OB first trimester pathology
Gestational age
the way in which a pregnancy can be dated on the first day of the last menstrual cycle; also referred to as menstrual age
Infundibulum
The distal segment of the fallopian tube
Decidua Basalis
The endometrial tissue at the implantation site, and the maternal contribution of the placenta
Vitelline duct
What structure connects the embryo to the yolk sac?
Yolk sac
What structures lies within the extra embryonic coelom?
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Excessive vomiting during pregnancy
Blighted ovum
(anembryonic gestation) - an abnormal pregnancy in which there is no evidence of a fetal pole or yolk sac within the gestational sac
Uterine leiomyoma
A bengin, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus; may also be referred to as a fibroid or uterine myoma
Subchorionic hemorrhage
A bleed between the endometrium and the gestational sac at the edge of the placenta
Implantation bleeding
A bleed that occurs at the time in which the conceptus implants into the decimalized endometrium
Methotrexate
A chemotherapy drug used to attack rapidly dividing cells used to attack rapidly dividing cells like those seen in an early pregnancy; this drug is often used to manage ectopic pregnancies
Turner syndrome
A chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy X
Aneuploid
A condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes
Falx cerebri
A double fold of dura mater located within midline of the brain
Bradycardia
A low heart rate
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant form of GTD is:
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in non gravid patients and males
Trophoblastic cells
The cells that surround the gestation that produce human chorionic conadotropin
Abortion
The complete expulsion or partial expulsion of the conceptus
Double decidual sign
The normal sonographic appearance of the decider capsular and decide parietals, separated by the anechoic fluid-filled uterine cavity
Chorion
The outer membrane of a gestation that surrounds the amnion and the developing embryo
Heterotopic pregnancy
coexisting ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies
Corpus luteum cyst
physiologic ovarian cyst that develops after ovulation has occurred
Preeclampsia
pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks gestation
Intrauterine contraceptive device
A reversible form of contraception that is manually placed in the uterine cavity to prevent pregnancy; also referred to as an intrauterine device
Eclampsia
A sequela of preeclampsia in which uncontrollable maternal hypertension and proteinuria lead to maternal convulsions and possibly fetal and maternal death
Anembryonic gestation
A sonographic examination was performed on a pregnancy patient who complained of vaginal bleeding. Sonographically, a crescent-shaped anechoic area is noted adjacent to the gestational sac. The gestational sac contained a 6-week single live IUP. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Invasive mole
A type of gestational trophoblastic disease in which a molar pregnancy invades into the myometrium and may also invade through the uterine wall and into the peritoneum
Trisomy 16
All of the following are associated with an abnormal NT except: Trisomy 21 Trisomy 16 Trisomy 18 Turner syndrome
Adnexal ring
All of the following are clinical features of an ectopic pregnancy except: pain Vaginal bleeding Shoulder pain Adnexal ring
Small for dates
All of the following are clinical findings consistent with a complete molar pregnancy except: Vaginal bleeding Hypertension Uterine enlargement Small for dates
low hCG
All of the following are consistent with a complete hydatidiform mole except: Heterogeneous mass within the endometrium Bilateral theca lutein cysts Hyperemesis gravidarum Low hCG
IUCD
All of the following are contributing factors for an ectopic pregnancy except: Pelvic inflammatory disease assisted reproductive therapy IUCD Advanced paternal age
Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts
All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with ectopic pregnancy except: Decidual thickening Complex free fluid within the pelvis Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts Complex adnexal mass separate from the ipsilateral ovary
Low beta-hCG
All of the following may be sonographic findings in the presence of an ectopic pregnancy except: Pseudogestational sac Corpus luteum cyst Adnexal ring Low beta-hCG
Molar pregnancy
All of the following would be associated with a lower-than-normal hCG level except: Ectopic pregnancy Molar pregnancy Blighted ovum Spontaneous abortion
Anembryonic gestation
An abnormal pregnancy in which there is no evidence of a fetal pole or yolk sac within the gestational sac; also referred to as a blighted ovum
Gestational sac
Another name for the chorionic sac is the:
Trisomy 18
Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 18; also referred to as Edwards syndrome
Trisomy 21
Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 21; also referred to as Down syndrome
Low hCG
Compared with a normal IUP, the ectopic pregnancy will have a:
Choroid plexus
During a 12-week sonogram, bilateral echogenic structures are noted within the lateral ventricles of the fetal cranium. These structures most likely represent:
Rhombencephalon
During a first-trimester sonogram, you note a round, cystic structure within the fetal head. This most likely represents the:
Limb buds
Early embryonic structures that will eventually give rise to the extremities
24 hours
Fertilization typically occurs within ________ after ovulation
Missed abortion
Fetal demise with a retained fetus
Chorionic villi
Fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decimalized endometrium and allow transfer of nutrients from the other to the fetus
Idiopathic
From an unknown origin
Multiparity
Having had several pregnancies
Multiloculated
Having more than one internal cavity
Triploid
Having three sets of each chromosome or 69 total
Chorionic cavity
In the early gestation, where is the secondary yolk sac located?
