Nutritional Foodservice Tech

According to the FDA, which would would have the most glutamate per serving?

1 cup of tomato juice

What are the dietary guidelines regarding use of vitamin supplements?

1. Consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods and beverages. 2. Meet recommended nutrient intakes within energy needs 3. If you over age 50, consume vitamin V-12 in its crystalline form, which is found in fortified foods or supplements. 4. If you are a woman of childbearing age who may become pregnant, eat foods high in heme-iron and.or consume iron-rich plant foods or iron-fortified foods with an iron-absorption enhancer, such as foods high in vitamin C. 5. If you are an older adult, have dark skin, or are exposed to insufficient ultraviolet band radiation (such as sunlight), consume extra Vitamin D from vitamin D-fortified foods and/or supplements.

Why buy Vitamins?

1. For certain health problems 2. If you eat a vegetarian or vegan diet 3. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Food Use of Probiotics

A probiotic must be alive when administered A probiotic must have undergone controlled evaluation to document health benefits in the target host A probiotic must be a taxonomically defined microbe or combination of microbes (genus, species, and strain level) A probiotic must be safe for its intended use

Ensuring the Safety and Accurate Labeling of Dietary Supplements

Although dietary supplement manufacturers must register their facilities with FDA, they are not required to get FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Manufacturers and distributors must make sure that all claims and information on the product label and in other labeling are truthful and not misleading.

Are dietary supplements different from foods and drugs?

Although supplements are regulated by the FDA as foods, they are regulated differently from other foods and drugs. Whether a product is classified as a dietary supplement, conventional food, or drug is based on its intended use. Classification as a dietary supplement is determined by the information that the manufacturer provides on the product label or in accompanying literature, although many food and supplement product labels do no include this info.

What is a Dietary Supplement?

As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became law in 1994, a dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that is intended to supplement the diet, contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other botanicals, amino acids, and other substances) or their constituents, is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid, and is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.

What are probiotics?

Bacteria that help maintain the natural balance of organisms (Microflora) in the intestines. The normal human digestive tract contains 400 types of probiotic bacteria that reduce the growth of harmful bacteria and promote a healthy digestive system. Are available as dietary supplements. Probiotics can be used to treat problems in the stomach and intestines.

What is CFU?

Colony Forming Units Probiotics are measured in CFU, which is the measure of live microbes in a probiotic. CFU amount should be the same as that shown to be effective in clinical studies. More CFUs does not necessarily mean better.

Functional Food

Defined by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietics as whole foods, along with fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet consumed on a regular basis at effective levels. There is no definition of functional foods accepted universally.

USDA

Does not maintain data on the international use of GE crops.

Which of the following agencies are required to approve genetically engineered crops in the US?

FDA EPA USDA

What are the distinct differences between our food labeling laws?

FDA approval is not needed for the claims made under the supplement act, although companies are supposed to be truthful and should be able to substantiate their research findings. In the case of supplements, more emphasis should be placed on finding a reliable manufacturer. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, the dietary manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking acting against any unsafe dietary supplement products after it reaches the market. This means that the FDA has to prove that the supplement is harmful. DSHEA put the responsibility of proving harm on the FDA, instead of the other way around, the company proving safety. (It is a buyer beware situation)

The Dietary Supplement Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients. FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than those covering "conventional" foods and drug products. Under the Act of 1994, Manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or misbranded. That means that these firms are responsible for evaluation the safety and labeling of their products before marketing to ensure that they meet all the requirements of DSHEA and FDA regulations.

Monosodium Glutamate

Found naturally in our foods and is not considered an allergen by the FDA

How many adults take a dietary supplement in the past month as well as a vitamin mineral supplement?

From National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 52% of adults reported taking a dietary supplement in the past month and 35% said they took a vitamin mineral supplement. Dietary supplement sales were 23.7 billion dollars in 2007 and multivitamin sales grew in 2007 to 4.5 billion.

Why is it unlikely that allergens will be introduced through genetic engineering of plants?

GE traits are examined by FDA and EPA. Laboratory tests indicate that GE foods are generally as nutritious as food from comparable traditionally bred plants/

What information is required on a dietary supplement label?

General Info: Name of the product, Net quantity of contents, Name and place of business of manufacturer, packer, or distributor, Directions for use. Supplement Facts panel: Serving size, list of dietary ingredients, amount per serving size (by weight), percent of Daily Value, if the dietary ingredient in botanical, the scientific name, if the dietary ingredient is a proprietary blend Other Ingredients: Nondietary ingredients such as fillers, artificial colors, sweeteners, flavors, or binders, listed by weight in descending order of predominance and by common name or proprietary blend.

