OB exam 2

Joan categorizes her employee Celia as a high performer. As a result, Joan is likely to __________

focus more on information related to Celia's high performance, and disregard information reflecting her low performance.

Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that

gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day

__________ have a learning style where they tend to focus on the logical soundness and preciseness of ideas rather than the ideas' practical values.

Assimilators

Which psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification?

B.F. Skinner

__________ refers to the extent to which people can be counted on to get things done.

Conscientiousness

Which of the following is NOT a recommended coping strategy for stress?

Discontinuing an exercise program

__________ is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his or her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences him or her to apply additional discretionary effort to his or her work

Employee engagement

Which of the following statements describes variable work schedules?

Employees grow resentful and powerless as a result of variable work schedules.

Why are flexible reward systems becoming an increasingly popular form of compensation systems?

Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them.

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions refers to being talkative and energetic?

Extroversion

Receiving a $10 bonus for every fifth sale is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed-interval

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following is NOT a principle of equity theory?

Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.

Which term refers to the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information?

General mental ability

Which of the following is an example of a job design technique?

Job enlargement

__________ reflects a tendency to perceive vague or contradictory information as a threat.

Low tolerance for ambiguity

An employee who just used an employee assistance program to deal with a personal legal issue might feel a moral obligation to stay with the employer, at least for a few years. This person would be classified by which of the following types of commitment?

Normative

An individual coping strategy to deal with workplace stress includes

all of these are correct

Bullying costs employers through which of the following?

all of these are correct

Engagement is enhanced when employees

all of these are correct

Individuals who are targeted by bullies sometimes suffer from which of the following?

all of these are correct

People who are __________ tend to be more likely to be bullied.

all of these are correct

What term refers to an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotions?

emotional intelligence

The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following assumptions EXCEPT

employees are motivated only by money.

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently upheld a decision regarding pay secrecy that states that

employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries.

Quality circles are an example of organizational attempts at

empowerment

Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and

enviornment

In which stage of the GAS do people typically experience feelings of no longer being able to cope with the stressor?

exhaustion

Deciding to no longer laugh at a coworker's inappropriate jokes, to encourage him to stop telling those types of jokes, is an example of

extinction

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence would be most important for people in which of the following jobs?

firefighters

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.

fixed-interval

Ending an employee's workday shortly after lunch on Friday because that individual reported to work early that day is an example of

flextime

Goal setting can be motivating, especially if the individual employee

helps to set the goals.

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that

high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

The following statements are key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory EXCEPT

high profits for stockholders.

Medical, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress are primarily

individual consequences.

Which of Gardner's multiple intelligences refers to self-awareness?

intrapersonal

Burnout

is most frequently found among high achievers.

According to the Myers-Briggs inventory, __________ people are adaptable, spontaneous, and curious.

perceiving

Goal specificity is consistently related to

performance

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This is an example of the __________ expectancy.

performance-to-outcome

When a person's abilities and the demands of the job are a good match, it is referred to as

person-job fit.

A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a ____ organizational stressor.

physical demand

All of the following describe characteristics of employee benefits EXCEPT

providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries.

Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions EXCEPT

renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers.

According to the human relations approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.

the illusion of self-direction

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,

the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.

Interpersonal value conflict occurs when

two different people hold contradictory values.

Marcia is a hard worker who is ambitious and competitive. She is showing

type A personality

People who are relaxed and easygoing are said to have what personality type?

type B

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome?

valence

Intrinsic work values are defined as

values related to the work itself

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

variable-interval

Which of the following statements explains why 360-degree feedback is highly beneficial to managers?

It gives managers a much wider range of feedback than traditional performance appraisals do.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about continuous reinforcement?

It is not considered to be effective.

Which of the following is NOT stated in the GAS model?

Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress.

Telecommuting is an example of an organization using

alternative workplaces

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,

further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will not be effective.

According to Herzberg, __________ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction.

motivation

Job design can be used as a technique to increase employee

motivation

Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off-site, usually at home, is called

none of these are correct

Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals

once a year

People with the learning style of __________ tend to work in research and planning units.

assimilators

According to David McClelland, the desire for human companionship is called a need for

affiliation

According to the goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of

all of these are correct

The extent to which personality attributes are inherited from our parents or shaped by our environment is referred to as __________.

the nature versus nurture argument

__________ bullying victims report the abusive behavior and seek formal resolution.

very few

According to equity theory, people

want to be treated fairly.

Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment?

Job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers.

Which of the following statements describes the "Big Five" personality traits?

The "Big Five" personality traits are dimensions that represent fundamental personality traits.

