OCE 1001 Final Exam
A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is equal to at least: wave height. wavelength. the fetch. 1/2 of the wavelength. 1/20 of the wavelength.
1/2 of the wavelength.
The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 100 200 300 400 500 or more
200
In an amphidromic cell with a normal tidal cycle, what cotidal line would experience high tide if low tide were occurring along cotidal line 2? Hints 6 8 4 0 10
8
To produce a surface current of 1.6 knots in the open ocean, a steady wind of _____ knots would be required. Hints 50 60 100 80 40
80
Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries? Meteorite impacts Volcanic eruptions Fault movement Landslides
Meteorite impacts
A plankton biologist has discovered a new species and he needs your help classifying it into the proper kingdom. All you can observe is that this microscopic organism has just one nucleus in its cell, and it has chlorophyll, so it must be photosynthetic. What kingdom does it belong to? Hints Eubacteria Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista
Protista
Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates? Benthos Animalia Nekton Plantae Plankton
Nekton
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs? Acidification Aquaculture Increased ocean warming Overfishing Sea level rise
Overfishing
Ninety eight percent of marine species belong to which of the following? Nekton Plankton Benthos Plantae Fungi
Benthos
Which of the following marine pollutants will bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food web? (3) Hints DDTs mercury microplastics nurdles PCBs
DDTs mercury PCBs
The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _________. Hints eukarya bacteria archaea fungi protoctista
archaea
Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate
Sulfate
Most marine species are found in the: oceanic environment. bathypelagic environment. pelagic environment. mesopelagic environment. benthic environment.
benthic environment.
The zone that has no light is called the ________ zone. aphotic disphotic euphotic hyperphotic hypophotic
aphotic
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. million trillion thousand billion
billion
Neritic marine environments would be found: at mid-ocean ridges. deep in the ocean basin. in subduction zones. within a deep-sea trench. associated with continental shelves.
associated with continental shelves.
In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature
available sunlight only
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________. leftover gases from the nebula outgassing the Sun's solar wind comet vaporization
outgassing
San Francisco Bay is a __________ estuary. Hints tectonic fjord marginal bar-built coastal plain
tectonic
Disadvantages of tidal power plants relative to conventional thermal plants include higher initial plant costs, periodicity of tidal currents, and __________. Hints heat pollution air pollution impacts on the marine environment excessive noise high operating costs
impacts on the marine environment
An isothermal temperature profile from surface to seafloor may exist in coastal ocean waters __________. Hints in low-latitude waters only in high-latitude waters only in mid-latitude waters during summer in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters near mid-latitude river mouths in winter
in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters
The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. decreased, decreased increased, decreased decreased, increased increased, increased
increased, decreased
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere: decreases in proportion to the distance. randomly varies. is unrelated to the distance from the ridge. remains the same. increases in proportion to the distance.
increases in proportion to the distance.
Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance. increases; increases increases; decreases decreases; increases decreases; decreases There is no relationship between body size and floating.
increases; increases
The group comprising the largest number of species on Earth is the _________. Hints benthic organisms fishes phytoplankton insects copepods
insects
Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves. tidal turbidity splash ocean internal
internal
Features of a depositional coast may include spits, barrier islands, tombolos, and __________. Hints wave-cut benches rocky headlands sea stacks deltas marine terraces
deltas
As the salinity of seawater increases, its: residence time decreases. density increases. residence time increases. density decreases. residence time changes.
density increases.
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________. influx of freshwater high turbidity depleted oxygen elevated temperatures predator attacks
elevated temperatures
The euphotic zone is confined to the: epipelagic zone. abyssopelagic zone. neritic province. mesopelagic zone. bathypelagic zone.
epipelagic zone.
The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone. aphotic disphotic euphotic hyperphotic hypophotic
euphotic
We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. Hints evaporation is much greater than precipitation both precipitation and evaporation rates are low both precipitation and evaporation rates are high precipitation occurs only as snowfall evaporation is much less than precipitation
evaporation is much greater than precipitation
All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : sea ice melting. river runoff. evaporation. iceberg melting. precipitation.
evaporation.
The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________. meteorite impacts avalanches turbidity currents volcanic eruptions fault movement
fault movement
The height of a wave depends upon: wind duration. wind duration and wind speed. fetch, wind duration, and wind speed. fetch and wind speed. fetch.
fetch, wind duration, and wind speed.
Red muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than white tissue. greater; lower lesser; lower lesser; higher greater; higher
greater; higher
Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________. volcanic arcs oceanic rises oceanic ridges ultra-slow spreading centers guyots
guyots
Currently, a little less than ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere stays there. one-third half one-fourths two-thirds three-fourths
half
A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. halocline lysocline pycnocline syncline thermocline
halocline
Important plants in a coastal wetland at 45°N latitude are most likely to be __________. Hints halophytic grasses and pickleweed kelp and sea palms cypress and tamarack trees mangroves willows and cattails
halophytic grasses and pickleweed
The surface tension of water: increases as density decreases. is related to salinity. is very similar in other liquids. is relatively high. is relatively low.
is relatively high.
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: oozes. silt. tektites. evaporites. clays.
tektites.
A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere. density pressure temperature movement water vapor content
pressure
The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________. Hints sea urchin wolf eel giant kelpfish sea otter octopus
sea urchin
dentify the adaptation that allows deep-sea fishes to capture prey without exerting much energy. hinged jaws sensitive lateral lines counterillumination long, sharp teeth expandable bodies
sensitive lateral lines
If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for? gravity waves swells surf spilling breakers plunging breakers
spilling breakers
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________. current shorelines oceanic trenches in subduction zones edges at around 2,000 meters depth the edge of the continental shelf edges of the deep sea floor
edges at around 2,000 meters depth
Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________. Hints increase in the standing stock of the American lobster excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs increase in scallop populations decrease in the population of cownose rays increase in the average size of current shark populations
excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: fecal pellets. wind. carbonate dissolution. precipitation. deposit feeders.
fecal pellets.
During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean: flow from land to sea and are dry. the direction of airflow is unchanged but precipitation increases. flow from sea to land and are dry. flow from land to sea and are wet. flow from sea to land and are wet.
flow from land to sea and are dry.
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. ethanol rare-earth elements gas hydrates wind power coal
gas hydrates
The first (capitalized) word of an organism's two-part scientific name denotes the _________. Hints phylum genus species order class
genus
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. shell fragments than in temperate waters silt and sand than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters coral debris than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters
gravel than in tropical waters
In general the restoring force for wind-generated waves is: wind. seismic activity. cohesion of water molecules. surface tension of water molecules. gravity.
gravity.
The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as: truncate. rounded. heterocercal. forked. lunate.
heterocercal.
Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. decomposer autotrophic siliceous heterotrophic producer
heterotrophic
As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height: decreases and its steepness decreases. increases and its wavelength decreases decreases and its wavelength increases. increases and its frequency decreases. increases and its wavelength remains the same.
increases and its wavelength decreases
Which of the following is the correct order for the taxonomic classification of living things? Hints kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species kingdom, phylum, family, class, order, genus, species kingdom, species, phylum, class, order, family, genus kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus, species kingdom, family, class, order, phylum, genus, species
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern: remora—shark clown fish—anemone krill—whale isopod—fish
krill—whale
Sound travels as ________ waves. longitudinal orbital reflective refractive transverse
longitudinal
The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the: feather duster worm. clam. fan worm. ghost crab. lugworm.
lugworm
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. (2) manganese nodules black volcanic beach sand abyssal clay coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze
manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called _________. Hints parasitism communalism nepotism mutualism commensalism
mutualism
In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature
nutrient supply only
Ocean waves in motion are classified as ______waves. Hints medial longitudinal orbital transverse rotational
orbital
Waves at the ocean surface are ________ waves. longitudinal orbital reflective refractive transverse
orbital
Ocean surface waves are: refracted waves. capillary waves. longitudinal waves. orbital waves. transverse waves
orbital waves.
Which set of fins is used for turning and braking? anal and dorsal caudal and dorsal caudal and pelvic anal and caudal pectoral and pelvic
pectoral and pelvic
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________. plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration bacterial action has produced essential methane the oceans have provided water vapor plant photosynthesis has provided carbon dioxide volcanic outgassing produced essential nitrogen and argon
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming curling crests over air pockets are called: gravity waves. surf. plunging breakers. spilling breakers. swells.
plunging breakers.
The internal organ illustrated in the diagram allows the fish to adapt to changes in ________. salinity pressure temperature diffusion sunlight
pressure
Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. heterotrophic animals producers decomposers consumers
producers
Which of the following describes an estuary located at the mouth of a high-volume river where freshwater flows to the ocean over a layer of dense saline water? Select only one answer. Hints inverse estuary vertically mixed estuary highly stratified estuary salt wedge estuary slightly stratified estuary
salt wedge estuary
The following are all examples of nonpoint source pollutants in the ocean EXCEPT ___________. Hints sewage sludge nurdles fertilizer pesticides road oil
sewage sludge
Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________. Hints increased albedo in the polar areas, resulting in the cooling of nearby landmasses an increase in upwelling in the Arctic, resulting in increased surface biological productivity acceleration of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels in deep water decreased humidity and precipitation in the Arctic region, resulting in aridity and the loss of boreal forests slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water
slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water
Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning towards the ________ due to Ekman transport. north; left south; right south; left north; right
south; left
The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. suturing declining terminal juvenile mature
suturing
The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are: temperature and water vapor content. carbon dioxide and water vapor content. temperature and salinity. nitrogen and water vapor content. temperature and ozone.
temperature and water vapor content.
A proxigean tide occurs when __________. Hints there is a waxing gibbous Moon and the Sun is at aphelion the Moon is at apogee and its declination is zero the Moon is at quadrature and perigee at the same time the Moon is at perigee at a time of syzygy the Moon is full and there is a neap tide
the Moon is at perigee at a time of syzygy
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________. the Pacific Ocean the Antarctic ice cap the Atlantic Ocean Eurasia Africa
the Pacific Ocean
The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. the destruction of marine life by the process poor quality of water produced by the plants environmental damage from the brine effluent high maintenance costs for the plants the high cost of energy involved
the high cost of energy involved
The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. Hints the destruction of marine life by the process poor quality of water produced by the plants environmental damage from the brine effluent high maintenance costs for the plants the high cost of energy involved
the high cost of energy involved
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: the polarity of water molecules. electron sharing. the viscosity of water. electron transfer. surface tension.
the polarity of water molecules.
The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as: tidal differences between coastal Peru and Darwin, Australia. variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean. relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems at high altitude. wind speed and wind direction differences along the equator. the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.
the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: ocean salinity varies as a function of season. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.
Equatorial currents are driven by the: Coriolis force. Ekman transport. trade winds. density. westerlies.
trade winds.
The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the: horse latitudes. polar easterlies. westerlies. trade winds. doldrums
trade winds.
The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the: tropopause. upper atmosphere. troposphere. ozone layer. stratosphere.
troposphere.
An example of a "cruiser" is a: tuna. shark. mackerel. flounder. grouper.
tuna
Energy flow in an ecosystem is: top down. unidirectional. bi-directional. semi-conservative. cyclic.
unidirectional.
Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through: downwelling. sea breezes. convergence. land breezes. upwelling.
upwelling.
What natural cause of climate change is most similar to the major anthropogenic source? Hints variations in Earth's orbit changes in solar radiation movement of tectonic plates fossil fuel emissions volcanic eruptions
volcanic eruptions
Of the following atmospheric gases, only _________ is an important greenhouse gas. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) water vapor (H2O) oxygen (O2) argon (Ar) nitrogen (N2)
water vapor (H2O)
The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________. wave base waveform wave period wave height wave frequency
wave base
The number of wave crests passing a fixed location per unit of time is called the ________. wavelength wave base waveform wave frequency wave period
wave frequency
"Whitecaps" form when _____________________. Hints water depth is greater than 1/2 the wavelength a wave train overtakes another wave train wave steepness reaches a ratio of 1:7 waves approach the shore at an angle waves are reflected off an obstruction
wave steepness reaches a ratio of 1:7
The horizontal distance between wave crest to crest is called the ________. wave steepness wave height wavelength wave frequency wave period
wavelength
The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the: polar regions. westerlies. horse latitudes. equatorial doldrums. trade winds.
westerlies.
Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins. southern eastern central northern western
western
Most ocean waves form as a result of: landslides. density differences between water layers. seismic events. Earth's rotation. winds blowing across the ocean surface.
winds blowing across the ocean surface.
The gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon is greatest at the _________________. Hints poles barycenter equator zenith nadir
zenith
Which of the following is not one of the reasons bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals? Predator avoidance Attracting food Warning coloration Communication Counter illumination
Warning coloration
The Kuroshio (Japan) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents? Eastern Boundary Current Equatorial Counter Current Northern Boundary Current Southern Boundary Current Western Boundary Current
Western Boundary Current
The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay. abyssal bathyal hadal littoral subneritic
abyssal
The nebular hypothesis suggests that: Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity. all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud. the moon is derived from a protoplanet. galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another. the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang."
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.
When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often: reproduce asexually only. are smaller in size. have more spines and ornamentation on the cell wall. are larger in size. exhibit countershading.
are larger in size.
Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the ____________. biosphere to the atmosphere cryosphere to the hydrosphere cryosphere to the geosphere biosphere to the hydrosphere
biosphere to the atmosphere
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are: periwinkle snails and kelp. sea anemones and hermit crabs. buckshot barnacles and limpets. goose barnacles and mussels. keyhole limpets and Irish moss.
buckshot barnacles and limpets.
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included: carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane. hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. all the above.
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. colder; higher warmer; higher colder; lower warmer; lower
colder; higher
A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ________. can capture, store, and transmit energy can adapt to their environment are capable of reproduction can change through time contain carbon in their chemical makeup
contain carbon in their chemical makeup
Downwelling can result from __________. Hints converging surface currents diverging surface currents strong offshore winds an ocean current flowing over submerged banks or seamounts Ekman transport away from a coast
converging surface currents
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: biogenous. lithogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. hydrogenous.
cosmogenous.
The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies, camouflaging them against the water-air interface is: defensive coloration. disruptive coloration. cryptic coloration. countershading. warning coloration.
countershading.
The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. terminal mature declining suturing juvenile
declining
The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. decreased, increased increased, increased decreased, decreased increased, decreased
decreased, increased
Thermohaline circulation is driven by: density differences. the Coriolis effect. wind. longitude. latitude.
density differences.
Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are: dinoflagellates. cyanobacteria. coccolithophorids. radiolarians. diatoms.
diatoms.
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. ecology productivity erosion dilution destruction
dilution
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________. Hints coccolithophores cyanobacteria dinoflagellates radiolarians diatoms
dinoflagellates
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). transform fault boundary. divergent plate boundary. convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic).
divergent plate boundary.
"Eukarya" is a _________. Hints biozone domain kingdom phylum bacterium
domain
Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference? 7 meters 3 meters 2 meters 15 meters 6 meters
3 meters
The average salinity of typical seawater is: 2.0%. 25%. 0.35%. 10%. 3.5%.
3.5%
Fossil evidence indicates that modern whales have evolved from ancestors similar to the _________. Hints horse sea lion plesiosaur hippopotamus water buffalo
hippopotamus
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. mantle; crust lithosphere; mesosphere crust; lithosphere asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere
lithosphere; asthenosphere
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low oxygen concentration high carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low salinity low carbon dioxide concentration
low salinity
Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. mature declining terminal suturing juvenile
mature
Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called: meiofauna. mesofauna. subfauna. epifauna. microfauna.
meiofauna.
Biomagnification of toxic substances means that __________. Hints larger organisms are not affected by the toxic substances, but they suffer stress when their prey such as plankton are killed off toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web the presence of a toxic substance strengthens the immune systems of organisms higher in the food web organisms higher in the food web are more sensitive to a given concentration of toxic substances within their tissues molecules of the toxic compounds grow larger and form crystals after they accumulate in the tissues of marine animals
toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web
The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude. chemical composition temperature density pressure velocity
velocity
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space? 47 6 30 4 23
30
Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and killer whales? Order Family Genus Species Class
Family
Which of the following Gray whales are the first to migrate south? Immature females Non-pregnant mature females Immature males Mature males Pregnant females
Pregnant females
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly? Radio-transmitting float bottles Accidental spills from container ships Propeller flow meters Free-drifting Argo floats Pressure gradients
Pressure gradients
Which of the following are examples of positive climate feedback loops? Choose all that apply. (2) the shading effect from air pollution heat uptake by the oceans the presence of fine atmospheric particles called aerosols the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere
heat uptake by the oceans the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere
What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 1.5 meters? 7.68 meters per second 2.34 meters per second 1.53 meters per second 2.77 meters per second 0.98 meters per second
1.53 meters per second
In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be over twice the height of the wave average. 23 50,000 75 300,000 1175
23
A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
60 degrees
Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa? Glossopteris Archaeopteris Lepidodendron Mesosauras
Mesosauras
On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? Continent to ocean Continent to atmosphere Ocean to atmosphere Atmosphere to continent Atmosphere to ocean
Ocean to atmosphere
Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer? (Picture) Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core
Outer core
The most massive part of Earth's climate system belongs to the ________. hydrosphere biosphere geosphere cryosphere atmosphere
hydrosphere
Krill, shown in the image, moves in the ocean as ________. plankton benthos plantae fungi nekton
nekton
Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. Hints palynology paleontology paleoceanography paleometeorology paleoclimatology
paleoclimatology
In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called: compensation depth. chlorophyll. upwelling. biomass. primary productivity
primary productivity
The three varieties of seeps on the seafloor include hypersaline, hydrocarbon and: subduction zone seeps. deep-sea trench seeps. abyssal plain seeps. mid-ocean ridge seeps seamount seeps.
subduction zone seeps.
The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf. bathyal littoral sublittoral subneritic supralittoral
subneritic
The ________ province extends from the spring high tide shoreline to a depth of 200 meters. bathyal littoral sublittoral subneritic supralittoral
subneritic
In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. (4) the abyssal plains a coral reef near a black smoker at the base of the continental slope a sandy beach along the mid-ocean ridge
the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope a sandy beach along the mid-ocean ridge
The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________. Hints the insulating nature of the ice itself the length of the winter season heat conducted upward through the water column increased salinity of the water excluded from the crystal lattice of the sea ice
the insulating nature of the ice itself
Of the following statements about ocean waves, which one(s) describe wave period? Choose all that apply. (2) the inverse of wave frequency the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point the vertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent trough the horizontal distance between adjacent wave crests wave height divided by wavelength
the inverse of wave frequency the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point
Individual fishes within schools maintain their spacing through visual contact and _________. electrical impulses the lateral line system audible signals and sensitive hearing echolocation response to physical contact
the lateral line system
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: apparent polar wandering. the location of ancient coral reefs. fossils in marine sediments. the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor. glacial debris at various locations.
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.
The tides are considered an example of shallow-water waves because the tidal bulges have a wavelength that is on the order of __________. Hints a few centimeters a few meters tens of meters tens of kilometers thousands of kilometers
thousands of kilometers
The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean. eastern Pacific western Atlantic eastern Atlantic western Pacific western Indian
western Pacific
Which pair of planktonic subdivisions correctly describes a crab larva? Hints Phytoplankton and macroplankton Zooplankton and picoplankton Zooplankton and meroplankton Picoplankton and holoplankton Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton
Zooplankton and meroplankton
The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to ___________. Hints A strengthening of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones an increased frequency of hurricanes a shallower thermocline and increased primary productivity
an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones
Ripple like clouds in the sky are an example of ________ waves. atmospheric tidal turbidity splash internal
atmospheric
Oceanic crust is primarily: clay minerals. carbonate sedimentary rocks. granite. siltstone. basalt.
basalt.
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago. million trillion thousand billion
billion
As the ocean's surface is warmed, evaporation to the atmosphere increases. The addition of moisture to the atmosphere results in _________. Hints a positive temperature feedback loop no effect on global temperature both positive and negative temperature feedback loops an increase in the amount of sea ice a negative temperature feedback loop
both positive and negative temperature feedback loops
Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present? Color pH Odor Density Taste
color
Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by: 0.1°C. 0.6°C. 2.0°C. 2.6°C. 4.0°C.
0.6°C.
The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: 10%. 30%. 5%. 75%. 50%.
10%.
Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply.(4) Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant.
ALL BUT: Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean.
Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. (4) Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water density is greatest when solid. Water molecules have polarity. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water has cohesion and surface tension.
ALL BUT: Water density is greatest when solid.
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was: Frederick Vine. Alfred Wegener. John Tuzo Wilson. Harry Hess. Drummond Matthews.
Alfred Wegener.
The opening of Drake Passage about 41 million years ago caused a fundamental reorganization of ocean currents leading to the isolation of ________, which caused it to become much cooler. Antarctica Australia Asia South America Africa
Antarctica
Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated? Sandstone Schist Basalt Granite Limestone
Basalt
Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae Protista
Eubacteria
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? Vasco da Gama Giovanni Caboto James Cook Prince Henry the Navigator Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Dredge Rotary corer Seiche disk Long line Gravity corer
Rotary corer
Which of the following is not one of the names associated with huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain? Cyclone Hurricane Vortex Typhoon
Vortex
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the: formation method. origin of rocks. metamorphism. ages of rocks. chemical composition of rocks.
ages of rocks.
The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent an oceanic transform an oceanic-oceanic divergent a continental transform
an oceanic-oceanic convergent
The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic transform an oceanic-oceanic divergent a continental-continental divergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent an oceanic-continental convergent
an oceanic-oceanic divergent
Nektonic organisms in the photic zone often protect themselves from being seen from either above or below through _________. Hints streamlining bioluminescence countershading camouflage disruptive coloration
countershading
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. presence of water at Earth's surface. decrease in temperature downward toward the core.
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.
Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they: have external ears. cannot rotate their front flippers backward. cannot rotate their front flippers forward. use their rear flippers for swimming. have a short neck.
have external ears.
The biggest concern with biological pollutants is that they often ____________. Hints ingest significant quantities of microplastics and contaminate the food web lack predators and other natural controls biodegrade rapidly, causing unsightly conditions and unpleasant smells reduce the incidence of disease and parasitism in native species become entangled in strong, durable plastic debris
lack predators and other natural controls
A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. molecules ions neutrons electrons protons
molecules
Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________. volcanic arcs oceanic rises oceanic ridges nemataths ultra-slow spreading centers
nemataths
The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: sedimentology. paleogeography. paleomagnetism. paleoclimatology.
paleogeography.
The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called: chemosynthesis. biomass. photosynthesis. visible light. upwelling.
photosynthesis.
The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to: water depth. wavelength. wave period. wave frequency. wave height.
water depth.
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (2) The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. The asthenosphere consists partially of crust and partially of mantle. The asthenosphere will fracture under extreme pressure. The asthenosphere is composed of solid rocks associated with the rigid mantle. The asthenosphere is composed of liquid molten rock. The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.
-The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. -The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.
If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year? Hints 30 grams 3 grams 10 grams 100 grams 1 gram
3 grams
The average albedo of Earth's surface is about: 50%. 67%. 30%. 90%. 3%.
30%
Earth is about: 40 billion years old. 4.6 billion years old. 6,000 years old. 400,000 years old. 4.6 million years old.
4.6 billion years old.
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 400,000 40,000 4,000,000 5,000
40,000
Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference? 5 meters 6 meters 1.5 meters 3.5 meters 5.25 meters
5 meters
What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? 98.00% 99.50% 99.90% 98.50% 100%
99.90%
Which of the following statements about gray whales are true? Choose all that apply. (5) Gray whales are one of only a few species ever to be removed from endangered status. Gray whales undertake the longest migration of any mammal. Gray whales spend most of their time in coastal waters. Gray whales are the largest of the toothed whales. Gray whales typically feed on bottom-dwelling organisms, such as crustaceans and clams. Gray whales used to be known as "devilfish" because of their aggressive behavior toward whalers.