Does the FDA regulate the term "Probiotics"?

In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations - not the FDA - defined probiotics as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. So far the FDA has approved no specific health claims for probiotics. In 2007, the FDA enacted regulations requiring dietary supplements to be produced in a quality manner, to be free of contaminants or impurities, and to be accurately labeled. Many probiotic researchers are hoping these regulations will improve the quality of probiotic supplements in the U.S.

Which entity defined the word probiotics?

In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations - not the FDA -- defined "probiotics" as "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."

Good Manufacturing Practices

In 2007, the FDA issues this for dietary supplements, a set of requirements and expectations by which dietary supplements must be manufactured, prepared, and stored to ensure quality. Manufacturers are now expected to guarantee the identity, purity, strength, and composition of their dietary supplements. They aim to prevent the inclusion of the wrong ingredients, the addition of too much or too little of a dietary ingredients, the possibility of contamination, and the improper packaging and labeling of a product.

What is a new dietary ingredient?

It is a dietary ingredient that was not sold in the United States in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires specific safety information from a manufacturer intending to market a dietary supplement containing a new dietary ingredient.

Does a label indicate the quality of a dietary supplement product?

It is difficult to determine the quality of a dietary supplement product from its label. The degree of quality control depends on the manufacturer, the supplier, and others in the production process.

Herbal Supplements

One type of dietary supplement. An herb is a plant or plant part (such as leaves, flowers, or seeds) that is used for its flavor, scent, and/or potential health-related properties. "botanical" is often used as a synonym for herb. And herbal supplement may contain a single herb or mixtures of herbs. The law requires that all of the herbs be listed on the product label.

Are probiotics safe for everyone?

People who are acutely ill or who have a compromised immune system should be cautious about consuming probiotic products and supplements.

Use of Probiotics in the U.S.

Probiotics are available as dietary supplements (including capsules, tablets, and powders) and in dairy foods (such as yogurt and live active cultures) Probiotics are also being used for preventing tooth decay and for preventing or treating other oral health problems such as gingivitis and periodontitis.

Are probiotics regulated?

Probiotics are regulated as foods, not drugs.

Submission of a new GE Plant

Requires to provide comparisons of nutrient levels on the application.

What foods can I find them in?

Some prebiotics occur naturally in foods such as leek, asparagus, chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, garlic, artichoke, onion, wheat, and oat, as well as soybean. It would take a large quantity of these foods for their active oligosaccharides to exert a useful prebiotic effect. A more realistic method involves fortifying popular foodstuffs with defined amounts of prebiotics. You will find that prebiotic compounds are added to many foods including yogurts, cereals, breads, biscuits, milk desserts, nutritional supplement bars, ice-creams, spreads, drinks, waters, infant formula, as well as to some animal foods.

Are dietary supplements standardized?

Standardization is a process that manufacturers may use to ensure batch-to-batch consistency of their products. In some cases, standardization involves identifying specific chemicals (known as markers) that can be used to manufacture a consistent product. This process can also provide a measure of quality control. Dietary supplements are not required to be standardized in the United States.

Do different strains of probiotics provide different benefits?

Studies have shown different strains of probiotics to provide different benefits. Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. This strain helps modulate some aspects of the immune system in older people (it's sold as an ingredient for dairy and supplement products). Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC55730 (available in BioGaia Gut Health products). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) (in Danimals drinkable yogurt and Culturelle capsules). Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (in DanActive products). Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (available in Yo-Plus yogurt, LiveActive cheese). Use this uncooked for best results.

History of probiotics

The concept behind probiotics was introduced in the early 20th century, when Nobel Laureate Elie Metchnikoff, known as the "father of probiotics proposed The Prolongation of Life that ingesting microorganism could have substantial health benefits for humans. Microorganism are invisible to the naked eye and exist virtually everywhere. Scientists continued to investigate the concept, and the term "probiotics" meaning "for life" came into use.

Which prebiotics are in the marketplace?

The most tested prebiotics are directed towards bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The most widely accepted prebiotics are FOS and GOS.

Enrichment

This term is used to describe the replacement of specific nutrients that were removed during the milling of flour; riboflavin, niacin, folic acids, thiamin, and iron.

The DRis recommend a maximal 25% of energy from added sugars, while the World Health Organization recommends no more than 10% of energy come from added sugars to ensure maximal nutrient intake.

True.

