll develop a chronic disease

single blind study

If the investigators who interview the participants are aware of their individual group assignments during the study _______ _______ ________, they may convey clues to each subject.