OBHR 330: Ch. 11 and 12 Teams

what are the characteristics of the sender in communication issues that affect communication

-status -credibility -expertise -encoding skills **female creates words faster

Triplett

the "presence of others" was first documented by this person Kids wounded their fishing line fasters in the presence of others v. when they are alone This person proposed that the presence of others releases one's competitive instinct

what is the dominant response in Zajonc Solution?

the rxn elicited most quickly and easily by a stimulus "dominant" = accessible

social loafing

the tendency for ppl to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when: -they are in the presence of others -and their individual performance cannot be evaluated

what is the possibility of error in a chain?

very high ex.) telephone

social facilitation - the presence of others puts the spotlight _____

you if being with others mean that

information richness *factor affect comm

amount and depth of information transmitted

when was triplett's "presence of others releases own's competitive instinct" abandoned

by WWII

describe the 3rd stage of the communication process?

decoding -receiver attempts to make sense of msg -most often there is a gap btw encoding and decoding

task interdependence

degree to which members rely on each other to complete a task -sharing information , materials, or resources -most common type of team interdependence in the workplace -4 categorizes

informal teams

developed naturally

describe the quality of performance varying with the type of task under the Zajonc Solution

easy task --> dominant response typically correct difficult task --> dominant response typically incorrect

decentralized network structures

flow can originate at any point and go through any members (no real structure flow)

centralized network structures

flow of info moves thru specific ppl

Ringelmann

found that individual performance output decreased when working w/ others on tasks such as pulling rope & pushing a cart

what happened when Triplett's "presence of others releases own's competitive instinct" was found inconsistent?

found that presence of others both enhanced and decreased performance

group

gathering of 2 of more individiuals

social loafing = process loss

getting less from the team than you would expect

social facilitation = process gain

getting more from the team than you would expect

teamwork processes

interpersonal activities that facilitate team's performance not directly related to the task

what is the possibility of error in a wheel ?

less **this type of network structure is more effective than the other centralized ones (chain, Y)

if being with others means that we can become less noticeable then..

less evaluation apprehension and relaxation rather than arousal

when you work on a group project what happens to your performance?

may cause individuals to relax and put less effort into the task

team composition

mix of ppl who make up a team highly related to team effectivness 5 aspects

who is the receiver in communication?

"decoder" recipient of msg

who is the sender in communication?

"encoder" originator of the message

social facilitation

(Zajonc Solution) the tendency for ppl to do better on simple tasks and worse complex tasks when: -in the presence of others and -when their individual performance can be evaluated

management team

(high level, mid level) -permanent team -primary good to organize and direct subunits -abilities of members are different (productivity, efficiency, performance)

Y (draw)

*centralized network structures that affect communication like chain but first or last link is to two member instead of one

chain (draw it)

*centralized network structures that affect communication msg originates @ the top and moves down the chain status

wheel (draw it)

*centralized network structures that affect communication two status levels one person who is in charge of comm to 4 lower status individuals

team size

*composition -not straightforward effect -large teams (12-15) better for mgmt and project teams, complex decision and tasks -small teams better for production teams and routine decision and tasks

all channel (draw it)

*decentralized network structures that affect communication any and every member can comm w/ another *msg get lose *info overload

circle (draw it)

*decentralized network structures that affect communication usually members who work closely together any member can intimate and tell another (smaller power structure)

team task roles

*member roles -behaviors that facilitate accomplishment of team tasks -includes initiator (proposes new ideas), orienter (determines direction of discussion), energizer (motivates team)

team-building roles

*member roles -behaviors that influence the quality of team's climate

decision making

*task work precess -decision resulting from team interactions

boundary spanning

*task work process -activities with individuals outside of team

creative behavior

*taskwork processes -generating novel and useful ideas and solutions

interpersonal processes

*team work process -focus on managing relationships on the team

transition processe

*team work processes -focus on preparation for future work

action processes

*team work processes -focus on task being accomplished

"Presence of others" experiments

-Triplett -Zajonc -Ringelmann

what are the 2 models of team development?

-Tuckman's Stages -Gersick's Punctuated Equilibrium

action team

-short-term team -primary goal to complete a specific task -abilities of members specific to task

tasks work processes

-activities of team members that related directly to the task -any time a team works towards completing a task

pooled interdependence

-all members of the group perform their own task, do not interact much -results of each individual totaled into one final outcome

comprehensive interdependence

-all members of the group rely on and interact w/ each other -prototypical task interdependence

individualistic roles

-behaviors that benefit individuals at expense of teams -includes blocker (acts stubbornly resistant), slacker (acts cynically or goofs off), dominator (manipulates member for power) *member roles

interdependence

-being mutually reliant on each other - reliance governs connection btw members of a group

examples of creative behavior

-brainstorming (expression of all and any ideas) -nominal group technique (brainstorming at an individual level)

what are examples of information richness

-channel selection (best face to face) -semantic problems (jargon)

describe communicator issues (factor that affect communication)

-characteristics of the sender

outcome interdependence

-degree to which members of a team share the rewards and feedback as a consequence of team performance ex.) on grade for team project -anonymity can effect how much each individual participates ex.) hybrid outcome interdependence is best

diversity

-difference in team member attributes (can be physical or attitudinal) -a lot of support for high diversity to high performance (value in diversity problem-solving approach -can decrease liking, harmony (similarity attraction theory

what are some examples factors of noise

-distance and visual cues ex.) saying you're happy while crying - cue farther you are the hardest it is to hear (distance) -crowd noise

describe noise (factor that affect communication)

-factors that interfere w/ msg transmission

member ability

-levels of cognitive, emotional, and physical ability in members of a group -these can be similiar of different across group (disjunctive tasks - highest ability matters most, (conjunctive tasks - lowest ability matters most), (additive tasks - all levels add up)

member personality

-levels of trains and cultural values in each member -3 traits matter most : agreeableness - some but not all, conscientiousness - all must be high, extraversion - some but not all

parallel team

-long term team -primary goal to advise and inform on issues -abilities of members compliment each other

goal interdependence

-member have a shared vision of the teams goal -individual goals aligned to team goal -performance maximized when goal interdependence is high

what does transition processes include?