Double every 48 hours
In the first trimester, normal hCG levels will:
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes
Focal myometrial contraction
Localized, painless contractions of the myometrium in the gravid uterus that should resolve within 20 to 30 minutes
11 and 14 weeks
NT measures are typically obtained between:
Double sac sign
See term double decidual sign
Ectopic pregnancy
Sonographically, a normal-appearing 7-week IUP is identified. Within the adnexa, an ovarian cystic structure with a thick, hyperechoic rim is also discovered. What does this ovarian mass most likely represent?
Choroid plexus
Specialized cells within the ventricular system responsible for cerebrospinal fluid production
Embryo
Term given to the developing fetus before 10 weeks gestation
Nuchal translucency
The anechoic space along the posterior aspect of the fetal neck
Intradecidual sign
The appearance of a small gestational sac in the uterine cavity surrounded by the thickened echogenic endometrium
Pseudogestational Sac
The appearance of an abnormally shaped false gestational sac within the uterine cavity as a result of an ectopic pregnancy; this often corresponds with the accumulation of blood and secretions within the uterine cavity
Amniotic cavity
The cavity that contains simple-appearance amniotic fluid and the developing embryo
Zygote
The cell formed by the union of two gametes; the first stage of a fertilized ovum
Conception
The combination of a female ovum with a male sperm to produce a zygote; also referred to as fertilization
Corpus luteum of pregnancy
The corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and primarily progesterone
Embryonic demise
The death of an embryo before 10 weeks gestation
Hematopoiesis
The development of blood cells
Morula
The developmental stage of the conceptus following the zygote
Chorionic sac
The gestational sac; also see key term chorion
Hematocrit
The laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in blood
Ampulla (fallopian tube)
The longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube; area of the tube in which fertilization takes place and a common location for ectopic pregnancies to implant
Crown rump length
The measurement of the embryo/fetus from the top of the head to the rump
Mean sac diameter
The measurement of the gestational sac to obtain a gestational age; achieved by adding the measurements of the length, width, and height of the gestational sac and dividing by 3
Physiologic bowel herniation
The migration of the embryologic bowel into the base of the umbilical cord at 9 weeks is referred to as:
Ectopic pregnancy
The most common cause of pelvic pain with pregnancy is:
Hydatidiform mole
The most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease in which there is excessive growth of the placenta and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin; typically benign
Ampullary portion of the uterine tube
The most common location of an ectopic pregnancy is the:
Corpus luteum cyst
The most common pelvic mass associated with pregnancy is the:
Ampulla of the uterine tube
The most common site of fertilization is within the:
Choriocarcinoma
The most malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease with possible metastasis to the liver, lungs, and vagina
Graafian follicle
The name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation
physiologic bowel herniation
The normal developmental stage when the midgut migrates into the base of the umbilical cord
1mm per day
The normal gestational sac will grow:
Chorion frondosum
The part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta
Decidual reaction
The physiologic effect on the endometrium in the presence of a pregnancy
Adnexal ring sign
The sonographic sign that describes the appearance of an ectopic pregnancy within the fallopian tube
Extraembryonic coelom
The space between the chorionic sac and the amniotic sac that contains he secondary yolk sac; also referred to as the chorionic cavity
Chorionic cavity
The space between the chorionic sac and the amniotic sac that contains the secondary yolk sac; also referred to as the extra embryonic coelom
Miscarriage
The spontaneous end of a pregnancy before viability
Blastocyst
The stage of the conceptus that implants within the decimalized endometrium
Zygote
The structure created by the union of sperm and egg is the:
Secondary yolk sac
The structure responsible for early nutrient transfer to the embryo, the yolk sac seen during a sonographic examination of the early gestation
Vitelline duct
The structure that connects the developing embryo to the secondary yolk sac
hCG
The trophoblastic cells produce:
Amnion
The wall of the inner sac (amniotic cavity) that contains the embryo and amniotic fluid; echogenic curvilinear structure that may be seen during the first trimester within the gestational sac
hCG
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What hormone, produced by the corpus luteum, maintains the thickened endometrium?
Methotrexate
What is often used to medically treat an ectopic pregnancy?
Complete molar pregnancy
What is the most common form of GTD?
Graafian
What is the name fo the dominant follicle prior to ovulation
Blastocyst
What is the stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium
Lungs
Which of the following is the most likely metastatic location for GTD? Rectum Pancreas Spleen Lungs
Ovary
Which of the following locations for an ectopic pregnancy would be least likely?
Chorionic sac
With a normal pregnancy, the first structure noted within the decidualized endometrium is the:
Gestational trophoblastic disease
a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as a molar pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy located outside the endometrial cavity of the uterus
Fimbria
the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum
Discriminatory zone
the level of human chorionic gonadotropin beyond which an intrauterine pregnancy is consistently visible
rhombencephalon
the primary brain vesicle also referred to as the hindbrain, becomes the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and fourth ventricle
Decidual reaction
The first monographically identifiable sign of pregnancy is the:
Yolk sac
The first structure noted within the gestational sac is the:
