Nutrition Unit 4

How many calories does alcohol provide?

7 kcal/gram

NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen is what process?

Electron transport

True or False. The body can make glucose from fatty acids.

False

True or False. The electron transport chain takes place in the cytosol.

False

True or False. The kidney is the major organ that regulates metabolism.

False

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in...

Krebs cycle

Before protein becomes an energy source, the..... must be removed from the molecule.

NH3

When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the .....pathway.

alcohol dehydrogenase

Transamination is the process by which ________.

amino groups are transferred from a donor to an acceptor

A condition of self-induced semi-starvation is called...

anorexia nervosa

The body's total daily energy expenditure includes...

basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity.

For most adults, the greatest portion of their energy expenditure is for...

basal metabolism

The major goal for weight reduction in the treatment of obesity is the loss of...

body fat

The ratio of body weight to height is represented as...

body mass index.

In the body, excess amino acids are...

burned as fuel or stored as fat.

Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include lower rates of...

cardiovascular disease.

A fad diet for weight loss... a. can result in quick weight loss. b. usually fails because habits are not changed. c. may be nutritionally inadequate. d. All of these choices are correct.

d. All of these choices are correct.

A sound program for weight reduction should include... a. control of total energy intake. b. increased physical activity. c. modification of food habits. d. All of these choices are correct.

d. All of these choices are correct.

Detrimental effects of excessive alcohol consumption include higher rates of... a. high blood pressure and stroke. b. cancers of the mouth and throat. c. liver disease and liver failure. d. All of these responses are correct.

d. All of these responses are correct.

The symptoms of acetaldehyde buildup during alcohol metabolism include... a. flushing of the skin b. rapid heartbeat c. hyperventilation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Metabolism is regulated by... a. hormones such as insulin. b. the presence and activity of enzymes. c. adenosine triphosphate levels in the individual cells. d. all of these choices are correct.

d. all of these choices are correct.

Binge drinking on college campuses is associated with... a. academic problems. b. auto accidents. c. sexual abuse. d. all of these responses are correct.

d. all of these responses are correct.

The process of simply losing an amine group from amino acids is called...

deamination

Amino acids (or parts of their carbon skeletons) that can be converted to pyruvate or enter the citric acid cycle directly are called...

glucogenic amino acids.

Women absorb 30-35% more ethanol directly from the stomach than men because women...

have lower amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the cells lining the stomach.

The set-point theory proposes that...

humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat.

When energy output is less than energy input, body weight...

increases

A weight-reduction program can be considered successful only when the weight loss...

is maintained.

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy...

is stored as fat in adipose tissue

When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of..... is important because it ensures a continuous supply of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).

lactate

The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the...

liver

When a compound is oxidized it..... one or more electrons.

loses

Compared to men, the basal metabolic rate of women is...

lower

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as...

metabolism

Glycolysis is a process involving...

reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate

During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes...

reduced to water (H2O).

When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more adenosine triphosphate needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to...

triglycerides

True or False. Losing weight is easier than keeping it off

true

Alcoholism is associated with all of the following except...

type I diabetes mellitus

Moderate drinking is most accurately defined as...

up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men.

When the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is oxidized for energy, the amino group is removed and sent to the liver to produce ________.

urea

The risk of developing a problem with alcohol is higher in those...

with a biological parent with alcohol problems

The alcohol content of a 100-proof tequila is...

50%

A standard drink is defined as...

12 ounces of regular beer

An alcoholic beverage with 20 grams of alcohol provides..... kcal from alcohol.

140

A standard drink contains.....grams of alcohol.

15

Under anaerobic conditions, how many net adenosine triphosphate molecules are synthesized from one glucose molecule?

2

About how many calories are in one pound of fat?

3500

A blood alcohol level of.....is defined as legal intoxication in New York state.

0.08

The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway of alcohol metabolism converts ethanol into...

acetyl coenzyme A

The energy currency the body uses is...

adenosine triphosphate

True or False. Alcohol requires no digestion.

True

True or False. Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds.

True

True or False. Because alcohol cannot be stored in the body, it has priority in metabolism over other energy sources.

True

True or False. Environmental factors are important influences on what we eat.

True

True or False. The part of our energy expenditure that we have direct control over is voluntary physical activity.

True

True or False. When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity, blood alcohol levels increase and symptoms of intoxication develop.

True

Hunger can be defined as...

a physiological drive to find and eat food.

In fatty acid synthesis, the "starting" molecule is...

acetyl coenzyme A

Ketone bodies are produced from...

acetyl coenzyme A

If oxygen is present, metabolism is considered to be...

aerobic

Fasting or starvation accelerates... a. ketone body production. b. body protein breakdown. c. body fat breakdown. d. gluconeogenesis. e. all of these choices are correct

e. all of these choices are correct

Beta-oxidation is the process by which...

fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-coenzyme A

The recommendation for alcohol consumption during pregnancy is...

no alcohol at all.

A body mass index of 20 represents...

no apparent health risk

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A...

occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...

picks up and delivers electrons/hydrogens to acceptor molecules

The common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids is...

the citric acid cycle