-mission analysis (analysis of tasks, challenges, and resources available) -strategy formulation (development of action plan) -goal specification (development and prioritization of goals)

what does action processes include?

-monitoring progress toward goals -systems monitoring (keeping track of needs to accomplish work) -helping behavior (helping other team members complete the task)

surface-level diversity

-observable differences tend to disappear over team (must overcome fault lines) -similarity exists at the attitudinal/moral level

member roles

-patterns of behavior adopted based on your function or title in a group -role expectations - beliefs about your responsibilities -3 categorizes

work team

-permanent team -primary goal to produce goods and services -abilities of member similar to each other

Zajonc Solution

-presence of others increases arousal that can affect performance in different way -creates general psychological arousal -"others" - members of one's own species of conspecifics

Tuckman's Stages

-progression of 5 stages to create effective teams (these stages are in order, they cannot be skipped)

what does interpersonal processes include?

-relationship conflict -task conflict

sequential interdependence

-tasks are done in a specific order -members only interact w/ member that completed the task before them

reciprocal interdependence

-tasks are one in a specific order -members can interact w/ other members as needed

what do the difference in teams affect?

-team outcomes -efficiency

what does it mean that the 5 types of teams are mutually exclusive?

-teams can be categorized as 2 types and they can have 2 goals

communication

-transmission of information from a sender to a receiver

deep-level diversity

-unobservable differences that develop over time -can be negative if team is not educated on benefits of diversity

project team

-variable time limit -primary goal to complete one time -abilities of members specific to project

what are the 5 stages of tuckman's stages?

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

what are the 3 types of activities in boundary spanning?

1. ambassador activities (communication to protect or support team) 2. task coordinator activities (coordinate tasks w/ other teams or units) 3. scout activities (collecting info about technology, market, or other relevant factors

what are the 2 types of network structures that affect communication?

1. centralized network structures 2. decentralized network structure

what are the 3 types of centralized network structures that affect communication

1. chain 2. Y 3. wheel

what are the 2 types of decentralized network structures that affect communication

1. circle 2. all - channel

what are the 4 factors that affect communication?

1. communicator issues 2. noise 3. information richness 4. network structures

what are the 4 categorizes of task interdependence

1. comprehensive interdependence 2. pooled interdependence 3. sequential interdependence 4. reciprocal interdependence

3 processes that are important in taskwork processes

1. creative behavior 2. decision making 3. boundary spanning

what are the 3 rules of decision making?

1. decision informity (how informed team members are) 2. staff validity (degree to which members make good recommendations) 3. hierarchical sensitivity (how well leader weights each recommendation

what are the 4 processes in communication

1. encoding 2. selecting channel 3. decoding 4. sending feedback

how do teams differ?

1. how they form 2. type of interdependence 3. composition

what are the 5 aspects of team composition

1. member roles 2. member ability 3. member personality 4. diversity 5. team size

what are the two processes that affect team performance

1. social facilitation 2. social loafing

2 possible types of diversity

1. surface-level diversity 2. deep-level diversity

3 types of interdependence (linkages) within a group

1. task interdependence 2. goal interdependence 3. outcome interdependence

what are the 3 categorizes of member roles

1. team task roles 2. team-building roles 3. individualistic roles

what are the 3 processes that are important in team work processes?

1. transition processes 2. action processes 3. interpersonal processes

what are the 5 types of teams

1. work teams 2. mgmt teams 3. parallel teams 4. project teams 5. action teams

Forming

1st stage of Tuckman's Stages -immature group -roles and processes in group are unclear -high level of dependence on mgmt -members learn about each other -member learn boundaries of team

team

2 or more individuals working together towards a goal

Storming

2nd stage of Tuckman's Stages -fractionated group -group purpose is defined -members bring own ideas to team -member challenge each other -high level of conflict in team -relationships within team are not yet developed

Norming

3rd stage of tuckman's stage -sharing group -relationships are developed -decision making processes are clear -members become committed to team goals -norms and expectations of members develop -high level of cooperations

performing

4th stage of tuckman's stage -effective group -team committed to performing well -team goals are being met -member still their individual roles within team

adjourning

5th stage in tuckman's stage -disbanding group -members separate from the team -members experience anxiety and sadness

Who first documented empirically that when you are in a group your performance changes

Ringelmann

Later research findings on a variety of tasks found that this persons' theory "presence of others" was inconsistent

Triplett's "presence of others releases own's competitive instinct"

increased arousal enhances an individuals' dominant response

Zajonc Solution

Why does the presence of others lead to arousal?

Zajonc: all creatures have an innate tendency to be aroused by members of their species *Zajonc used cockroaches

gersick's punctuated equilibrium

originally developed to explain evolution of species -teams are similar -original composition drives behavior initially (phase 1) -some swift change occurs to reorganize or improve performance (transition) -stays the same until task complete or another change occurs (phase 2)

network structure **factor affect comm

pattern of comm that occurs regularly among team members

what's the smallest amount of structure when it comes to the 4 categorizes of task interdependence

pooled interdependence

formal teams

put together by organizational

if you are jogging and you are in the presence of others you usually do what?

run slight faster in the presence of others

describe the 2nd stage of communication

selecting channel it is a vehicle through which msg is sent to receiver advs and disadvs to each, must select carefully based on msg

describe the 4th stage of communication process

sending feedback -acknowledge that msg has been received and is understood