ALL BUT: Gray whales are the largest of the toothed whales.
Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.(5) In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.
ALL BUT: In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.
Of the following statements about plankton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.(4) Plankton comprise 98% of all marine species. Plankton are very abundant and comprise most of Earth's biomass. Plankton can move up and down in the water column. Plankton also include certain types of bacteria. Plankton drift with ocean currents.
ALL BUT: Plankton comprise 98% of all marine species.
Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply. (4) The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment.
ALL BUT: The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food.
Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. The most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes. Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna.
ALL BUT: The most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes. Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna.
Of the following statements about coastal regions and landforms, which is/are true? (5) The berm is located in the backshore area. The beach face is the wet, sloping surface in the foreshore area. The nearshore is exposed during low tide each day. Most of the beach face is exposed during the lowest tides and covered during the highest tides. The berm is affected by storm waves but is typically dry and relatively flat. The area of a beach above the shoreline is often called the recreational beach.
ALL BUT: The nearshore is exposed during low tide each day.
Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? Choose all that apply. (3) burning of fossil fuels volcanic eruptions variations in Earth's orbit changes in solar energy
ALL BUT: burning of fossil fuels
If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be: Hints Suturing of the Atlantic Ocean Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska Rifting of the Eurasian plate to form a juvenile ocean Subsidence of the Himalayan Mountains Formation of a land bridge between Australia and Antarctica
Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska
Which estuary is most likely to be highly stratified? Hints Alaskan fjord Columbia River Estuary Chesapeake Bay Pamlico Sound Laguna Madre
Alaskan fjord
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? Andes Mountains Himalaya Mountains Mendocino Fault Aleutian Islands San Andreas Fault
Andes Mountains
Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth? South Equatorial Benguela South Australian Antarctic Circumpolar Malvinas
Antarctic Circumpolar
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Variation in the Earth's orbit Tectonic plate movement Anthropogenic carbon dioxide inputs Changes in solar input Volcanic activity
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide inputs
This map depicts the voyages of some European explorers during the Age of Discovery. Match the route with each explorer.
B: Columbus A: Magellan
This map depicts the voyages of the Vikings. Match the correct letter with the statements below. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. (Picture)
B: This is the land discovered by Leif Eriksson. C: When Eric the Red was banished from Iceland, he discovered this land, where he later started a colony. A: This was the first new land conquered by the Vikings. D: It is believed that Eric the Red may have discovered this area.
What is the correct order of beach features as you move from the coast toward offshore? Hints Beach face, berm, longshore bar, longshore trough Longshore trough, longshore bar, berm, beach face Berm, beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar Longshore bar, longshore trough, beach face, berm Beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar, berm
Berm, beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar
Why does the resultant tide-generating force create a tidal bulge on the side of Earth that faces away from the Moon? Hints The centripetal force is weaker than the gravitational force at the nadir. The centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the zenith. Centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the nadir, or the point on Earth furthest from the Moon. The centripetal force is weaker than the gravitational force at the zenith. The centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force at both the zenith and nadir.
Centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the nadir, or the point on Earth furthest from the Moon.
Which of the following are armed with nematocysts containing a painful neurotoxin? Cnidarians Coccolithophores Ctenophores Foraminifers Radiolarians
Cnidarians
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? Arctic Char (farmed) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada) Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
On the pie diagram below, match the name of the ocean with its correct relative size. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. (Picture)
D: Arctic Ocean B: Indian Ocean A: Pacific Ocean C: Atlantic Ocean
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? New Zealand Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Marquesas Hawaiian Islands Easter Island
Easter Island
Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? Fault movement Volcanic eruption Meteorite impact Landslide
Fault movement
The migration of which of the following baleen whales is the best-studied? Blue whale Gray whale Minke whale Rorqual whale Humpback whale
Gray whale
Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid? Brazil Current California Current North Equatorial Current Gulf Stream North Atlantic Current
Gulf Stream
Which of the following types of caudal fins is asymmetrical, with most of their mass and surface area in the upper lobe? Forked caudal fin Heterocercal caudal fin Lunate caudal fin Rounded caudal fin Truncate caudal fin
Heterocercal caudal fin
What form of energy is absorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide? Hints Incoming solar radiation Visible light reflected by ice caps Ultraviolet light reflected by clouds Infrared heat radiated from rocks
Infrared heat radiated from rocks
A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean. Southern Pacific Antarctic Indian Atlantic
Pacific
Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? Matching sequences of rocks The fit of the continents Past glacial activity Paleomagnetic reversals The distribution of organisms
Paleomagnetic reversals
Which type of breaker is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks? Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Standing breaker Surging breaker Swelling breaker
Spilling breaker
Which type of breaker forms waves the present the greatest challenge to body surfers? Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Standing breaker Surging breaker Swelling breaker
Surging breaker
Which type of breaker forms when the waves build up and break right at the shoreline? Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Standing breaker Surging breaker Swelling breaker
Surging breaker
The Pacific coast, excluding Alaska, has the lowest average erosion rate in the U.S., despite significant beach starvation and localized erosion. Which of the following factors accounts for this low average? Hints The coastal bedrock resists erosion Exposure to ocean waves Eustatic sea level change Tectonic emergence
Tectonic emergence
Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur? Choose all that apply. (3) In regions with a well-developed pycnocline Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline Where seamounts or tablemounts are present In areas of diverging surface currents In areas of converging surface currents
Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline Where seamounts or tablemounts are present In areas of diverging surface currents
The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary. a continental-continental divergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent a continental-continental convergent an oceanic-continental convergent a continental transform
a continental-continental convergent
Of the following types of estuaries, which one has a relatively shallow mouth but is often narrow, long, and extremely deep? Select only one answer. Hints a volcanic estuary a bar-built estuary along a depositional coastline a drowned glacial valley called a fjord a tectonic estuary a drowned river valley along a coastal plain
a drowned glacial valley called a fjord
Of the following bathymetric conditions, which one(s) would likely produce spilling breakers? Choose all that apply. (2) a gently sloping, sandy bottom a steeply sloping, rocky bottom a steeply sloping, sandy bottom deep water adjacent to an abrupt shallow coral reef a gently sloping, rocky bottom
a gently sloping, sandy bottom a gently sloping, rocky bottom
In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________. abyssal plains and in deep trenches continental rise continental shelf flanks of oceanic ridges and rises steep areas of the continental slope
abyssal plains and in deep trenches
The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province. mesopelagic nektopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic euphotic
abyssopelagic
The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________. ecliptic equinox albedo solar footprint declination
albedo
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like. mesosphere inner core outer core asthenosphere
asthenosphere
A relatively small tidal range could be expected __________. Hints at the end of a cotidal line far from an amphidromic point at an amphidromic point at a time of syzygy in an area with a wide continental shelf when Jupiter and Mars are in conjunction
at an amphidromic point
The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope. abyssal bathyal hadal littoral subneritic
bathyal
Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the: neritic province. photic zone. epipelagic zone. intertidal zone. bathypelagic zone.
bathypelagic zone.
Which of the following locations has/have the potential to reliably harness wind power as a renewable energy source? Choose all that apply. (2) along the equator between 5 and 30 degrees latitude around 30 degrees latitude between 30 and 60 degrees latitude at the poles
between 5 and 30 degrees latitude between 30 and 60 degrees latitude
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere. combines with iron in volcanic rocks. can form ozone and block some UV radiation. is necessary for photosynthesis to occur. reduces atmospheric temperature.
can form ozone and block some UV radiation.
Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions. carbon dioxide arsenic hydrogen sulfide sulfuric acid cadmium
carbon dioxide
Which of the following marine pollutants are biodegradable? (3) crude oil the seaweed Caulerpa microplastics DDTs petroleum mercury
crude oil the seaweed Caulerpa petroleum
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. oxygen nitrogen hydrogen carbon
hydrogen
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. lithogenous sediments hydrogenous sediments biogenous sediments neritic sediments cosmogenous sediments
hydrogenous sediments
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: hydrogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous. biogenous. cosmogenous.
hydrogenous.
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: hypothesis. guess. law. observation. theory.
hypothesis.
The majority of marine invertebrates are: found only in benthic environments. adapted to life in the pelagic zone. hypertonic with respect to their environment. isotonic with respect to their environment. estuarine.
isotonic with respect to their environment.
The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by: green algae. kelp. Zostera. coralline algae. Thalassia.
kelp.
Probably the greatest threat to gray whale calves today is _________. Hints killer whales starvation cold water getting lost humans
killer whales
Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a: cold front. sea breeze. land breeze. typhoon. tropical cyclone.
sea breeze.
Of the following surface currents, which one(s) transport large volumes of warm water to higher latitudes? Choose all that apply. (3) the Gulf Stream Canary Current North Pacific Current Kuroshio Current Brazil Current Peru Current
the Gulf Stream Kuroshio Current Brazil Current
The classifications holoplankton and meroplankton are based on _________. Hints diet ability to move through the water the portion of the life cycle spent as plankton size ability to photosynthesize
the portion of the life cycle spent as plankton
(Intro) The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________. Hints the amount of light sediment thickness the productivity of the surface layer above it temperature oxygen supply
the productivity of the surface layer above it
The Coriolis effect is caused by __________. Hints the curvature of Earth changes in Earth's rotational velocity the rotation of Earth the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) Earth's magnetic field
the rotation of Earth
The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________. burrowing organisms have destroyed the peak of the seamount the seamount is an erosional remnant of a flat abyssal plain the seamount has been submerged by rising sea level that resulted from global climate change the seamount is an extinct volcano with the crater filled by a solidified lava lake the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level
the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level
Tidal forces result in two tidal bulges because __________. Hints the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon is greater than the attraction between Earth and the Sun the velocity with which the Moon orbits Earth is greater than the velocity of Earth orbiting the Sun the centripetal force required to maintain the orbital relationship between the Moon and Earth is greater than the gravitational forces between them the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force the materials of Earth are denser near the equator than near the poles
the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: barocline. isocline. pycnocline. thermocline. halocline.
thermocline.
Deep ocean current movement is also known as __________. thermohaline flow the Antarctic Divergence Walker circulation equatorial downwelling Ekman transport
thermohaline flow
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________. thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations thinner, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation thicker, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations thicker, less dense, darker in color, and lower in elevation thicker, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is always: at a 45° angle from the wind direction. to the left of the wind direction. to the right of the wind direction. to the east of the wind direction. perpendicular to the wind direction.
to the left of the wind direction.
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected: at a 45° angle from their original direction. at a 90° angle from their original direction. to the left of their original direction. to the right of their original direction. to the east of their original direction.
to the right of their original direction.
You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________. Hints insufficient nutrients near the river mouth there is not enough wave energy the temperature is too high near the estuary insufficient sunlight too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore
too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore
A close friend of yours announces that she is newly pregnant and wants to go out for a nice seafood dinner to celebrate! You agree, but using your newfound knowledge on ocean pollution, you strongly advise her that in order to protect her baby from birth defects, she should avoid eating ________. Hints sardines, because they bioaccumulate high levels of DDT tuna, because biomagnification results in high levels of methylmercury shrimp, because they contain elevated levels of carcinogenic PCBs mussels, because they concentrate pharmaceutical hormones released in human waste water cod, because it was caught in a region where mercury-contaminated sewage sludge is dumped
tuna, because biomagnification results in high levels of methylmercury
About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface? Fifty Five Two Twenty Ten
two
Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to _________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass. Hints one-third two-thirds one-fourth one-half three-fourths
two-thirds
All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except : the movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the Earth's major wind belts. a column of cool, dense air produces high pressure at the Earth's surface. warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. a column of warm, less dense air produces low pressure at the Earth's surface. cool air is denser than warm air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.
warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.