Stress is defined as

a physical or psychological stimulus that an individual responds to.

One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that

attitudes are more changeable than personality attributes.

How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements is called

attribution

If all students in a particular course receive high grades, it is an example of __________

consensus

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.

continuous

Which of the following terms refers to evaluating a person's characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics?

contrast effect

People with the learning style of __________exhibit an inferior ability in interpersonal learning settings.

convergers

Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity and

goal difficulty.

Participation occurs when employees

have a voice in decisions about their own work.

The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT

it is ineffective for training purposes.

Herzberg's two-factor, dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that

job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in a behavior, rather than an alternative behavior.

motivation

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called

negative reinforcement.

According to the Myers-Briggs inventory, __________ value fairness and decide things impersonally based on objective criteria and logic.

thinkers

Which of the following is a purpose of an organizational reward system?

all of these are correct

Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?

all of these are correct

Which of the following methods can be used to enhance individual performance at work?

all of these are correct

Based on the descriptions in the Myers-Briggs inventory, the motto of __________ would be "ready, fire, aim."

an extrovert

George believes he was promoted and given a raise based upon his hard work on the job. George has

an internal locus of control.

John has satisfied his basic physiological needs, and he is also very social and has many friends. He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career. John's activities are explained by which component of Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG) theory?

Satisfaction-progression

__________ is the process of screening out information that contradicts one's beliefs.

Selective perception

Logical-mathematical intelligence is most important for people in which of the following jobs?

Statisticians

What is the primary use of performance appraisal information?

To provide job performance feedback

Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?

Two-factor theory

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with

a lot of interpersonal contact.

The Hierarchy of Needs was developed by which of the following theorists?

Abraham Maslow

Being tolerant of ambiguity is related to which of the following?

All of these are correct

What term refers to the manner in which individuals process and organize information during learning?

Information processing capacity

Which of the following refers to employees' perceptions of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair?

Organizational fairness

A successful MBO program starts with top managers establishing which of the following?

Overall organizational goals

What term refers to the fit between an individual and her coworkers and supervisor?

Person-group fit

What term refers to the fit between an individual's values, beliefs, attitudes, and personality and the values, norms, and culture of the organization?

Person-organization fit

Which of the following are two types of affectivity?

Positive and negative

An organization's compensation structure should

be equitable and consistent.

Task demands that are too low can cause a person to

become bored

The ERG theory of relatedness needs parallel __________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

belongingness and esteem

A company is open for business from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., five days a week, and it wants to hire two people to fill one forty-hour-per-week position at the company. Which of the following best describes an alternative work schedule that could suit this organization's circumstances?

job sharing

The courts and Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines have mandated that performance measurements be based on

job-related criteria.

A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to

keep things the way they are.

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called

learning

Highly Machiavellian people are __________ ethically sensitive compared to lower Machiavellian people.

less

Which concept refers to the degree to which a person generally considers herself responsible for the things that happen to her?

locus of control

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following EXCEPT

locus of control.

One's confidence in the ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called

self-efficacy.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program?

shift work

If you have the ability to sense and understand how others feel, even without being told, you have the ability to

show empathy.

A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?

social comparison

Motivated behavior begins with one or more

needs

The most important issue regarding how to conduct a performance appraisal is

who does the appraisal.

Job satisfaction tends to __________ over time.

stay constant

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?

strength

All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT

strenuous labor.

When a few employees are given a small reward to show that they are appreciated, the reward carries __________ value.

symbolic

____ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work, according to the job characteristics theory.

task identity

After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him or her as below average. This is an example of

the contrast effect

Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress?

Calmly making a "to-do" list

What type of personality is characterized by someone tending to be rational and unemotional, willing to lie to attain personal goals, and placing little emphasis on loyalty and friendship?

Machiavellian

____ is behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others.

Machiavellianism

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Which of the following refers to the perceived fairness of the way the outcome was generated?

Procedural fairness

Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT

accident proneness.

According to the framework presented by David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things more efficiently is called a need for

achievement

The __________ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.

affect

__________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.

affective

An example of an intrinsic work value is

challenging work.

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by

changing his inputs.

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for college tuition, Amanda vowed to never work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer she received was as a manager at a local restaurant. If Amanda accepts the job, it may result in __________ dissonance.

cognitive

In exchange for employee contributions, an organization provides rewards such as pay and insurance benefits. These kinds of rewards are combined to create

compensation packages.

When a construction worker decides to work additional hours on a typical workday so that he can have a three-day weekend, he is likely taking advantage of a __________ program.

compressed workweek

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being good-natured and forgiving?

agreeableness

Which of the following types of value reflects one's long-term life goals?

terminal