OCE 1001 Exam #4: Ch. 16

Which set of statements is correct? The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years. The greenhouse effect is a human-caused phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250,000 years. The greenhouse effect is a human-caused phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250,000 years.

A

What is ozone? a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms a molecule made up of four oxygen atoms a molecule made up of one oxygen atom a molecule made up of two oxygen atoms

A molecule made up of THREE OXYGEN atoms

How is energy transferred from Earth's surface to Earth's atmosphere? Choose all that apply. (4) through the greenhouse effect through latent heat in water vapor through conduction through convection through absorption

A, B, C, D

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? Choose all that apply. (4) Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. Earth has a satellite called the Moon, which rotates around Earth.

A, B, C, D

Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? (4) the movement of Earth's tectonic plates the amount of marine life in the oceans volcanic eruptions variations in Earth's orbit changes in solar energy

A, C, D, E

Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include (2) removing human-caused greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and disposing of them somewhere else. taking all the plastic pieces floating in the ocean and blasting them off into outer space. moving to another planet and starting over. releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases. reducing the amount of sunlight reaching Earth.

A, E

Which does NOT fit A. anthropogenic CO2 inputs B. changes in solar input C. tectonic plate movement D. variation in the Earth's orbit E. volcanic activity

A. Anthropogenic CO2 inputs

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by: absorbing surplus heat energy. trapping CO2 in sea ice. moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean. removing CO2 and sequestering CO2 above the thermocline. increasing oceanic primary productivity.

Absorbing surplus heat energy

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include: the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity). the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity). the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession). All the above are correct. None of the above is correct.

All of the above

Hazards associated with sea level rise include all the following except : increasing damage from storms. permanent inland flooding. accelerated coastal erosion. drowning of beaches. All the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

Of the following, which are examples of climate feedback loops? the shading effect from air pollution the presence of fine atmospheric particles called aerosols the role of clouds at different altitudes the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere heat uptake by the oceans

All of them

The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to __________. an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones an increased frequency of hurricanes a shallower thermocline and increased primary productivity a strengthening of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic

An increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones

Which of the following climate types is likely to experience the most warming? arid tropical rainy humid continental, cool summer humid subtropical arctic

Arctic

Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year? at the equator within 10 degrees of the North Pole within 10 degrees of the South Pole at the Tropic of Capricorn at the Tropic of Cancer

At the equator

What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun decreased and was less than the longwave radiation lost to space? Atmospheric temperature would decrease. Atmospheric temperature would increase. Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.

Atmospheric temperature would decrease

What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected at Earth's surface increased significantly? Atmospheric temperature would decrease. Atmospheric temperature would remain the same. Atmospheric temperature would increase.

Atmospheric temperature would decrease

What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of outgoing longwave radiation decreased so that it was less than incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun? Atmospheric temperature would decrease. Atmospheric temperature would remain the same. Atmospheric temperature would increase.

Atmospheric temperature would increase

What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected by clouds decreased significantly? Atmospheric temperature would decrease. Atmospheric temperature would remain the same. Atmospheric temperature would increase.

Atmospheric temperature would increase

What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun was the same as the longwave radiation lost to space? Atmospheric temperature would decrease. Atmospheric temperature would increase. Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.

Atmospheric temperature would remain the same

Of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming, which is/are true? (4) The greenhouse effect began about 200 years ago as a result of human-related activities. Global warming will likely result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will likely result in more prolonged droughts. Global warming will likely cause the oceans to boil away on Earth. Global warming will likely result in a rise in sea level due to melting glaciers and thermal expansion of warm ocean waters. Global warming will likely result in more rainfall.

B, C, E, F

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by: 0.1°C. 0.6°C. 2.0°C. 2.6°C. 4.0°C.

0.6 C

Arctic sea ice reached a historic minimum in 2012 that was approximately __________ the size of the long-term average recorded during 1979-2000. the same as three-quarters one-quarter one-half

1/2

How long is the most important eccentricity cycle for Earth's orbit? 1000 years 100,000 years 10,000 years 1 million years

100,000 years

How long is the cycle of precession for Earth's orbit? 26,000 years 260,000 years 2600 years 2,600,000 years

26,000 years

How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is scattered or reflected back to space before any heating effect is felt on Earth? 21% 69% 31% 18% 7%

31%

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by more than: 10%. 20%. 30%. 40%. 50%.

40%

How long is the cycle of obliquity for Earth's orbit? 4100 years 410,000 years 410 years 41,000 years

41,000 years

How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface? 45% 48% 25% 18% 20%

45%

Global warming is _________________. the warming of Earth's atmosphere caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity the warming of Earth's atmosphere caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to natural activity the warming of Earth's atmosphere over the past 250,000 years the warming of Earth's atmosphere due to increased incoming solar radiation

A

How does ultraviolet radiation cause ozone depletion? Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFCs, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks two oxygen atoms away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. Ultraviolet radiation creates CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks two oxygen atoms away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule. Ultraviolet radiation creates CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule.