Vitamins

Vitamins are essential nutrients that contribute to a healthy life. Although most people get all the vitamins they need from the foods they eat, millions of people worldwide take supplemental vitamins as part of their health regimen.

When is an ingredient NOT a prebiotic?

When it is degraded by stomach acid or human/animal processes in the gut. When it is fermented but not selectively so. To be selectively fermented, only a small number of beneficial bacteria should ferment the prebiotic - not a large number of microbes with ill-defined health effects. When it has only been tested in the lab, or in animals, and not in humans. When it is not adequately defined chemically and may contain impurities that are not part of its prebiotic properties. When it is not administered in sufficient amount to confer a measurable benefit. Many food ingredients are being touted as prebiotics when in reality they are not.

How many of the amino acids are reported to possess their own flavors?

20

What makes a good prebiotic?

3 criteria are required for a prebiotic effect: !. Resistance of the prebiotic to degradation by stomach acid, mammalian enzymes or hydrolysis 2. Fermentation (breakdown, metabolism) of the prebiotic by intestinal microbes 3. Selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut. Safety of an ingredient is a must and good sensory properties desirable. Good prebiotics are stable under heat and when dried, and can be stored at room temperature for months.

Which strains of probiotics should an individual look for?

Bifidobacterium lactic HN019: This strain helps modulate some aspects of the immune system in older people (it's sold as an ingredient for dairy and supplement products) Lactobacillus reuteri (BioGaia Health Products) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (in Danimals drinkable yogurt and Culturelle capsules) Lactobacillus casei (in DanActive products) Bifiodobacterium lactic Bb-12 (available in Yo-Plus yogurt, LiveActive Cheese)

Are prebiotics dietary fiber?

Both fiber and prebiotics are typically non-digestible carbohydrates, and both are typically fermented by gut bacteria. However, a prebiotic differs from fiber in that it needs to be selectively used in the gut - by only beneficial members of the gut microbial community. Historically, prebiotics are tied more closely to the probiotic concept than the fiber one. But some manufacturers refer to prebiotics as fiber, because the latter is more familiar to consumers.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, what are the nutrients for which low dietary intake may be a cause of concern?

Calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamins A (as cartenoids, C, and E (for adults) Vitamin E, Vitamin B-12, iron, folic acid, and vitamin D

A frozen dessert states it contains cellulose. Which of the following nutrients is it most likely replacing?

Carbohydrate

Why look for products with prebiotics?

Certain prebiotics, when used in adequate amounts, have been shown to provide health benefits, including improved digestive function and intestinal environment, positive modulation of immunity and metabolism, improved lipid metabolism and improved absorption of dietary minerals. Prebiotics can complement probiotic functions.

What can a stool used in processed foods assist to lower?

Cholesterol

What is the savory flavor identified as the fifth primary taste imparted by? And, is referred to as by?

Glutamate, Umami

Pellagra

In the early 1900s, pellagra was found in epidemic proportions in the southern United States due to a lack of niacin in the diet.

Rules of the DSHEA

In using developing the label, health claims and nutrient claims are governed the same, however, structure function claims do not need FDA preapproval. Companies are supposed to be truthful in their claims and must submit their label claims for structure.function claims 30 days after the product is marketed. It must contain a disclaimer that says it was NOT evaluated by FDA. Companies introducing new ingredients that are not vitamins or minerals (considered safe from longtime use) must notify FDA and provide substantial evidence that the ingredients are safe. Another issue is that on the market, FDA has to prove that they are harmful to be removed. This lead to problems with some harmful products being sold and the reporting and policing on these products was weak. The Federal Trade Commission regulates claims made by advertisers.

What bulking agent, fat, and sugar replacer is extracted from chickory root?

Inulin

Sucralose

Is an example of a heat stable non-nutritive sweetener.

Glutamate

Is not listed separately on the label.

What is the largest group of probiotic bacteria in the intestine?

Lactic Acid Bacteria, of which Lactobacillus acidophilus, found in yogurt with live cultures, is the best known. Yeast is also a probiotic substance.

What are the 2 types of probiotics that are commonly used in the United States?

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium - there are many specific types of bacteria within each of these two broad groups, and health benefits associated with one type may NOT hold true for others.

What can the careful application of umami flavorings for for food products?

Lower sodium levels

This product contains concentrated stanol esters to help lower a person's LDL levels. (LDL is a blood component that is measured to assess heart health).

Margarine

What type of food are prebiotics a component of?

Prebiotics cannot be degraded by stomach acid, must not be destroyed by our enzymes, and must offer a benefit to the host. This often means it is a component of food such as resistant starch (non-digestible carbohydrate) or fiber.