Which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow-water waves? Select only one answer. Hints period wavelength water depth wave height wave steepness
water depth
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. release of liquid water from the core comets from outer space water-bearing minerals found in meteorites water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________. wave period waveform wavelength wave frequency wave drift
wave period
Wave speed is equal to: wave height divided by period. wavelength divided by frequency. wave height divided by frequency. wavelength divided by fetch. wavelength divided by period
wavelength divided by period
Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability. 20 25 10 15 50
25
Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? 65 degrees 5 degrees 85 degrees 45 degrees 25 degrees
25 degrees
The polar front occurs in which of the following regions? 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
60 degrees
Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae. 80% 90% 60% 70% 50%
90%
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
________ waves also known as push-pull waves. Longitudinal Orbital Reflective Refractive Transverse
Longitudinal
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers? Coaxial Guaymas Basin Lost City Lucky Strike Tubeworm Barbeque
Lost City
If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply.(3) Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Melt recently frozen seawater.
ALL BUT: Melt recently frozen seawater.
Of the following statements about coastal wetlands, which is/are true? Hints (4) Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland that can protect shorelines from erosion. Salt marshes are a type of coastal wetland found only in the tropics. Coastal wetlands are good at cleansing water of agricultural runoff, toxins, and other pollutants. Scientists estimate that, globally, 50% of all coastal wetlands have disappeared in the past century. Coastal wetlands often serve as important nursery areas for many species of fish.
ALL BUT: Salt marshes are a type of coastal wetland found only in the tropics.
Which of the following groups of organisms are considered zooplankton? Choose all that apply. Hints (4) krill diatoms jellyfish copepods radiolarians
ALL BUT: diatoms
Which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zone along rocky shores? Choose all that apply. (4) hermit crabs giant brown bladder kelp (Macrocystis) goose-necked barnacles sea anemones corals carnivorous sea stars
ALL BUT: giant brown bladder kelp (Macrocystis) corals
Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming? melting of glacial ice shifts in the world-wide distribution of plant and animal communities increasing hurricane intensity droughts in prime agricultural areas All the above are consequences of global warming.
All the above are consequences of global warming.
Schooling behavior, as depicted in the figure, benefits the organisms involved because it: reduces the mortality rate for individuals within the school. confuses predators by constantly changing positions of the fish within the school. makes the group of fish appear as one large unit. reduces the probability that a predator will locate the prey species. All the above behaviors are beneficial to schooling fish.
All the above behaviors are beneficial to schooling fish.
Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals? Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae
Animalia
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? Sand beaches Boulder beaches Pebble berms Mud flats Salt marshes
Mud flats
A group of animals that "violates" the trophic pyramid by feeding on organisms two or three levels below it is the _________. Hints Odontoceti or toothed whales polar bears sea otters pinnipeds Mysticeti or baleen whales
Mysticeti or baleen whales
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Holoplankton Nektoplankton Meroplankton Picoplankton Macroplankton
Nektoplankton
Which of the following nations continues to hunt whales legally under an objection to the International Whaling Commission ban on commercial whaling? Norway Greenland China United States Russia
Norway
Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Hints (2) Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge. Ocean crust is destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge. Ocean crust is created at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is destroyed at transform faults. Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches.
Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge. Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches.
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Carnivores Biogeochemical cycle Herbivores Bacteriovores Decomposers
Biogeochemical cycle
Match the steps of the scientific method with the chart below. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. (Picture)
C: Testing A: Observation D: Theory B: Hypothesis
Fur seals are members of which of the following orders? Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Rhenanida Sirenia
Carnivora
Polar bears are members of which of the following orders? Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Rhenanida Sirenia
Carnivora
The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was: Alfred Wegener. Charles Darwin. Drummond Matthews. John Tuzo Wilson. Harry Hess.
Charles Darwin.
Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? Hints Sodium Magnesium Calcium Chloride Potassium
Chloride
Which of the following greenhouse gases is also destroying the ozone layer? Carbon dioxide (CO2) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Water vapor
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Which two single-use items are the most common types of marine debris found during beach cleanups? Hints Plastic bags and cans Cigarette filters and plastic bags Straws and plastic bags Food wrappers and plastic utensils Cigarette filters and food wrappers
Cigarette filters and plastic bags
Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales? Phylum Genus Class Order Family
Class
The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents? Eastern Boundary Current Equatorial Counter Current Northern Boundary Current Southern Boundary Current Western Boundary Current
Eastern Boundary Current
Coastal winds can cause upwelling or downwelling due to which of the following? Western intensification Ekman transport Geostrophic current Equatorial upwelling Eastern intensification
Ekman transport
The observation that ships and icebergs in the southern hemisphere float to the left of the wind direction is an example of which of the following? Eastern intensification Western intensification Geostrophic current Equatorial upwelling Ekman transport
Ekman transport
Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor moving along the bottom? Benthonektos Epifauna Infauna Nektobenthos Planktofauna
Epifauna
The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 30 to 60 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? Pytheas Erik Thorvaldson Claudius Ptolemy Christopher Columbus Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Manganese nodules Sediments rich in tin Evaporative salts Phosphorite Sand and gravel
Evaporative salts
During a field trip to a rocky intertidal area during low tide, you notice an interesting cone-shaped shell. You reach down to pick it up, but to your surprise find it is firmly attached to the substrate by a strong muscle that acts like a suction cup. What abiotic factor drives these adaptations? Hints Exposure to strong wave activity Inability to graze during low tides Competition for space Predation by mobile animals Difficulty in attaching to a mate
Exposure to strong wave activity
Which of the following methods are used to measure deep ocean currents directly? Radar altimeters Propeller flow meters Free-drifting Argo floats Accidental spills from container ships Radio-transmitting float bottles
Free-drifting Argo floats
Which of the following kingdoms includes species that live with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichen? Fungi Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae
Fungi
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will reduce sea level due to increased evaporation. Eliminating all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions will stop further global warming immediately. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. The greenhouse effect began about 200 years ago as a result of human-related activities. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions.
Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions.
Which of the following was the first marine creature to be removed from endangered status? Blue whale Gray whale Humpback whale Minke whale Rorqual whale
Gray whale
Of the following statements about groins, which is/are true? (2) Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (rip-rap) or of sturdy wood pilings. Groins add more sediment to the beach. Groins trap sand on their downstream side and cause erosion on their upstream side. Groins can be singular or many. Groins are built parallel to the coast beyond the surf zone.
Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (rip-rap) or of sturdy wood pilings. Groins can be singular or many.
The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist: John Tuzo Wilson. Harry Hess. Drummond Matthews. Frederick Vine. Alfred Wegener
Harry Hess.
Which of the following is an example of a nematath? Hints Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain Great Barrier Reef Aleutian Islands Iceland Mariana Islands
Hawaiian Islands-Emperor
Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients
In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.
Which of the following techniques are the best options for cleaning up after an oil spill? (2) Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation. Introduce chemical dispersants to break up the spill. Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. Pressure wash the coastline with super hot water.
Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation. Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill.
Of the following statements about the location of the barycenter of the Earth-Moon system, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Hints (2) It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. It is located in space exactly halfway between Earth and the Moon. It is located in space between the Sun and the Earth-Moon system. It is located in space between Earth and the Moon, but it is closer to Earth. It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system. It is located at the exact center of Earth.
It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Diatoms Radiolarians Oolites Foraminiferans Coccolithophores
Oolites
Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? Freeze separation Osmosis Distillation Electrolysis Reverse osmosis
Osmosis
Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food? Photoplankton Holoplankton Zooplankton Phytoplankton Synthoplankton
Phytoplankton
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Vasco de Gama Ferdinand Magellan John Cabot Ptolemy Christopher Columbus
Ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by: Eratosthenes. Herodotus. Ptolemy. Seneca. Pytheas.
Pytheas.
On average how many supertankers or containerships are reported missing each year without a trace? 1,000 5,000 100 500 10
10
Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply. (4) evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle the composition of meteors from outer space the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents the distribution of species of fossils
ALL BUT: the composition of meteors from outer space
The benthic environment illustrated in the image is from which of the following zones? Littoral Abyssal Subneritic Hadal Bathyal
Abyssal
Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans? Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae
Animalia
The superkingdoms of life called Eubacteria is identical to which of the following? Archaea Archaeabacteria Bacteria Ediacaria Eukarya
Bacteria
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? Permian Ordovician Devonian Cambrian Jurassic
Cambrian
Which of the following have a hard exoskeleton and a segmented body with jointed legs, forked tails and distinct antennae? Coccolithophores Copepods Ctenophores Foraminifers Radiolarians
Copepods
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor The properties of the deep crust The mechanism that causes tsunamis Earth's climate change patterns Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? Red Sea Mediterranean Sea Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean East Africa
East Africa
Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system? Biosphere Atmosphere Geosphere Exosphere Hydrosphere
Exosphere
Which of the following statements about gills are true? Choose all that apply. Hints (2) Gills regulate body temperature. Gills are found only on fishes. Gills are fibrous respiratory organs used to extract oxygen from seawater. Gills rely on diffusion to release carbon dioxide waste from the blood. Gills filter salt out of seawater.
Gills are fibrous respiratory organs used to extract oxygen from seawater. Gills rely on diffusion to release carbon dioxide waste from the blood.
If the current trend in the loss of coastal wetlands does not change, what consequence(s) would you predict? Hints Increased loss of marine fisheries Less flooding of coastal regions Reduction in nutrient pollution to coastal waters A decrease in the rate of estuarine subsidence An increase in migratory birds
Increased loss of marine fisheries
Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud? Benthonektos Epifauna Infauna Nektobenthos Planktofauna
Infauna
Which factor would increase the amount of energy an estuarine tidal power plant could generate? Hints Broad connection to sea Weak ebb and flood currents Large estuarine volume Small tidal range Diurnal tidal pattern
Large estuarine volume
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters? Hints Frequent upwelling Abundant sunlight Low nutrient concentrations Low chlorophyll concentrations Increased scattering of blue light
Low nutrient concentrations
What type of caudal fin is characteristic of fast-swimming fish that migrate long distances? Hints Lunate fins Truncate fins Forked fins Rounded fins Heterocercal fins
Lunate fins
Which of the following fast-swimming fish has the lowest body temperature? Bonito (Sarda) Yellowtail (Seriola) Moonfish Opah (Lampris guttatus) Bluefin tuna (Thynnus) Mackerel (Scomber)
Mackerel (Scomber)
Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. The age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move from one end of a volcanic arc to the other. Volcanic arcs are created at hotspots. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.
Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.
What would you expect to happen to sea level along the Antarctic coastline if the ice cap covering the continent melted? Hints Sea level would increase due to isostatic adjustment. Sea level would decrease due to thermal contraction. Sea level would decrease due to isostatic adjustment. Sea level would decrease due to a eustatic change.
Sea level would decrease due to isostatic adjustment.
Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell? Sea Anemones Sea urchin Snails Limpets Sea stars
Sea stars
Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverses its flow direction? Florida Current Brazil Current California Current Falkland Current Somali Current
Somali Current
Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a large landmass? Canary Current South Equatorial Current Brazil Current Benguela Current North Atlantic Current
South Equatorial Current
Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents? Surface currents concentrate warm water in the center of the gyre at mid latitudes. Surface currents transport warm water toward the equator. Surface currents transport cold water toward the poles. Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres." Surface currents occur within and below the pycnocline.
Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."
Which of the following best defines heat? The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.
The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents. His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species.
The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.
________ waves also known as side-to-side waves. Longitudinal Orbital Reflective Refractive Transverse
Transverse
What is the greatest anthropogenic source of petroleum pollution to the ocean? Urban runoff and individual vehicle owners Transport and distribution of oil in tanker ships Extraction of petroleum from the sea floor The Deepwater Horizon oil spill Natural oil seeps
Urban runoff and individual vehicle owners
The Brazil Current is an example of which of the following types of currents? Eastern Boundary Current Equatorial Counter Current Northern Boundary Current Southern Boundary Current Western Boundary Current
Western Boundary Current
The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by: trapping CO2 in sea ice. removing CO2 and sequestering CO2 above the thermocline. absorbing surplus heat energy. increasing oceanic primary productivity. moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean.
absorbing surplus heat energy.
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is: flattened body shape. burrowing into the sediment. swimming. sessile lifestyle. attachment to the substrate.
burrowing into the sediment.