A

How is ozone formed in the stratosphere? Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. These paired oxygen atoms bond with other paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ultraviolet radiation creates molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ultraviolet radiation creates molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. These paired oxygen atoms bond with other paired oxygen molecules to form ozone.

A

What is precession in Earth's orbit? the shape of Earth's orbit change in the orientation of Earth's axis the inclination of Earth's axis

Change in the orientation or earths axis

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. sunspots volcanic eruptions refrigerants changes in solar energy variations in Earth's orbit

Changes in solar energy

Why do farmers in poor countries often have trouble making a profit? poor-quality crops lack of knowledge cheap imports drought low levels of technology

Cheap Imports

All the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the: biosphere. atmosphere. geosphere. hydrosphere. exosphere.

Exosphere

Arctic sea ice naturally __________ during the dark, cold winters and __________ during the spring and summer. contracts; expands contracts; contracts expands; contracts expands; expands

Expands / contracts

T/F: A decrease in cloud cover due to a higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a positive-feedback loop.

False

T/F: Greenhouse gases are compounds in the Earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat.

False

T/F: Sea surface temperatures have remained unchanged during the past 50 years.

False

T/F: There is a significant positive correlation between sunspot activity and recent changes in mean global temperature.

False

T/F: Volcanic eruptions have no impact on global climate patterns; they only affect local climate.

False

Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following except the: geological uplifting of ocean basins. thermal expansion of deep-ocean waters. thermal expansion of surface ocean waters. melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. melting of land-based glaciers and mountain ice caps.

Geological uplifting of ocean basins

What is one of the critical ingredients that could transform life in slums? electricity improved housing materials food clean water cars

Clean Water

Which of the following could be a direct result of the cycles of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession on Earth? weather change algal blooms DNA mutations climate change

Climate Change

How has aid from wealthy countries to poor countries changed in recent years? Wealthy countries have continued to donate the same amount. Wealthy countries no longer have enough money to be able to donate foreign aid. Countries have given less and less in foreign aid. Countries have donated more money each year in aid. Poor countries do not need as much money, so aid has been reduced.

Countries have given less and less in foreign aid

Which area is not addressed by the Millennium Development Goals? disease crime poverty the environment women's rights

Crime

The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account sea level will rise by three meters by the end of this century

D

The minimum area of Arctic sea ice cover has been __________ as air and water temperatures have been __________ over the past several decades. increasing; increasing decreasing; stable stable; increasing decreasing; decreasing decreasing; increasing

Decreasing / increasing

The areas of desertification overlap the most with which climate type? Am Dwa BSk BWk Dwc

BSk

Which of the following actions could be used to support "Target 3" of the Millennium Development Goals, to promote gender equality? Build a primary school for young girls. Teach teen girls about parenting and cooking. Promote "wife inheritance." Create home-school programs for boys in a war-torn country. Establish clear gender roles for women and men.

Build a primary school for young girls

What are the main factors that contribute to the documented global rise in sea level? (2) cold, dense seawater sinking beneath the surface more water being stored on land thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms the melting of floating sea ice (such as in the Arctic Ocean) or floating ice shelves (such as those that fringe Antarctica) an increase in the amount of water in the ocean from the melting of ice on land higher amounts of evaporation

C, E

Which does NOT fit A. Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting B. deep ocean water thermal expansion C. melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps D. surface ocean water thermal expansion E. tectonic uplifting

E. Tectonic Uplifting

According to the video, what is the best economic investment poor countries can make? promote tourism supply contraceptives educate and empower women build factories distribute antiretroviral AIDS medications

Educate and empower women

In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere? visible light coming into and visible light going out of Earth's atmosphere ultraviolet radiation coming into and ultraviolet radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere infrared radiation coming into and infrared radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere

radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere

What is the December solstice? the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun The time of the year when the Earth's geographic North and South Poles are leaning in similar ways toward the Sun.

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun

What is the June solstice? the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun The time of the year when Earth's geographic North and South Poles are leaning in similar ways toward the Sun

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun

What is the worst global health disaster ever? malaria HIV/AIDS bird flu polio tuberculosis

HIV / AIDS

Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________. equatorial waters the deep ocean all areas equally high-latitude areas mid-latitude areas

High latitude areas

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. IPCC voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere oil and natural gas study of ancient climates model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere

Intergovernmental panel on Climate change

How has the global "War on Terror" affected the focus of wealthy countries? It has changed the focus to promoting women's rights. It has helped them continue attention to the Millennium Development Goals. Agricultural subsidies have been reduced. It has renewed their emphasis on development. It has caused a shift from development to defense.