Are probiotic supplements worthwhile?

Probiotics can be effective when consumed either in food or pill form. Supplements can be more convenient for some people and may provide higher levels of probiotic.

What are Prebiotics?

Selectively fermented, dietary ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefit(s) upon host health. Unlike probiotics, a prebiotic targets the microbiota already present within the ecosystem, acting as a food for the target microbes with beneficial consequences for host.

Probiotic Labeling

Strain: What probiotic is inside? CFU: (Colony Forming Units) How many microorganisms are in each serving? When does it expire? Packaging should ensure an effective level of live bacteria through the "best by" or expiration date. Suggested Serving Size: How much do I take? Health Benefits: What can this product do for me? Proper Storage Conditions: Where do I keep it to ensure maximum survival of the probiotic? Corporate contact information: Who makes this product? Where do I go for more information?

Traditional Breeding

Techniques that are considered to be agricultural biotechnology

What did the FDA establish in June 2007?

The FDA established dietary supplement "current Good manufacturing Practice" regulations requiring that manufacturers evaluate their products through testing identity, purity, strength, and composition.

ISAPP

The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics - a non-profit, scientific organization dedicated to advancing the science of probiotics and prebiotics through convening scientific conferences which enhance networking in the field, publishing peer-reviewed reviews on current topics relevant to probiotic and prebiotic science. communicating to regulatory bodies and providing collaborative reaction to relevant current events.

What are the food labeling laws?

The Nutrition Labeling Education Act The Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (our supplement labeling law)

Fortification

The addition of nutrients that were not there to increase a food nutrient value. The first fortified food product was the addition of iodide to salt to decrease the incidence of goiter and cretinism.

What should I look for on the label of a food containing probiotics?

The full probiotic name, including the genus, species, and the strain. The strain used in the product How much of the probiotic each serving of the product contains. The research that suggested a health benefit from the probiotic in question, and the amount of probiotic that was used in the research.

What claims can manufacturers make for dietary supplements and drugs?

The label of a dietary supplement or food product may contain one of three claims: a Health Claim: describes a relationship between a food, food component or dietary supplement ingredient, and reducing risk of a disease or health-related condition. Nutrient content claim: describes the relative amount of a nutrient or dietary substance in a product. A structure/function claim is a statement describing how a product may affect the organs or systems of the body and it can not mention any specific disease. These claims do not require FDA approval but the manufacturer must provide FDA with the text of the claim within 30 days of putting the product on the market. Product labels containing such claims must also include a disclaimer that reads: "This statement has not be evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent, any disease."

What is the largest group of probiotic in the intestine?

The largest group of probiotic bacteria in the intestine is lactic acid bacteria, of which Lactobacillus acidophilus, found in yogurt with live cultures, is the best known.

How many types of bacteria does the normal digestive tract contain?

The normal human digestive tract contains about 400 types of probiotic bacteria that reduce the growth of harmful bacteria and promote a healthy digestive system.

Functional Foods

The term functional foods is defined as whole foods along with fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels based on significant standards of evidence. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics supports FDA approved health claims on food labels when based on rigorous scientific substantiation.

Vitamin Types

There are 13 vitamins that the body absolutely needs: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, panthothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate)

What are Probiotics used for?

To prevent diarrhea, gas, and cramping caused by antibiotics. Antibiotics kill good bacteria along with the bacteria that cause illness. A decrease in beneficial bacteria may lead to digestive problems. Help prevent infections in the digestive tract. Help control immune response (inflammation), as in inflammatory bowel disease

How are vitamins regulated?

Vitamins are regulated by FDA as "Dietary supplements." The law defines dietary supplements, in part, as products taken by mouth that contain a "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the diet. Listed in the "dietary ingredients" category are not only vitamins, but minerals, botanicals products, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, microbial probiotics, and metabolites. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 requires that all such products be labeled as dietary supplements.

What are the 2 categories of vitamins?

Water-soluble vitamins: easily absorbed by the body, which does not store large amounts. The kidneys remove those vitamins are that are not needed. Fat-soluble vitamins: absorbed into the body with use of bile acids, which are fluids used to absorb fat. The body stores these for use as needed.

Has the FDA enacted regulation with regard to quality manufacturing for probiotics?

Yes. In 2007, the FDA enacted regulations requiring dietary supplements to be produced in a quality manner, to be free of contaminants or impurities, and to be accurately labeled. Many probiotic researchers are hoping these regulations will improve the quality of probiotic supplements in the United States