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? radiolarians glauconite phosphorites diatoms foraminiferans
foraminiferans
The greenhouse effect occurs when gas molecules absorb _________ radiation. Hints infrared ultraviolet red light blue light visible light
infrared
Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________. Hints boulder-covered beaches intertidal salt marsh areas mud flats inner subtidal zone sandy beaches
mud flats
All types of pollution are harmful, but ________ is among the least damaging forms. Hints oil microplastics nurdles PCBs methylmercury
oil
The time between two successive waves is called the: frequency. trough. period. crest. height.
period.
The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________. Hints red yellow blue violet green
red
Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers. sediment fishing mining bioerosion sewage
sewage
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: temperature. density. chlorinity. pH. salinity.
temperature.
Waves converge on headlands due to: constructive interference. destructive interference. wave refraction. wave diffraction. wave reflection.
wave refraction.
Which of the following best describes how scientists help the public prepare for an earthquake event? Hints Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area. Scientists have no idea what areas might experience earthquakes in the future, so there is no way to help the public prepare. Scientists can predict when earthquakes will happen and alert the public because there are many precursors and signs that an earthquake is about to occur.
Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.
Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.
Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt.
Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt.
Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea? Photosynthesis Acidification Oxidation Sedimentation Serpentinization
Serpentinization
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Siliceous ooze Clay Quartz sand Volcanic ash Rock fragments
Siliceous ooze
Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate
Sodium
The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________. Order Genus Species Phylum Family
Species
Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? Difficulty finding mates Drying out during low tide Lack of space or attachment sites Predators Strong wave activity
Strong wave activity
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true? Choose all that apply. Hints (3) Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. Schools can gang up on larger predators and chase them away, thus avoiding an attack. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives. Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind. Schooling allows fish to learn avoidance techniques from each other through observation and socialization. Schooling provides conservation of body heat and allows fish to be warmer, thus using less energy to keep warm.
Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives. Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind.
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? The deep-ocean floor Marine sediments on land Estuaries and lagoons Continental shelf
The deep-ocean floor
Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities? Between 100,000 and 150,000 Between 200,000 and 250,000 Between 150,000 and 200,000 Between 250,000 and 300,000 More than 300,000
Between 150,000 and 200,000
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle? (Picture)
Asthenosphere Inner core -Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the: Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans. Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? Ice caps, glaciers, and snow Groundwater and soil moisture World ocean Streams and lakes Atmospheric water vapor
Atmospheric water vapor
Which of the following statements of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group is correct? They feed primarily in cold high-latitude waters in the coastal Arctic Ocean. They do not migrate at all because they don't store enough fat to survive the migration. Their newborn calves are born along the Pacific coast from Washington to California. They spend the summer along the Pacific coast from Canada to northern California. They cannot survive in cold water and live year round in southern California.
They spend the summer along the Pacific coast from Canada to northern California.
Of the following statements about forces and tidal bulges, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. Tidal bulges are produced only on the side of Earth closest to either the Moon or the Sun. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of centripetal force. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force.
Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force. On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force.
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes
-Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. 10%. 30%. 50%. 90%.
1%
You live on an island in the Pacific. An earthquake of magnitude 8.5 off the coast of Japan, 8000 km away, generates a tsunami with a wavelength of 200 km. The average water depth between your island and Japan is 4900 m. If a tsunami warning is issued for your island, how many hours will you have before the waves arrive? Hints 7.40 hours 10.14 hours 12.34 hours 6.87 hours 8.51 hours
10.14 hours
The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 or more
1000
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) 840 meters (2,756 feet) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet)
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be four times as high as the height of the wave average. 50,000 23 75 300,000 1175
300,000
Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 400 200 300 500 100
500
Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by: large, sensitive eyes. bioluminescence. no eyes. A and B are correct. A and C are correct.
A and B are correct.
Which feature of barrier islands provides evidence for a rise in sea level? Hints A low salt marsh A lagoon Dunes A peat outcrop
A peat outcrop
In which sediment-covered shoreline would you find the greatest concentration of subsurface-dissolved oxygen? Hints A sandy beach with a consistent longshore current A mudflat shoreline at high tide An intertidal zone dominated by silt and clay-size particles A steeply sloping beach face composed of cobblestone A gently sloping shoreline that lacks zonation
A steeply sloping beach face composed of cobblestone
Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that apply. (4) Hints areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor) hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor
ALL BUT: mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor)
Which of the following are considered baleen whales? Choose all that apply. Hints (4) blue whales right whales humpback whales sperm whales gray whales
ALL BUT: sperm whales
Which of the following adaptations allow(s) a marine organism to blend into the environment and avoid visual detection? Choose all that apply. (4) disruptive coloration streamlined body countershading camouflage transparent body tissue low surface area to volume ratio
ALL BUT: streamlined body low surface area to volume ratio
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly? Pressure gradients Anchored buoys Doppler flow meters Radar altimeters Accidental spills from container ships
Accidental spills from container ships
Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves. South America Australia Antarctica Africa China
Africa
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Canary Islands Aleutian Islands Galapagos Islands Iceland Azores
Aleutian Islands
Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by: availability of food. changes in salinity. temperature variations with latitude and depth. differences in water pressure with depth. All the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton
All the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton
Of the following statements about the tilt of Earth's axis, which one is true? Select only one answer. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and colder summers. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and colder summers. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause warmer winters and warmer summers. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause warmer winters and colder summers.
An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers.
Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.
An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Suspension feeding Deposit feeding Filter feeding Autotrophic Carnivorous feeding
Autotrophic
The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: carbon dioxide. nitrogen. phosphorus. A and B are correct. B and C are correct.
B and C are correct.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements? Human climate alterations have not yet produced significant impacts on biological systems. Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account. Ocean acidification is not a problem because the ocean does not absorb carbon dioxide gas. The temperature increases observed since the mid-20th century are very likely due to natural causes. Recent regional climate changes have not yet affected physical systems on Earth.
Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account.
Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer. Hints Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field. The Sun has such a powerful magnetic field that it creates a magnetic field on Earth. The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the same direction as Earth, but much faster. The solid inner core spins rapidly in the opposite direction as Earth rotates. Convection of the silicate materials in the asthenosphere generates a magnetic field.
Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.
Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities? Tubeworms Mussels Clams Corals White crabs
Corals
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
The pollutant responsible for major declines in the populations of pelicans, ospreys, and other marine birds was __________. Hints DDT sewage sludge PCBs plastics mercury
DDT
Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle? Suturing Declining Terminal Mature Juvenile
Declining
What reason best explains the decrease in oxygen levels beneath the epipelagic zone? Decomposition of organic material Lack of algae Increased concentration of nutrients Lack of atmospheric mixing Absence of photosynthesis
Decomposition of organic material
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Sea floor methane seeps Groundwater leaching Nodule and crust creation Clathrate formation Deep-sea hotsprings
Deep-sea hotsprings
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Dredge Rotary corer Long line Seiche disk Gravity corer
Dredge
Weather (short-term conditions of air temperature, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because __________. Earth's surface is heated unevenly by the Sun photosynthesis has enriched the atmosphere with oxygen ocean currents cause the movement of air masses and produce weather fronts Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical solar activity varies with time
Earth's surface is heated unevenly by the Sun
Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions? Archaea Archaeabacteria Bacteria Ediacaria Eukarya
Eukarya
Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. (3) Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Observe the clarity of the water. Measure the chlorinity of the water. Pass electrical current through the water. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. Record the temperature of the water.
Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Measure the chlorinity of the water. Pass electrical current through the water.
Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? Lagrangian point Polarization point Boiling point Freezing point Condensation point
Freezing point
Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? Algae beds and coral reefs Estuaries Freshwater swamp and marsh Open Ocean Upwelling zone
Freshwater swamp and marsh
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: Na+. Ca+2. HCO3-. Cl-. CO2.
HCO3-.
Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are called which of the following? Virioplankton Zooplankton Meroplankton Holoplankton Phytoplankton
Holoplankton
Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world? Falkland Current Somali Current Brazil Current Canary Current Humboldt Current
Humboldt Current
Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct? Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less-dense ice crystals is suppressed. Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.
Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.
At the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, how would the coastal waters be characterized with respect to temperature and salinity? Hints Isothermal with a strong halocline Isohaline and isothermal Isohaline with a strong thermocline A strong halocline and a strong thermocline are present. Isohaline and a strong halocline
Isothermal with a strong halocline
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It immediately begins to rise slowly. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts.
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites? It condensed to form Earth's ocean. It was blown away by the solar wind. It escaped into the vacuum of space. It is about 10% of the modern earth atmosphere.
It was blown away by the solar wind.
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________. Christopher Columbus Leif Erikson James Cameron James Cook Jacques Piccard
James Cook
Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (2) Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. Kelp forests are rich communities that are attached to sandy bottoms. Kelp forests can become overwhelmingly large because benthic animals do not graze on kelp. The best-developed kelp forests grow in tropical waters. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.
Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Biosphere Atmosphere Cryosphere Lithosphere Geosphere
Lithosphere
Which of the following do not eat oysters? Lobsters Sea stars Fishes Snails Crabs
Lobsters
Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution? Hints (3) Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution is harmful to human health only. Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution can be a natural occurrence. Marine pollution is aesthetically displeasing (an eyesore). Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy.
Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy.
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Propane Methane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Ethane
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Land based plants Dinosaurs Peat and coal Microscopic organisms Fish and amphibians
Microscopic organisms
Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called _________. Hints Bouma cycles Milankovitch cycles geospatial periodicity Wilson cycles Mohorovicíc cycles
Milankovitch cycles
What tidal pattern would best describe a coastline that experienced a maximum tidal range of 6 feet in the morning and a smaller 2-foot range in the late afternoon? Hints Diurnal Spring Neap Mixed Semidiurnal
Mixed
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? Pebble berms Sand beaches Salt marshes Mud flats Boulder beaches
Mud flats
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. CO2 (carbon dioxide) N2O (nitrous oxide) N2 (molecular nitrogen) CH4 (methane) O3 (ozone)
N2 (molecular nitrogen)
Of the following statements about lunar phases, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (2) Over the few days of a waning gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waning crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases.
Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Tethys Sea Panamerica Panthalassia Pangaea Gondwanaland
Panamerica
Plankton that measure between 0.2 to 2 microns are classified, based on size, as which of the following? Macroplankton Phytoplankton Picoplankton Virioplankton Zooplankton
Picoplankton
Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled plants, all of which photosynthesize? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae Protista
Plantae
Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket? Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Standing breaker Surging breaker Swelling breaker
Plunging breaker
A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
Poles (90 degrees)
Giant kelp is a member of the phylum _________. Hints Animalia Eubacteria Fungi Protista Plantae
Protista
Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus? Plantae Protista Archaebacteria Fungi Eubacteria
Protista
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly? Radio-transmitting float bottles Pressure gradients Doppler flow meters Radar altimeters Anchored buoys
Radio-transmitting float bottles
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Phosphorite Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates
Rare-earth elements
You are an engineer assigned to design a solution to protect a historic landmark threatened by coastal erosion. What scenario would have the least impact on natural coastal processes and be the most cost effective? Hints Relocate the structure Build a jetty upcurrent Build a series of groins Beach replenishment Construct a seawall
Relocate the structure
The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? Buffering Oxidation Photosynthesis Respiration Dissolution
Respiration
Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally The environmental degradation of many ecosystems Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? (1) Seafloor magnetic patterns Magnetic pole reversals Earthquake distribution Locations of active volcanoes Shape of continental margins
Shape of continental margins
Which of the following animals uses a swim bladder to achieve neutral buoyancy? Sharks Nautilus Tuna Sepia Snapper
Snapper
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern Alfred Wegener Harry Hess Drummond Matthews Stanley Miller Frederick Vine.
Stanley Miller
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Suboceanic Sublittoral Supralittoral Subneritic Littoral
Suboceanic
The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following? Geostrophic current Subtropical convergence Western intensification Equatorial upwelling Eastern intensification
Subtropical convergence
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Plunging breaker Swell Surging breaker Surf Spilling breaker
Swell
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting Deep ocean water thermal expansion Tectonic uplifting Melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps Surface ocean water thermal expansion
Tectonic uplifting
Of the following statements about the Coriolis effect in the Northern Hemisphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (2) The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around low pressure. The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure. The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure. The Coriolis effect does not cause air to move in a circular pattern around either high or low pressures. The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around high pressure.
