nutrution

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

- persons without the disease or condition under investigation - persons with the disease or condition under investigation

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of

-poor diets -lack of proper nutrition

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Observational epidemiological research includes

Case-control studies Cohort studies

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

Correlation

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

Epidemiology.

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices

experimental

The second step in the scientific method is developing a(n)

hypothesis or hypotheses

f an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be

inaccurate questionable

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

looking for references to research articles reading peer-reviewed journals

What is the first step of the scientific method?

observation of a natural phenomenon

A retrospective study examines the ____ whereas a prospective study examines the ____

past, future

Which of the following are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers?

presented in peer-reviewed journals presented at professional nutrition conferences

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information

reading peer-reviewed journals looking for references to research articles

A member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the method.

scientific method.

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

southern US

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals.

subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published critical review by other subject-matter experts

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

test tube studies

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______.

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

n vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the group.

treatment

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals.

true

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.

true

A is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome

variable

A(n) ______ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome

variable

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question)

NHANES

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?

Promises of a quick fix

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

Prospective

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

Read product labels carefully. Avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients. Examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim. Apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims.

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

Recommendations that promise a quick fix Claims that sound too good to be true Recommendations based on a single study

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n) . These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

Testimonial.

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method

Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion A procedure designed to discover reproducible results Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome

Which statement is true about testimonials

They are often biased in favor of a product.

A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study.

True

The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

True

A(n) ______________ is a report of personal experiences

anecdote

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests.

bias

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

bias, biases, or personal bias

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect.

cannot

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish __

causation

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

The science of nutrition is

constantly evolving

A group of people that serve as subjects in an experiment but do not receive a treatment is called a(n) ______ group.

control

A group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and group.

control

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the ______ group.

control

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the group.

control

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

control group and treatment group

A ______ is a relationship between two variables.

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient diseases.

deficiency

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet.

It is easier to

disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called

epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research.

epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ___

epidemiology

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed studies.

epidemiology

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n

experiment