It has caused a shift from development to defense

The areas that are at very high risk of desertification are most commonly associated with which range of annual average precipitation? over 80 inches 60 to 79 inches 40 to 59 inches 20 to 39 inches less than 19 inches

Less than 19 inches

How much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface? little of the ultraviolet radiation some of the ultraviolet radiation almost all of the ultraviolet radiation none of the ultraviolet radiation most of the ultraviolet radiation

Little UV radiation

Which of the following economic activities most closely coincides with the areas at risk of future drought? livestock ranching general farming dairy farming specialty crop or livestock farming commercial wheat

Livestock ranching

When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator? Choose all that apply. (2) June Solstice March Equinox September Equinox December Solstice

March & September

When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night? Choose all that apply. June Solstice September Equinox March Equinox December Solstice

March & September

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere? ozone (O3) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) methane (CH4) water vapor (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane

As sea ice melts and becomes liquid water, __________ heat is then absorbed from the Sun, creating warmer surface waters. less more the same

More

An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a: neutral feedback loop. positive-feedback loop. negative-feedback loop. All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct.

Negative Feedback Loop

What is another name for the ozone layer? ionosphere ozonosphere troposphere oxysphere stratosphere

Ozonosphere

Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. paleoclimatology paleontology paleometeorology palynology paleoceanography

Paleoclimatology

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. greenhouse effect oil, natural gas and coal model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere study of ancient climates

Process that influences the temperature of earths surface and atmosphere

Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all the following except : planting trees and increasing green space areas. reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc.) in urban and suburban areas. purchasing recycled products. installing low-flow plumbing fixtures. using compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs.

Reducing the area covered by pavement or structures in urban and suburban areas

Only some shortwave radiation from the Sun reaches Earth's surface. What is the leading cause of this radiation loss? absorption by clouds absorption by ozone absorption by greenhouse gases scattering by air reflection by clouds

Reflection by clouds

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) volcanic eruptions refrigerants variations in Earth's orbit changes in solar energy

Refrigerants

What is a key assumption behind the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? Rich countries should care about what happens in poor countries. There will always be "haves" and "have nots." Poor countries should be able to spend aid however they choose. Poor countries should be able to help themselves. Poverty can never be eradicated.

Rich countries should care about what happens in poor countries

The zone ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called the: SONAR channel. pycnocline. surface mix layer. SOFAR channel. thermocline.

SOFAR Channel

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. paleoclimatology Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change oil and natural gas study of ancient climates voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere

Study of ancient climates

The oceans' "biological pump" _________. brings oxygen from the deep ocean through upwelling to the photic zone, where it is taken up by animals. takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep ocean water and seafloor sediments transports marine organisms worldwide by means of "conveyer belt" current circulation is the ocean's natural system for replenishing nutrients such as iron in the surface layer is an area of downwelling in the far north Atlantic where carbon dioxide is carried down to the deep current system

Takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep ocean water and seafloor sediments

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is: nitrous oxide. ozone. water vapor. methane. carbon dioxide.

Water Vapor

Of the following atmospheric gases, only _________ is an important greenhouse gas. oxygen (O2) nitrogen (N2) water vapor (H2O) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) argon (Ar)

Water vapor

Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space? water vapor, carbon dioxide, CFCs water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane water vapor, carbon monoxide, methane CFCs, carbon dioxide, methane water vapor, carbon monoxide, CFCs

Water vapor, CO2 and methane

In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space? amount temperature wavelength pressure heat

Wavelength

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis? water vapor (H2O) ozone (O3) methane (CH4) carbon dioxide (CO2) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

CFC's

What is the primary obstacle to alleviating world hunger? food shortages corruption technology money the drive to do so

The drive to do so

How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year? The inclination of Earth's axis becomes shallower. The inclination of Earth's axis becomes steeper. The inclination of Earth's axis becomes longer. The inclination of Earth's axis becomes shorter. The inclination of Earth's axis does not change.

The inclination of Earth's axis DOES NOT CHANGE

What is obliquity in Earth's orbit? the inclination of Earth's axis the shape of Earth's orbit change in the orientation of Earth's axis

The inclination of earths axis

What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation? The oxygen atoms would be destroyed. The oxygen atoms would be bound together in triplets. The oxygen atoms would be isolated as single atoms. The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs.

The oxygen atoms would be bound together in PAIRS

What is eccentricity in Earth's orbit? the inclination of Earth's axis change in the orientation of Earth's axis the shape of Earth's orbit

The shape of earths orbit

T/F: Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases.

True

T/F: If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, Earth is still projected to keep warming for the foreseeable future.

True

T/F: Melting ice on land and thermal expansion of water are two of the most important factors causing sea level rise.

True

T/F: The Earth's climate system involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere.

True

T/F: The concentration of methane (natural gas) exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases.

True

T/F: The fourth IPCC report on international climate change (2007) confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid-20th century.

True

T/F: The oceans have absorbed the majority of the increased heat in the atmosphere.

True

What natural cause of climate change is most similar to the major anthropogenic source? fossil fuel emissions changes in solar radiation movement of tectonic plates volcanic eruptions variations in Earth's orbit

Volcanic Eruptions