The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure. The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure.
Of the following statements about the contribution of the Sun and the Moon to Earth's tides, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) The Sun exerts more than twice the gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth's tides because of its massive size. The Moon exerts over twice the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth's tides because of its proximity to Earth. The Moon's contribution to the tides is less than that of the Sun. The lunar tidal bulges are about twice the size of the solar tidal bulges. The Sun's contribution to the tides is less than that of the Moon. The solar tidal bulges are about twice the size of the lunar tidal bulges.
The Moon exerts over twice the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth's tides because of its proximity to Earth. The lunar tidal bulges are about twice the size of the solar tidal bulges. The Sun's contribution to the tides is less than that of the Moon.
How did the Moon form? The Moon was captured by the gravitational pull of the Earth. The Moon erupted from the Earth leaving a scar at the Pacific Ocean. The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. The Moon formed at the same time as the Earth due to simultaneous accretion.
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.
If it is January and the Moon is in syzygy, which additional factor would contribute to extreme tidal ranges around the world? Hints The Moon in quadrature The Moon in apogee The Moon in perigee The Earth in aphelion
The Moon in perigee
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Southern Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Southern Ocean The Antarctic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals. Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached. Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them. The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.
The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.
Of the following statements about the force of gravity between two bodies, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies decreases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies increases as distance increases. The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance. The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases.
The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance. The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases.
Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core.
The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.
Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. (3) Hints The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. Polar reversals cause existing ocean crust to remagnetize. Marine organisms that live on the sea floor have caused this pattern.
The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools
Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects samples from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters depth. Sample analyses shows that the water is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why? Select the three statements below that apply. The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth.
The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth.
What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. They occur only on the ocean floor. They occur entirely within the middle of continents. They are all located along the edges of continents.
They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.
Which of the following statements regarding walruses is correct? Their tusks are used for prying and killing. Their hair is hollow for better insulation. They lack an insulating layer of blubber. They have ivory tusks up to 1 meter long. Their sharp claws are used for hauling themselves onto icebergs.
They have ivory tusks up to 1 meter long.
Consider a coastal region that repeatedly experiences harmful algal blooms because of fertilizer runoff. A local politician suggests introducing the zebra mussel, because they filter feed and will clear the water of the bloom. Why is this an ill-advised proposition from an ecological standpoint? They will result in an increase in the bloom because their waste acts as additional fertilizer for the algae. They bioaccumulate toxins from the environment making them unsuitable to eat. They promote the development of a dead zones by reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen. They have no natural predators and can dramatically alter the ecosystem. They cannot survive in a foreign environment, resulting in the unnecessary loss of life and a waste of money.
They have no natural predators and can dramatically alter the ecosystem.
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean? Juan Sebastian del Caño Ferdinand Magellan James Cook Vasco da Gama Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds. Water molecules makes it much easier for ions to separate. Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.
When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.
The coastal wetlands of Louisiana are being lost primarily because of __________. Hints dredging of the intra-coastal waterway pollution from the growing human population drilling activity and oil spills frequent tropical cyclones a combination of subsidence and rising sea level
a combination of subsidence and rising sea level
A grunion "run" would be expected within a few nights after __________. Hints a fully developed sea a new or full moon a period of heavy surf the autumnal equinox a quarter moon
a new or full moon
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet devising a means of fixing longitude while at sea discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world exploration outside the Mediterranean and into the North Atlantic Ocean
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: continental shelf. continental rise. abyssal plain far from a continent. crest of a mid-ocean ridge. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.
abyssal plain far from a continent.
Beach joggers prefer to run on the __________. Hints beach scarp beach face berm longshore trough longshore bar
beach face
The primary reason phytoplankton are "concerned" about buoyancy is that they _________. Hints cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone will be eaten by their predators if they sink will be crushed by the high pressure at depth need to stay near the surface to have enough oxygen to survive cannot withstand the cold temperatures if they sink into deeper water
cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed. color distribution physical state textural makeup chemical composition
chemical composition
Earth's polar regions (above 60° latitude) are classified as deserts because __________. Hints all available water in the polar regions is tied up in glaciers and icecaps cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation mountains surrounding the polar regions prevent moist air from moving into the areas only snow falls in those areas, and snow is not considered to be precipitation the albedo is too great in those areas
cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation
Southern California beaches would have more sand if __________. Hints winter storms were more severe, with larger waves the cobbles were removed from the beaches to make room for more sand offshore structures were built to prevent waves from breaking onto the shore more seawalls were built to protect coastal bluffs dams were removed from streams flowing to the coast
dams were removed from streams flowing to the coast
Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________. deep, coastal ocean shallow, coastal ocean shallow, open ocean deep, open ocean all parts of the ocean
deep, open ocean
Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity. upwelling; high downwelling; low upwelling; low downwelling; high
downwelling; low
Under the protection of the Law of the Sea treaty, a coastal nation has the right to _____________. Hints extract oil at will within the jurisdiction of their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mine the continental shelf of a nation that has not ratified the Law of the Sea restrict the passage of vessels through a territorial sea exploit deep-ocean minerals at will in international waters catch fishery species within the boundaries of a neighboring nation's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
extract oil at will within the jurisdiction of their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. chemical biological geological physical archaeological
geological
You own a beachfront lot that has been experiencing erosion due to beach starvation. Your neighbor to the north (up-current) has the same problem, so he gets permission to build a groin just north of your property line. Your response would probably be to __________. Hints armor your shoreline with a full-length seawall do nothing, as the situation will stabilize with time and the sand will come back get permission to build a groin of your own near the southern boundary of your property have sand trucked in to rebuild your beach sue your neighbor for sand deprivation
get permission to build a groin of your own near the southern boundary of your property
Water's viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms. help; hindrance help; help hindrance; help hindrance; hindrance Water's viscosity has no impact on both planktonic and nektonic organisms.
help; hindrance
A disadvantage shared by wave, solar and wind energy is that ___________________________. Hints it is not available on demand, and there currently is no viable way to store the energy the energy tends to be concentrated in areas of high latitude and is not readily available to tropical countries governments are unwilling to subsidize renewable forms of energy the power produced must be transmitted long distances from where it is produced to where it is consumed installations must be protected from the very energy that they collect
it is not available on demand, and there currently is no viable way to store the energy
The cultural tradition and government-ordered capture of pilot whales for food by Faroe Islanders in the North Atlantic is deemed _______________. legal aboriginal subsistence whaling legal scientific whaling legal whaling by objection illegal by the International Whaling Commission a direct violation of the 1986 whaling moratorium
legal aboriginal subsistence whaling
The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone. hadal bathyal subneritic abyssal littoral
littoral
The caudal fin of fast-cruising fish such as tuna is: rounded. truncate. lunate. forked. heterocercal.
lunate.
What form of chemical pollution results in neurological damage that can range from blindness to brain damage to paralysis and even death? DDT methylmercury pharmaceuticals Fertilizers sewage sludge
methylmercury
The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________. trillion thousand quadrillion billion million
million
With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. Hints deep-water fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population governments target deep-water species when they subsidize their fishing industries most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate deep-water fishes taste better and are in higher demand fisheries management agencies have become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list
most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate
According to the World Health Organization definition of marine pollutants, __________ is NOT a pollutant. Hints oil from the tanks of ships DDT oil from offshore seeps plastic mercury from the burning of coal
oil from offshore seeps
Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution.
pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.
The greatest amount of oil pollution in the ocean from human sources is from __________. petroleum transportation offshore drilling and production natural seeps petroleum consumption pipelines
petroleum consumption
Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web? Hints blue whales burrowing clams zooplankton marine worms large nekton photosynthetic bacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. chemical biological physical geological archaeological
physical
An example of non-point source pollution is ___________. Hints mercury discharged as waste by chemical plants sewage sludge transported to a disposal site petroleum seeping naturally from the sea floor plastic debris washed down storm drains oil leaking from an undersea drilling site
plastic debris washed down storm drains
Geologic evidence suggests that eustatic (global) sea level rises have been caused by __________. Hints plate edges being dragged down by subduction at active continental margins lateral movement on a transform plate boundary rapid seafloor spreading at divergent plate boundaries vertical movement on a faulted continental margin isostatic rebound of land formerly occupied by continental glaciers
rapid seafloor spreading at divergent plate boundaries
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. Hints basalt fragments and metallic sulfides sand, silt, and gravel halite, gypsum, and anhydrite biogenic ooze red clay
sand, silt, and gravel
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called: mantle plumes. hotspots. tablemounts. guyots. seamounts.
seamounts
You have just arrived for a vacation on the Oregon coast, and you wish to explore some tide pools while you are there. You hear the local weatherman say that there will be a minus tide at 7 a.m. tomorrow. You should __________. Hints wait for a minus tide that occurs at night, because there is not much to see in tide pools in the daytime wait two weeks until the end of your vacation, because the tidal range will be lower then not worry about it, because tidepooling is good every day at low tide set your alarm to wake you early; this may be your best chance for tidepooling sleep in; you know that Oregon has a mixed tide pattern and that there will be another low tide in about 12-1/2 hours
set your alarm to wake you early; this may be your best chance for tidepooling
Constructive interference results in larger waves whereas destructive interference produces: smaller waves. rouge waves. swells. tsunamis. capillary waves.
smaller waves.
Some of the tide height numbers in your tide table are preceded by minus signs (or in some cases printed in red). This tells you that __________. Hints a rare proxigean tide is occurring spring tides are occurring the tidal range is very small, and a neap tide is occurring strong offshore winds are expected there is insufficient data to provide good values for these tides
spring tides are occurring
The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach. steeply; coarse steeply; fine gentle; coarse gentle; fine
steeply; coarse
The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________. pressure diffusion temperature salinity sunlight
sunlight
Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that __________. the Coriolis effect, necessary for the rotation of hurricanes, does not exist outside the tropics the Rocky Mountains serve as a barrier to keep storms away from the coast the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes the western deserts keep the humidity too low for hurricanes to form hurricanes do not occur in the eastern Pacific
the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes
Based on the World Health Organization's definition, how many of these substances would be classified as a pollutant if these were the only data considered? four two all of them three one
two
The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to: wavelength/20. wave height/wavelength. wavelength/wave height. wave height/wave period. wavelength/2.
wavelength/2.
Conditions for the development of wave energy are most optimal along ________ shores in the ________ Hemisphere. eastern; Northern western; Northern western; Southern eastern; Southern
western; Southern
Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. eastern; away from western; toward western; away from eastern; toward
western; toward
Waters of the continental shelf are generally _______. Choose all that apply. Hints (3) within the abyssopelagic zone depleted in oxygen aphotic within the neritic province highly productive waters within the epipelagic zone
within the neritic province highly productive waters within the epipelagic zone
Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater? (START) Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Slush; Sea Ice (FINISH) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Sea Ice; Pancake Ice (FINISH) (START) Slush; Ice Floes; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH) (START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH) (START) Ice Floes; Slush; Pancake Ice; Sea Ice (FINISH)
(START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH)
The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. one to two kilometers one kilometer 20 meters two to three kilometers 100 meters
100 meters
What condition would create a weak longshore current? Hints A high-frequency wave set A wave set approaching parallel to the shore head-on A set of large swells A steep beach face Waves breaking on a headland
A wave set approaching parallel to the shore head-on
Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (2) Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. White muscle tissue has increased levels of myoglobin compared to red muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue is designed for quick bursts of speed. White muscle tissue is designed for sustained, long-distance travel. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance. Lungers have mostly red muscle tissue.
Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance.
There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern? Hints Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower. The carbonate buffering effect makes the water more basic or alkaline. The lack of marine life in deep water means that a smaller amount of organic acids is released into the water by biological activity. The low temperature and high pressure at depth both work to lower the pH. The water is more saline with depth, and higher salinity means greater acidity.
Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.
