Nutrition Unit 3

What age group is most at risk for developing the female athlete triad?

14-20 year olds

How many calories are in a pound?

3,500

Provide a definition, a description of the typical characteristics, health risks, and psychosocial issues for anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is self starvation; in which preoccupation with dieting and thinness leads to excessive weight loss. Anorexia is often times used as an aspect of your life that you can control. People with anorexia tend to deny that they have an eating disorder. Anorexic behaviors are preoccupations with body weight or shape upon self evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight; self induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or others; fasting; excessive exercise.

Know the danger zone temperature range.

This range of temperature is dangerous because it's below the temperature at which heat destroys bacteria (above 140°F), yet above the cooling range (below 40°F) where the growth of bacteria is slowed.

What type of body fat is most dangerous for developing chronic disease?

Visceral fat

What predicts health better, BMI or body fat percent?

BMI is a useful measure to estimate health risk based on the concept that a person's weight should be proportional to height, however, BMI doesn't measure body fat percent. BMI varies greatly by race, and it doesn't deal with body fat distribution, or muscle mass. BMI is not an acceptable way to access your body composition as an athlete, whats important for an athlete is the body fat percent. Body fat percent is a better predicted of illness. When body fat percent increases your LDL and cholesterol also increase. Carbohydrate and sugar are the main culprit for excess body fat. Increase in body fat inhibits certain parts of your immune system, and sometimes over activates other parts of your immune system.

Provide a definition, a description of the typical characteristics, health risks, and psychosocial issues for binge eating disorder.

Binge eating disorder is ingesting an unusually large amount of food very fast while feeling out of control over the eating episode.

Provide a definition, a description of the typical characteristics, health risks, and psychosocial issues for bulimia nervosa.

Bulimia nervosa is the recurrent episodes of binge eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time with a distinct sense of lack of control. Bulimia is when you feel a lack of control over your eating. Eating disorders affect every aspect of your life. Bulimic behaviors are preoccupations with body weight or shape upon self evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight; self induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or others; fasting; excessive exercise.

What's the relationship between obesity, cortisol, and immune function?

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid (steroid hormone), is produced from cholesterol in the two adrenal glands located on top of each kidney. It is normally released in response to events and circumstances such as waking up in the morning, exercising, and acute stress. Cortisol's far-reaching, systemic effects play many roles in the body's effort to carry out its processes and maintain homeostasis.Of interest to the dietetics community, cortisol also plays an important role in human nutrition. It regulates energy by selecting the right type and amount of substrate (carbohydrate, fat, or protein) the body needs to meet the physiological demands placed on it. When chronically elevated, cortisol can have deleterious effects on weight, immune function, and chronic disease risk.

Discuss several factors that may contribute to a person developing an eating disorder: such as media, genetics, biology, environmental, and family environment.

Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): -Eating specific genetic risk -Anthropometry and body weight -Appetite regulation -Energy metabolism -Gender Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): -Temperament -Impulsivity -Neurobiology -Gender Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): -Poor body image -Maladaptive eating attitudes -Maladaptive weight beliefs -Specific values or meanings assigned to food and body -Overvaluation of appearance Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): -Poor self image -Inadequate coping mechanisms -Self regulation problems -Unresolved conflicts, deficits, posttraumatic reactions -Identity problems -Autonomy problems Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): -Identifications with body concerned relatives, or peers -Aversive mealtime experience -Trauma affecting bodily experience Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): -Overprotection -Neglect -Felt rejection, criticism -Traumata -Object relationships (interpersonal experience) Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): -Maladaptive family attitudes to eating and weight -Peer group weight concerns -Pressures to be thin -Body relevant insults and teasing -Specific pressures to control weight (through ballet, athletic, pursuits) -Maladaptive cultural values assigned to body Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): -Family dysfunction -Aversive peer experiences -Social values detrimental to stable, positive self image -Values assigned to gender -Social isolation -Poor support network -Impediments to means of self definition

What is the female athlete triad?

Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which eating disorders (or low energy availability), amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present.

How is inflammation related to obesity?

First, inflammation has been shown to precede the development of diabesity. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines predict future weight gain, and infusion of inflammatory cytokines into healthy, normal weight mice causes insulin resistance. Second, inflammation begins in the FAT CELLS themselves. Fat cells are the first to be affected by the development of obesity. As fat mass expands, inflammation increases. Third, inflammation of the fat tissue causes insulin resistance, which is the primary feature of T2DM. TNF-α, a cytokine (small PROTEIN) released during the inflammatory response, has been repeatedly shown to CAUSE insulin resistance. Fourth, inflammation of the brain (specifically the hypothalamus) causes leptin resistance, which often precedes and accompanies insulin resistance and T2DM. Finally, inflammation of the gut causes leptin and insulin resistance.

Define food infection.

Food that contains pathogenic microorganisms

Define food intoxication.

Food that contains toxins secreted from microorganisms

What sports are at the highest risk of female athlete triad?

Gymnastics, figure skating, ballet, and diving. (cross-country can be a triad but it generally has to do with the coach).

What are the chronic health conditions related to obesity?

Hyperlipidemia, stroke, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, infectious illness, poor wound healing, heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, psychosocial disorders, dyslipidemia, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, depression, and infertility.

Define food borne illness.

It's an illness transmitted by food or water contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms that have toxic secretions.

What is percent body fat correlated with?

It's correlated with blood pressure, cholesterol (LDL, TSC and TSC/HDL ratio) altered glucose metabolism, white blood cell count (and differential), and altered immune function.

What is the significance of leptin? When is leptin released? How is leptin related to obesity?

Leptin acts to reduce food intake and cause decrease in body weight and body fat. A gene called the ob gene (obesity gene) codes for the production of leptin. Those found to have a genetic mutation in the ob gene, have a reduction in the ability of adipose cells to synthesize leptin in sufficient amounts. Therefore, food intake increases dramatically, energy output is reduced, and weight gain occurs. The amount of leptin released is directly related to the amount of body fat a person has. Leptin is produced by adipocytes - through the hypothalamus, it signals satietion after a meal.

What does starvation do to basal metabolic rate? Why?

The adaptive response to starvation involves a series of metabolic alterations that enhance the chance for survival by increasing the use of body fat as a fuel, sparing the use of glucose, minimizing body nitrogen losses, and decreasing energy expenditure.

Which macronutrient, when consumed in excess contributes the most to obesity?

A common complication of unbalanced intake of macronutrients is diabetes, a metabolic disorder whereby the body cannot regulate blood glucose levels properly.

What three disorders make up the female athlete triad?

The Female Athlete Triad is defined as the combination of the three distinct, but interrelated conditions of disordered eating, amenorrhea (menstral dysfunction), and osteoporosis, which are associated with athletic training in females.

Discuss appetite, hunger, and satiety as it relates to weight loss and gain.

Satiety is a state that is reached when there is no longer a desire to eat. Some people may have an insufficient satiety mechanism, which prevents them from feeling full after a meal, allowing them to overeat.

What are some strategies for weight gain?

To gain weight, people must eat more energy than they expend. Some ways to gain weight include: -Eating a diet that includes about 500-1,000 kcal/day more than is needed to maintain present body weight. -Eat frequently, including meals and numerous snacks throughout the day. -Avoid the use of tobacco products since they depress appetite and increase metabolic rate, and both of these effects oppose weight gain. -Exercise regularly and incorporate weight lifting or some other form of resistance training into your exercise routine. This form of exercise is most effective in increasing muscle mass.