Which of the following is a phytoplankton? Copepod Dinoflagellates Foraminifers Radiolarian Noctiluca
Dinoflagellates
Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? Icebergs melting Sea ice melting Runoff Precipitation Evaporation
Evaporation
Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? Evaporation Polarization Freezing Condensation Melting
Evaporation
Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. The marine fishing industry has developed new high-tech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. The largest proportion of marine fish stocks are harvested from open ocean waters. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.
Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
Imagine an earthquake is about to occur at location 2 on the map (southern Alaska). Which of the following statements is most accurate? (2) Location 2 is not in the middle of the ocean and therefore will not produce a tsunami, so none of the locations need to be notified of the earthquake. Only location 2 could benefit from an alert so people can evacuate before the earthquake occurs. There are no locations on the map that could benefit from an alert that an earthquake at location 2 occurred, because they won't feel any of the effects. Most of the people living at location 2 probably are aware that they live in a location where earthquakes are likely. All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, because they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami.
Most of the people living at location 2 probably are aware that they live in a location where earthquakes are likely. All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, because they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami.
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Petroleum
Petroleum
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. Polynesians Phoenicians Greeks Chinese
Phoenicians
Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface? Variations in Earth's orbit Reversed magnetic polarity Changes in the Sun's brightness Release of human-caused emissions Major volcanic eruptions
Release of human-caused emissions
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct? The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion. There is no Coriolis effect for objects moving due south from the equator. The maximum Coriolis effect is at the equator, and there is no Coriolis effect at the poles . The Coriolis effect is strongest between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion.
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. calcareous ooze sand clay coral siliceous ooze
clay
Coral reefs ________. can be found at latitudes above 60° include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event
include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. ions molecules protons neutrons electrons
ions
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: volcanogenic. hydrogenous. lithogenous. biogenous. cosmogenous.
lithogenous.
Much of the profound influence water temperature has on marine life is because cold water is ________ dense and has a ________ viscosity than warm water. more; lower less; higher less; lower more; higher There is no relationship between density and viscosity.
more; higher
The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of _________. Hints mutualism cannibalism commensalism chemosynthesis parasitism
mutualism
The process of water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution is called ________. mixing osmosis convection diffusion conduction
osmosis
Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. purse seine nets long lines gill nets lobster traps drift nets
purse seine nets
A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: barocline. pycnocline. isocline. thermocline. halocline.
pycnocline.
A predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the _________. Hints fiddler crab sand star sand crab heart urchin brittle star
sand star
A wave will begin to break when: distance from shore < wavelength. steepness = 1:7. water depth = wave height. wavelength < wave height. water depth = wavelength/20.
steepness = 1:7.
Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________. Hints mantle plumes do not occur at divergent plate boundaries, and Africa has no divergent plate boundaries the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" Africa is just very large the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" and a large portion of Africa is located near the equator a large portion of Africa is located near the equator
the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"
The Ekman spiral is caused by: density differences in the water column. the wind and the Coriolis effect. pressure gradients. the pycnocline. the wind and gravity.
the wind and the Coriolis effect.
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected by clouds back into space? 6 17 23 47 30
17
The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
30 degrees
Storms are most common in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)
30 to 60 degrees
It is Wednesday, and you are planning a fishing trip for this coming Saturday. You have heard that fishing is best at your chosen spot when the ebb current begins to flow, so you wish to start fishing at high tide. You do not have a tide table, but you have noted that today's high tide was at 1:10 p.m. At what time on Saturday should you plan to arrive and start fishing? Hints 1:10 p.m. 3:40 p.m. 2:50 p.m. 4:45 p.m. 10:40 a.m.
3:40 p.m.
Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? 550 meters 190 meters 5 meters 250 meters
550 meters
Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.
In the cross-sectional view of Earth's interior shown below, correctly match each layer with its appropriate name.Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. (Picture)
A: Outer core D: Crust C: Lithosphere E: Inner core B: Mantle F: Asthenosphere
Of the following statements about ocean waves, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move. Ocean waves occur only at the air/water interface. Ocean waves can be classified by the force that created them. Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. Ocean waves involve the transport of water across ocean basins.
AL BUT: Ocean waves occur only at the air/water interface. Ocean waves involve the transport of water across ocean basins.
Of the following statements about global sea level, which is/are true? (4) When the rate of sea floor spreading increases, global sea level is lowered. When seawater warms, it thermally expands and occupies more volume, so global sea level rises. When seawater cools, it contracts and occupies less volume, so global sea level is lowered. Sea level has risen about 120 meters (400 feet) in the past 18,000 years. Sea level is affected by the amount of ice in polar ice caps on land.
ALL BUT: When the rate of sea floor spreading increases, global sea level is lowered.
Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply. (3) krill dinoflagellates kelp coccolithophores diatoms
ALL BUT: krill kelp
Western intensification causes: a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compared to the eastern section of the gyre. a large volume of water to flow within western boundary currents. very swift western boundary currents. the center of the gyre to be shift to the west. All the above effects are the result of western intensification.
All the above effects are the result of western intensification.
A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it: increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism. increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking. increases the ability to absorb nutrients. All the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms. None of the above statements is advantageous to marine organisms.
All the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms.
Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current? deeper current narrower current increased current velocity warmer water All the above statements are true of western boundary currents.
All the above statements are true of western boundary currents.
Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom: Plantae. Fungi. Monera. Animalia. Protoctista.
Animalia.
If you had to navigate a ship into a shallow, rocky harbor with mixed tides, when would be the best time for you to do it? Hints During the maximum ebb current Approaching the high slack water During the transition from ebb to flood current During the maximum flood current Approaching the low slack water
Approaching the high slack water
The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following? History of Marine Animal Populations The Ocean Biogeographic Information System International Census of Marine Microbes Census of Marine Life Systematic Census of the Ocean
Census of Marine Life
Finback whales are members of which of the following orders? Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Rhenanida Sirenia
Cetacea
Part A - Three Distinct Layers Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Crust: Mantle: Core:
Crust: is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition Mantle: contains a weak layer below the lithosphere contains rock rich in magnesium and iron. Core: contains iron and nickel contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer
Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary? Hints Transform Continental/continental convergent Oceanic/continental Oceanic/oceanic convergent Divergent
Divergent
The Benguela Current is an example of which of the following types of currents? Eastern Boundary Current Equatorial Counter Current Northern Boundary Current Southern Boundary Current Western Boundary Current
Eastern Boundary Current
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was: Eratosthenes. Pytheas. Seneca. Herodotus. Ptolemy.
Eratosthenes.
What example of global engineering aims to accelerate the ocean's natural biological pump? Hints Sequestering of carbon dioxide in the deep ocean Increase the secretion of carbonate shells by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the water Fertilization of ocean water with iron Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere Increase the amount of sunlight reflected back into the atmosphere
Fertilization of ocean water with iron
The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere? From northeast to southwest From northwest to southeast From southeast to northwest From southwest to northeast
From northeast to southwest
The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? From northeast to southwest From northwest to southeast From southeast to northwest From southwest to northeast
From northwest to southeast
Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. (2) Halite Gas hydrates Phosphorites Manganese nodules Petroleum
Gas hydrates Petroleum
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Vasco Nunez de Balboa Giovanni Caboto Juan Sebastian del Caño Ferdinand Magellan Vasco da Gama
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll? Hints Oahu Loihi Hawaii Maui Kauai
Kauai
Of the following statements about longshore transport (longshore drift), which is/are true? (3) Longshore transport and rip currents are the same thing. Longshore transport can change direction depending on which direction the waves approach the beach. Longshore transport moves sediment upcoast or downcoast along the beach. Longshore transport moves sediment in a zigzag path. Longshore transport moves just a small amount of sediment along the shore during a year. Longshore transport describes the movement of water in the surf zone.
Longshore transport can change direction depending on which direction the waves approach the beach. Longshore transport moves sediment upcoast or downcoast along the beach. Longshore transport moves sediment in a zigzag path.
Which of the following plankton are the largest? Macroplankton Phytoplankton Picoplankton Virioplankton Zooplankton
Macroplankton
Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.
Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer. Hints The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 4.5 billion years old and is located near the edge of a continent.
The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years. They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs.
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Which of the following statements provides a possible logical explanation for the increased number of tornadoes during the 1990s and 2000s compared to the 1950s and 1960s? Select all that apply, (2) Larger warm fronts in mid-latitude cyclones produce more tornadoes. Using Doppler radar more effectively allows scientists to detect more tornadoes than was previously possible. Tornado warnings when tornadoes don't occur can cause the number of tornadoes to look greater than it actually is. Population increases mean that more people could report tornadoes in more areas.
Using Doppler radar more effectively allows scientists to detect more tornadoes than was previously possible. Population increases mean that more people could report tornadoes in more areas.
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? volcanic island arcs mid-ocean ridges andesitic volcanoes fracture zones hot spots
andesitic volcanoes
In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. nutrient supply; available sunlight nutrient supply; nutrient supply available sunlight; available sunlight available sunlight; nutrient supply
available sunlight; nutrient supply
Of the following characteristics, which apply to a planktonic organism that photosynthesizes? Choose all that apply. (3) classified as phytoplankton a type of autotrophic organism a type of heterotrophic organism living within the euphotic zone living in the aphotic zone classified as zooplankton
classified as phytoplankton a type of autotrophic organism living within the euphotic zone
The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. Hints climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters sea level will rise by three meters by the end of this century there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years
climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account
Gray whales feed primarily on sea floor organisms in ________ in the ________. cold high-latitude waters; summer mild mid-latitude waters; spring tropical lagoons; summer cold high-latitude waters; winter tropical lagoons; winter
cold high-latitude waters; summer
An increase in seawater density can be caused by a ________ in temperature or a/an ________ in salinity. decrease; decrease decrease; increase increase; decrease increase; increase
decrease; increase
Some planktonic marine organisms produce a tiny droplet of oil to ________ density and ________ buoyancy. decrease; increase decrease; decrease increases; decrease increase; increase There is no relationship between density and buoyancy.
decrease; increase
As a wave approaches shore, its characteristics change by _____________________. Hints decreasing speed, increasing steepness increasing speed, increasing steepness decreasing speed, steepness is unchanged increasing speed, decreasing steepness decreasing speed, decreasing steepness
decreasing speed, increasing steepness
When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. less; greater deeper; lower deeper; greater less; lower
deeper; lower
Because of the scarcity of food in the deep-sea environment, many organisms rely on _________ as their principal source of food. Hints zooplankton krill multicellular algae cephalopods detritus
detritus
Refraction causes headlands to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of ________. poor; deposition good; erosion poor; erosion good; deposition
good; erosion
Which of the following two factors cause geostrophic circulation within a gyre? temperature and pressure. density and the wind. the wind and pressure. gravity and the Coriolis effect. salinity and gravity.
gravity and the Coriolis effect.
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is: lower. the same. greater. none of the above.
greater
Southern California beaches in winter typically are narrow and rocky. That is because __________. Hints the gentle wave activity of summer has removed the sand and left the beaches bare longshore transport diminishes in winter, resulting in beach starvation large winter storm waves bring rocks onto the beach from deeper water offshore heavy winter wave activity moves the sand out to the longshore bar and uncovers the rocks underneath the sand streams swollen by heavy winter rains bring the rocks to the shore and distribute them along the beaches
heavy winter wave activity moves the sand out to the longshore bar and uncovers the rocks underneath the sand
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? low viscosity high heat capacity high salinity high viscosity low heat capacity
high heat capacity
Sophisticated climate models forecast a strong warming of ________. low northern latitudes low southern latitudes high northern latitudes tropical latitudes middle latitudes
high northern latitudes
Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________. Hints high-latitude areas equatorial waters mid-latitude areas the deep ocean all areas equally
high-latitude areas
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an: facultative ectoparasitism. obligate commensalism. facultative commensalism. obligate endoparasitism. mutualistic symbiosis.
mutualistic symbiosis.
The oxygen-storing compound in the red muscle tissue of fishes is called _________. Hints luciferin hemoglobin algin myoglobin gamma globulin
myoglobin
Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean? nekton—swim benthos—swim benthos—drift nekton—bottom-dwelling plankton—bottom-dwelling
nekton—swim
The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to: species raised in aquaculture settings. species harvested for industrial purposes. non-target species that are caught along with commercial species. species caught as part of traditional fisheries. krill and other shellfish.
non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.
The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. cyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and multidirectional cyclic and multidirectional noncyclic and unidirectional
noncyclic and unidirectional
We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. Hints in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Washington and Oregon in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea in the Persian Gulf
off the coast of Washington and Oregon
Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics to the poles. three-fourths one-half one-third two-thirds one-fourth
one-third
Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living.
plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.
Submarines sometimes ride out heavy storms in deep water by submerging. That is a practical application of utilizing the ____________________. Hints SOFAR channel for safe navigation principle of constant proportions wave refraction in deep water thermohaline stratification principle of decreasing orbital motion with depth
principle of decreasing orbital motion with depth
The international Law of the Sea treaty __________. Hints puts no restrictions on the mining of seabed minerals in areas of the ocean beyond any nation's exclusive economic zone regulates the dumping of waste in international waters allows nations to prohibit the transit of unfriendly warships through straits adjacent to their shorelines establishes an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) that extends 12 nautical miles seaward from the coast of each maritime nation provides for arbitration of disputes
provides for arbitration of disputes
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. halite calcite quartz gypsum aragonite
quartz
Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________. Hints solar energy interacting with the stratosphere conduction of heat from Earth's surface re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation latent heat of condensation in storms solar energy interacting with the ionosphere
re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation
Studies indicate that acidification of the ocean by the absorption of carbon dioxide is harmful to virtually all marine life and ecosystems. The group most vulnerable to both warming and acidification would be the _________. krill and other zooplankton pelagic fishes reef corals and other calcareous organisms benthic crustaceans marine mammals
reef corals and other calcareous organisms
Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following? Choose all that apply. (2) spraying aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases creating man-made glaciers in tropical areas to increase the solar radiation reflected back into space. reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices. adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump
reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices. adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump
Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of _________. sessile animals, infauna, and very few epifauna sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna sessile animals, epifauna, and many infauna sessile animals, nekton, and infauna epifauna, infauna, and very few sessile animals
sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna
A tsunami is considered to be a: deep-water wave. refracted wave. capillary wave. reflected wave. shallow water wave.
shallow water wave.
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. depth; elevation position; latitude shape; position size; shape
shape; position
Gray whales breed and give birth in ________ in the ________. cold high-latitude waters; summer tropical lagoons; summer mild mid-latitude waters; spring cold high-latitude waters; winter tropical lagoons; winter
tropical lagoons; winter
An unintended consequence of the jetty that protects the harbor entrance at Newport Harbor, California is a wave pattern that has crippled and killed many body surfers due to ________. tsunami destructive interference wave reflection wave refraction standing waves
wave reflection
The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to: water depth. wave speed or celerity. wave height. wave frequency. wavelength.
wavelength.
Warm core rings and cold core rings are associated with __________. eastern boundary currents western boundary currents tropical cyclones equatorial countercurrents contour currents
western boundary currents
In 2015 President Obama's White House set a formal goal of reducing US greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by ________. 2035 2020 2030 2040 2025
2025
What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3.5 meters? 5.46 meters per second 1.5 meters per second 2.34 meters per second 4.23 meters per second 2.92 meters per second
2.34 meters per second
What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 5 meters? 11.45 meters per second 3.49 meters per second 1.79 meters per second 7.8 meters per second 2.8 meters per second
2.8 meters per second
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. (5) previous ocean circulation patterns past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor the climate on Earth millions of years ago the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins
ALL APPLY
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. The time periods of the geological time scale are based on events caused by density stratification. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. Density stratification caused the oxygen crisis on Earth. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered.
ALL BUT: The time periods of the geological time scale are based on events caused by density stratification. Density stratification caused the oxygen crisis on Earth.
Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes. Earth's albedo reflects back into space all of the sunlight hitting Earth. Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. Greenhouse gases in the air decrease the amount of heat retained by Earth's atmosphere.
ALL BUT: Earth's albedo reflects back into space all of the sunlight hitting Earth. Greenhouse gases in the air decrease the amount of heat retained by Earth's atmosphere.
Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply. (3) Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter.
ALL BUT: Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round.
Which of the following properties of plastic make it unusually persistent and damaging? (4) Hints It is inexpensive. It is durable. It is biodegradable. It is lightweight. It is strong.
ALL BUT: It is biodegradable.
Which of the following statements about tidal patterns and tidal charts is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide. A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day. A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about equal height and two highs of about equal height every tidal day. A diurnal tidal pattern has two high tides every tidal day. A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day. A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long.
ALL BUT: A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about equal height and two highs of about equal height every tidal day. A diurnal tidal pattern has two high tides every tidal day.
Of the following statements about tsunami, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Tsunami are undetectable by ships in the open ocean. A tsunami suddenly appears as a huge breaking wave as it arrives at the shoreline. If you are at a beach and the water suddenly drains out away from shore, it is safe to go explore the newly exposed land. The tsunami warning system uses seismic waves and deep-ocean pressure sensors to detect tsunami. At the coast, a tsunami looks like a suddenly occurring high or low tide, which is why they are misnamed "tidal waves." Tsunami have a very long wavelength, so they travel at very high speeds (equivalent to the speed of a jet airplane).
ALL BUT: A tsunami suddenly appears as a huge breaking wave as it arrives at the shoreline. If you are at a beach and the water suddenly drains out away from shore, it is safe to go explore the newly exposed land.
Of the following statements about the Ekman spiral and Ekman transport, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Ekman transport results in converging surface currents along the equator. Ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect causes surface waters to move at an angle relative to the wind direction. In the deeper layers of the Ekman spiral, water can move in a direction opposite of the wind direction. Ekman transport can result in both upwelling and downwelling. Ekman transport is the driving force for thermohaline flow.
ALL BUT: Ekman transport results in converging surface currents along the equator. Ekman transport is the driving force for thermohaline flow.
Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? Choose all that apply. (4) South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre
ALL BUT: North Pacific Subtropical Gyre North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
Of the following statements about the monthly tidal cycle, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Spring tides occur twice a month. Neap tides occur twice a month. The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same. The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. The new moon is associated with the smallest tidal range of the month. The new moon is associated with neap tide conditions.
ALL BUT: The new moon is associated with the smallest tidal range of the month. The new moon is associated with neap tide conditions
Which of the following statements about tides in a simple tidal bulge model is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy. Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion. Tides are greatest when the Moon is at apogee and Earth is at aphelion. Wave interference does not affect tidal bulges.
ALL BUT: Tides are greatest when the Moon is at apogee and Earth is at aphelion. Wave interference does not affect tidal bulges.
Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply. (3) coastal upwelling anywhere there is a strong thermocline equatorial upwelling in the deep ocean, far from land coral reefs
ALL BUT: anywhere there is a strong thermocline in the deep ocean, far from land
Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply. (4) iron carbon dioxide nitrates calcium phosphates silica
ALL BUT: carbon dioxide calcium
Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with erosional shores? (4) Rocky coasts A coastline with lots of rugged headlands Tectonic activity Wave-cut benches and marine terraces A large volume of sediment input
ALL BUT: A large volume of sediment input
Which of the following statements correctly explain the issues with plastics in the marine environment? (4) Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. Plastics do not biodegrade. Accumulating plastic debris acts as an artificial habitat for marine life in the open ocean. Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey.
ALL BUT: Accumulating plastic debris acts as an artificial habitat for marine life in the open ocean
Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with depositional shores? (5) Bay-mouth bars High sediment supply A location near a large delta The formation of barrier islands A large sand spit Active tectonic uplift
ALL BUT: Active tectonic uplift
Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deep-water nekton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (5) Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate. Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescent organs can be used to achieve neutral buoyancy.
ALL BUT: Bioluminescent organs can be used to achieve neutral buoyancy.
Which of the following correctly describes the impacts of known biological pollutants? (3) Hints The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea. The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. Fungi that are introduced into an oil spill biodegrade the petroleum. Large predatory fish have bioaccumulated high levels of mercury. Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region.
ALL BUT: Fungi that are introduced into an oil spill biodegrade the petroleum. Large predatory fish have bioaccumulated high levels of mercury.
Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Hints (4) The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole. The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole. The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator.
ALL BUT: Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole.
Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true? (4) Hints Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993. Many areas of the deep ocean can be purchased from the United Nations in a sealed bidding process. Offshore areas have very little to offer in the way of resources, so ownership here is not an issue. Forty-two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore.
ALL BUT: Many areas of the deep ocean can be purchased from the United Nations in a sealed bidding process. Offshore areas have very little to offer in the way of resources, so ownership here is not an issue.
Of the following statements about the physical characteristics of coastal oceans, which is/are true? Hints (4) In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters). In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff. Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America. In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high.
ALL BUT: Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff.
Which of the following statements about the iron hypothesis are true? Choose all that apply. (4) Adding iron to the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Phytoplankton populations declined when iron was added to the ocean. Plankton must die and sink to the sea floor for this to reduce global warming. Iron is a limiting nutrient in some regions of the ocean. Adding iron to the ocean might cause an ecological disaster in the ocean.
ALL BUT: Phytoplankton populations declined when iron was added to the ocean.
Which of the following are viable options for reducing the amount of plastic in the ocean? (4) Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of single-use plastics and their improper disposal at sea. People can reduce their consumption of single-use plastics. Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment. Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible. Skim the ocean surface water for floating trash.
ALL BUT: Skim the ocean surface water for floating trash.
Of the following statements about the tides, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. (4) The Sun, because of its larger size, has more effect on Earth's tides than the Moon does. The tides are caused by an imbalance between the centripetal force and the gravitational force of the Moon and the Sun. Both Earth and the Moon orbit around their common center of mass, called the barycenter. Although we observe the tides coming in and going out, in reality, Earth is rotating into and out of various tidal bulges, which produces changing tides. There are two tidal bulges on Earth caused by the Moon: one facing the Moon, and the other facing away from the Moon.
ALL BUT: The Sun, because of its larger size, has more effect on Earth's tides than the Moon does.
Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution? (4) warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant sulfuric acid seeping into marine waters from a volcanic vent area biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean a natural oil seep on the ocean floor that is discharging oil directly into the ocean
ALL BUT: sulfuric acid seeping into marine waters from a volcanic vent area a natural oil seep on the ocean floor that is discharging oil directly into the ocean
Which of the following associations is incorrect? Kingdom Animalia—dolphins Kingdom Plantae—algae Kingdom Monera—bacteria in hydrothermal vents Kingdom Fungi—mushrooms Kingdom Protoctista—phytoplankton
Kingdom Plantae—algae
Which of the following is considered paleoclimatological proxy data? Present day coral bleaching Reversed magnetic polarity Variations in Earth's orbit Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice Air samples collected in Hawaii
Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago. thousand billion million trillion
billion
Dolphins and porpoises emit sounds from their ________. museau du singe blowhole melon nostril junk
blowhole
A boat is most likely to be carried out to sea from a harbor by a(n) __________. Hints flood current ebb current tidal bore whirlpool rotary current
ebb current
Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called: patch reefs. atolls. barrier reefs. fringing reefs.
fringing reefs.
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: longitude. Earth's geologic history. latitude. presence or absence of glacial debris. plants and animals that live in an area.
latitude
The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: being thrust over the North American plate. being subducted beneath the North American plate. diving under Japan. being subducted beneath Japan. moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________. nemataths oceanic rises oceanic ridges guyots ultra-slow spreading centers
ocean ridges
In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________. Hints oxygen nitrates carbon dioxide light phosphates
oxygen
A squids mouthpiece resembles a ________. parrot's beak dog's mouth dolphin's blowhole volcanic crater suction cup
parrot's beak
Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to: metabolism. chemosynthesis. respiration. autotrophic processes. photosynthesis.
respiration.
Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have. calcium carbonate skeletons bright coloration symbiotic zooxanthellae algae stinging tentacles large reef structures
symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: observations. theories. hypotheses. guesses. laws
theories.
